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Neurophysiology > Test 3 - Lecture 2 (Proprioception) > Flashcards

Test 3 - Lecture 2 (Proprioception) Flashcards

1
Q

Determines joint angles & or angles of joint rotation

A

Muscle length

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2
Q

Provides counteracting force against the external load to stabilize joint positions

A

Active tension

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3
Q

Convey centrally programmed motor commands into the ventral horn of the spine

A

Descending corticospinal tracts

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4
Q

_____ fibers comprise the main bulk of skeletal muscle, generate force during muscle contraction

A

Extrafusal

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5
Q

Each extrafusal fiber is innervated by a ________, located in the _______ of the spinal cord

A

Alpha motor neuron, ventral horns

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6
Q

The strength of signaling from the alpha motor neurons is determined through

A

Synaptic integration

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7
Q

Is determined by the accumulation of signals (excitatory or inhibitory) that provide input to a alpha motor neurons innervating the muscle

A

Level of muscle activation

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8
Q

Provides information concerning current position & movement of the muscles & joints

A

Proprioception

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9
Q

What are the two main proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs

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10
Q

Motor neurons that innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers

A

Gamma motor neurons

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11
Q

Are arranged in parallel with the extrafusal fibers; reports the muscle length, along with changes in length

A

Muscle spindles

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12
Q

Are arranged in series with the extrafusal fibers of the associated skeletal muscle

A

Google tendon organs

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13
Q

Sensory nerve ending wrapping around the central part of the intrafusal fiber

A

Annulospiral ring

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14
Q

Stretching of the annulospiral ring activates mechanosensitve channels causing

A

Depolarization of the sensory neuron

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15
Q

The rate of firing from sensory neurons is ______ proportional to the amount of stretch

A

Directly

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16
Q

Characterized by a large number of nuclei packed within the mid-portion

A

Nuclear bag fibers (dynamic/static)

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17
Q

Characterized by nuclei arranged in a longitudinal row

A

Nuclear chain fibers (more numerous than nuclear bag fibers)

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18
Q

Arise from the annulospiral rings surrounding all three fiber types; largest fibers, fastest conducting, rapidly adapting (mainly report changes in length)

A

Type 1a (primary) afferents

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19
Q

Arise from nerve endings located distal to the center of nuclear chain & static nuclear bag fibers; intermediate diameter, relatively fast conducting, slowly adapting (mainly report static length)

A

Type II (secondary) afferents

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20
Q

During the lengthening of a muscle… the type ____ fiber reports the largest signaling

A

Ia

21
Q

_____ fibers contribute to the force the muscle is putting out

A

Extrafusal

22
Q

Nerve terminals are called plate endings; innervate dynamic nuclear bag fibers

A

Dynamic gamma motor neurons

23
Q

Nerve terminals are called trail endings; innervate static nuclear bag fibers, as well as nuclear chain fibers

A

Static gamma motor neurons

24
Q

Provides sensory input for the CNS to continually monitor the length & changes of length in the muscle

A

Muscle spindle

25
Q

T/F: co-activation is the theory that gamma motor neurons that innervate intrafusal fibers HAVE to contract when the alpha motor neurons contract the extrafusal fibers for a muscle to function properly

A

True

26
Q

Activating ____ motor neurons during a muscle contraction maintains sufficient tension on the mechanoreceptive nerve endings to allow them to continue to signal the rate & extent of change in muscle length

A

Gamma

27
Q

The amount of dynamic & static activity during a certain movement is called

A

Level of fusimotor activity (fusimotor system)

28
Q

Report the force & tension generated by a muscle, arising from its extrafusal fibers contracting against the external load; give rise to type Ib afferent fibers

A

Golgi tendon organs

29
Q

Functional unit for a reflex consists of…

A
  • sensor (proprioceptors)
  • afferent pathway (type Ia or II sensory nerves)
  • integrating center (synaptic relay through spinal interneurons & motor neurons)
  • effector pathway (motor nerves)
  • effector (skeletal muscles)
30
Q

Stereotypic motor response to a particular sensory input

A

Motor reflex

31
Q

Two factors that effect “lowering the cup”

A
  • increase in the load
    Or
  • reduction in the level of activation to the flexor
32
Q

Two factors which result in “raising the cup”

A
  • reduction in the load
    Or
  • increase in the level of activation
33
Q

To maintain stable position: the muscles starts to lengthen = _____ activation, to counteract

A

Increase

34
Q

To maintain stable position: the muscles starts to shorten = _____ activation, to counteract

A

Decrease

35
Q

The act of counteracting a disturbance to a stable position or tension

A

Reflex

36
Q

To maintain stable tension: the tension starts to increase = _____ activation, to counteract

A

Decrease

37
Q

To maintain stable tension: the tension starts to decrease = _____ activation, to counteract

A

Increase

38
Q

Two alpha motor neuron reflexes

A

Myotatic & inverse myotatic reflex

39
Q

In response to input from muscle spindles; length (reflex for stabilization of muscle length)

A

Myotatic reflex

40
Q

In response to input from golgi tendon organ; tension (reflex for stabilization of muscle tension)

A

Inverse myotatic reflex

41
Q

Ia afferent fibers provide _______ input to motor neurons interacting the ______ & ______ muscles

A
  • monosynaptic excitatory
  • homonymous
  • synergist
42
Q

Fiber types used in myotatic muscle reflex

A

Ia (excitatory input)

- increase in Ia signaling - increased motor signaling to muscles (leading to muscle shortening)

43
Q

Fiber used in inverse myotatic muscle reflex

A

Ib (inhibitory input)

- increase Ib signaling - decreased motor signaling (release of tension)

44
Q

Ib afferent fibers provide _______ input to motor neurons interacting the ______ & ______ muscles

A
  • inhibitory interneurons
  • homonymous
  • synergist
45
Q

Contributes to an appropriate balancing between the agonist & antagonist muscles acting upon the joint

A

Reciprocal innervation

46
Q

Ia afferent input _______ to provide input to multiple motor neurons for the homonymous & synergist muscles

A

Diverges

47
Q

afferent proprioceptive sensory input combines with the descending efferent motor commands that are all ______ upon an alpha motor neuron

A

Convergent

48
Q

Inhibitory interneuron that is stimulated by fibers branching off the motor nerve, to synapse upon the motor neuron from which that motor nerve arose

A

Renshaw cell interneuron

49
Q

Circuit serves to restrain motorneuron firing relative to its excitatory inputs; stabilize the current output relative to the current input

A

Recurrent feedback inhibition

Neurophysiology (11 decks)

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