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Bio 151 > Lecture Test 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a species?

A

A population of organisms that can, and normally does, interbreed successfully with one another but not with members of other populations (other species).
An evolutionarily independent population or group of populations.

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2
Q

Morphospecies concept

A

Distinguishing features are most likely to arise if populations are independent and isolated from gene flow

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3
Q

Pluto’s theory of evolution

A

Each organism as perfect and unchanging

Typological thinking

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4
Q

Aristotle’s theory of evolution

A

“Great Chain of Being”
Species are fixed
Higher and lower order
Species immutability

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5
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

1735 “Systema Naturae”
Classification of all species
Humans as Primates

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6
Q

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

A

Used Newton’s physics
Age of Earth is 70,000 years
Earth has history – origins of life
Change through migration

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7
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Political economist, not biologist
Population effects in humans
Will the food supply keep up?
Will those with the strongest traits survive?

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8
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Animals seemed to have acquired traits
Giraffe – long neck
Reasoned that through use and effort the neck became longer
Problems (does it explain the facts)?

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9
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Naturalist
Anatomist and fossil expert
Concept of extinction as ordinary
99% of all species

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10
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Rock cycle, erosion, fossils

Age of the Earth in millions

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11
Q

Alfred Russell Wallace

A

Geographic distribution of animals

Led to exploration of plate tectonics and biogeography

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12
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Genetic variation
Offspring ratios
Inherited and non-inherited traits

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13
Q

Rev JS Henslow

A

Naturalist and teacher
Encouraged Darwin with field studies
Introduced Darwin to geology
Passed on the opportunity to travel on the HMS Beagle

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14
Q

Artificial Selection

A

by breeders can produce major changes in body form
Variation Choose particular animals to reproduce Develop new breeds with an increase or decrease of particular trait

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15
Q

Natural Selection

A

will also lead to major changes over time

Variation Differences in survival, growth, and reproduction More offspring from those variants that are best adapted to particular environment

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16
Q

Geologic time

A 
Vastness
4.6 billion years
Eras
Periods
Earliest life ~3.4-3.8 billion years
24 hour clock
Humans at very end (last few seconds)
17
Q

Fossils

A

Any evidence of former life forms
Bones/skeletons, teeth, animal tracks, leaves and stems, etc
Rapid covering, right environmental conditions (sedimentary)

18
Q

Transitional Forms

A

Intermediate between older & younger species

Tiktaalik as example

19
Q

Extinction

A

Complete loss of a species from Earth

Periodic

20
Q

Vestigial Traits

A 
Human traits
Pseudogenes
Anatomical parts
Other species
Lungfish fins
Cave fish eyes
Dew claws
Wings on flightless birds and insects
21
Q

Geographical distribution

A

Variation across continents

Similarities of species

22
Q

Homology

A 
Genetic homology
DNA sequences are conserved
Mutations 
Developmental homology
Embryonic similarities
23
Q

Darwin’s Postulates

A

Individual organisms in a population vary
Some of the trait differences are heritable
More offspring are produced than can survive
Some survive to produce offspring, some do not
Those that survive best and reproduce are not a random sample
Individuals with certain traits do better
The environment picks the survivors

24
Q

Today’s Synthesis

A

Evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success

25
Q

Fitness

A

Survival of the fittest

reproductive success

26
Q

adaptation

A

Modification for a certain enviornment
a trait with a current functional role
leads to natural selection

27
Q

Limitiations of natural election

A

Fitness trade-offs
Pleiotropy
Lack of genetic variation
Cloning?
Historical constraints
All traits have evolved from earlier traits

28
Q

evolution works on populations, not individuals

A

evolution works on populations, not individuals

29
Q

What is the drving force of microevolution?

A

changes in alleles

30
Q

n=

A

total number of individuals

31
Q

for the harvey weinberg law to hold true certain conditions must be met:

A 
Population is very large (infinite?)
Mating is random
Mutations do not occur (or are equal)
Migration is nil or equal
Natural selection is creating no selection pressure
Generations are non-overlapping
Parents produce multiple offspring
32
Q

HW inbreeding

A

Mating among relatives
Leads to homozygosity
Does not promote evolution

33
Q

sexual selection

A

Courtship, dominance of a male
Female choice
May leads to sexual dimorphism
May drive evolution

34
Q

immigration

A

inward

35
Q

emmigration

A

outword

Bio 151 (6 decks)

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