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Neurophysiology > Test 2 - Lecture 4 (Phototransduction) > Flashcards

Test 2 - Lecture 4 (Phototransduction) Flashcards

1
Q

somatosensory system reports

A

the body’s interactions with its immediate surrounds via touch and feel

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2
Q

olfactory system reports

A

information concerning our surrounds via detection of airborne molecules that arise from carious sources outside the body

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3
Q

gustatory system reports

A

nutritional content and quality of the foods and liquids that we ingest

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4
Q

visual system reports

A

accurately locate and identify distinct objects within our visual space

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5
Q

photoreceptors along the retina serve as the

A

visual receptors (transduce streams of arriving photons into bioelectrical signals for transmission into the brain)

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6
Q

intensity of light (illumination)

A

based upon the number of photons striking a photoreceptor per unit of time (brightness)

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7
Q

wavelength

A

perceived as color

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8
Q

vision is based upon the capability

A

to see distinct objects within our visual space is based upon detecting contrasts in illumination and color

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9
Q

visual space

A

all the outside sources of both emitted and reflected light that enters the eye

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10
Q

visual field

A

region of visual space that projects light upon the retinal surface of EACH eye

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11
Q

extensive overlap between the L and R monocular visual fields forms

A

binocular visual field (roughly the central 2/3 of the visual space)

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12
Q

outside the binocular visual field are the L and R

A

monocular crescents (lateral portions of the visual space seen by just the L or R eye)

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13
Q

retinotopic map

A

transmit sensory information from the retina into the primary visual cortex (basis for brain to perceive where objects located to our body)

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14
Q

actual projection of the visual field upon the surface of the retina is

A

inverted and left/right reversed

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15
Q

temporal visual field project upon the

A

nasal retina

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16
Q

nasal visual field project upon the

A

temporal retina

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17
Q

superior visual field projects upon the

A

inferior retina

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18
Q

inferior visual field projects upon the

A

superior retina

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19
Q

retina cell column order

A

photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

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20
Q

horizontal cells

A

interneurons, which modulate transmission from the photoreceptor to the bipolar cell

21
Q

bipolar cells

A

serve as relay between the photoreceptor and the ganglion cell

22
Q

ganglion cells

A

the projection neurons that generate signals for transmission into the brain via optic nerve

23
Q

rods

A

high sensitivity, night (scotopic) vision; are monochromatic (no color)

24
Q

cones

A

low sensitivity, providing day (photopic) vision; are chromatic

25
Q

structure of the retna

A

pigment epithelium, photoreceptor layer, neural network layer, ganglion cell layer

26
Q

muller cells

A

function as channel for light photons to reach photoreceptors

27
Q

ganglion cells are always stimulated by the NT released from the

A

bipolar cell

28
Q

low intensity light… cGMP is plentiful and Na channels are

A

open

29
Q

high intensity light, cGMP is reduced and Na channels are

A

closed

30
Q

photoreceptor cells ______ as light intensity is reduced

A

depolarize

31
Q

photoreceptor cells ________ as light intensity is amplified

A

hyperpolarize

32
Q

dark (no photons): cations Na and Ca channels are

A

open

33
Q

bright light: cations Na and Ca channels are

A

closed

34
Q

photoreceptor adaptation that reverses the light-induced reduction in cGMP

A
  • cGMP must be regenerated within the photoreceptor

- Ca inhibits cGMP regeneration

35
Q

glutamate release is dependent upon the photoreceptor membrane potential: depolarized vs hyperpolarized

A

depolarized: increased NT release
hyperpolarized: decreased NT release

36
Q

NT release is graded; ______ relationship with absorbed light intensity

A

inverse

37
Q

glutamate released from bipolar cell ALWAYS triggers

A

EPSP in ganglion cell

38
Q

glutamate released from photoreceptor may trigger

A

either EPSP or IPSP on bipolar cell

39
Q

off retinal column

A

absence of light

40
Q

on retinal column

A

presence of light

41
Q

off bipolar cells have

A

excitatory glutamate receports

42
Q

on bipolar cells have

A

inhibitory glutamate receptor

43
Q

dark conditions: off bipolar vs on bipolar

A

off bipolar - depolarize (more active)

on - hyperpolarize (less active)

44
Q

light conditions: off bipolar vs on bipolar

A

off bipolar - hyperpolarize (less active)

on bipolar - depolarize (more active)

45
Q

horizontal cells function as

A

inhibitory interneurons (GABA NT)

46
Q

signaling from the central photoreceptors to the bipolar cell is determine by two opposing influences

A
  • illumination of the central photoreceptors

- signaling form the horizontal cells

47
Q

center only light stimulation: GABA

A

no change in GABA release from horizontal cells

48
Q

extend illumination to now include the surround: GABA

A

reduced stimulation of horizontal cells = reduced GABA release to center receptors (causes depolarization = increasing NT of center)

Neurophysiology (11 decks)

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