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Neurophysiology > Test 2 - Lecture 2 (Somatosensory System) > Flashcards

Test 2 - Lecture 2 (Somatosensory System) Flashcards

1
Q

the capability to localize a stimulus is limited to…

A

the area of individual receptive fields

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2
Q

the capability to distinguish between two separate stimuli is limited by…

A

the area of individual receptive fields

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3
Q

_________ is used to preserve identification of the location of peripheral sensory information

A

somatotopic mapping

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4
Q

peripheral somatosensory neurons are located in the

A

dorsal root ganglia

pseudo-unipolar

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5
Q

somatosensory system is ______

A

multimodal, consisting of various receptors and processing centers

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6
Q

A-alpha (peripheral fibers)

A

large diameter, heavy myelin sheath (fast conducting)

also considered “type 1”

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7
Q

A-beta (peripheral fibers)

A

medium diameter, myelinated

also considered “type 2”

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8
Q

C (peripheral fibers)

A

unmyelinated (slowest conducting )

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9
Q

the largest myelinated fibers convey

A

proprioceptive information

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10
Q

the A(alpha) and A(beta) fibers convey

A

mechanosensory information from the skin

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11
Q

the smaller A(gamma) and unmyelinated C fibers convey

A

thermal information and pain

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12
Q

population coding

A

increasing stimulus energy will activate an increasing number of receptors within a given receptive field

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13
Q

superficial mechanoreceptors

A

Merkel’s disk (slow adapting) and Meisner’s corpuscle (rapid adapting)

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14
Q

merkel discs

A

slowly adapting: responsive to continually applied pressure

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15
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

rapidly adapting: responsive to repetitive, low frequency stimuli (light touch)

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16
Q

deep mechanoreceptors

A

Pacinian (rapid adapting) and Ruffini corpuscles (slow adapting)

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17
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

slowly adapting: signaling sustained pressure

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18
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

rapidly adapting: signaling changes in pressure (vibrations)

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19
Q

slowly adapting mechanoreceptors

A

stimulus is sustained

maintains signaling throughout the duration that the stimulus is applied

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20
Q

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors

A

stimulus “on” and stimulus “off”, generally variations in the stimulus intensity
(maintains signaling while the stimulus intensity is changing)

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21
Q

enable discrimination of the shape and size of objects pressing against the skin

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptors

frequency decreases as the skin being pressed in increases

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22
Q

report changing stimulus energy that is caused by vibration or motion or texture

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors

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23
Q

somatotopic mapping and transmission of sensory information from each receptive field via labeled lines contributes to discernment of

A

points of contact with the object being grasped, the size and shape of objects that we grasp

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24
Q

mixed population of receptor types allows discernment of

A

surface texture, movements of the object relative to the surface of the fingers and hand

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25
Q

parallel channels of sensory information provide input to

A

the sensory cortex, where information is combined to form our perception “of the whole”

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26
Q

each follicle is innervated by

A

a single nerve ending

27
Q

deformation of a hair follicle

A

induces a generator potential

28
Q

individual cutaneous thermoreceptors respond to either

A

heat or cold, but not to both (mostly cold)

29
Q

heat receptors (warm to hot)

A

non myelinated C fibers

30
Q

cold receptors (cool to cold)

A

myelinated A (gamma) fibers

31
Q

low threshold cold receptors detect

A

rapid drops in temperature (below 88)

32
Q

high threshold cold receptors/nociceptors detect

A

rapid drops in temperature in the lower range (32 and below)

33
Q

the most sensitive to changes in temperature are

A

rapidly adapting to sustained temperature

34
Q

peripheral thermoreceptors

A

transient receptor potential family of ion channels

35
Q

pain is the perception of

A

noxious (tissue damaging) stimuli

36
Q

polymodal nociceptors

A

responsive to a combination of mechanical/thermal/chemical modalities

37
Q

nociceptors have a _________ which prevents their activation by non-noxious stimuli

A

high stimulus threshold

38
Q

A(gamma) fibers arise from

A

mechanical and thermal nociceptors (sharp, short lasting, pain)

39
Q

C fibers arise from

A

polymodal receptors (dull or diffuse pain)

40
Q

first pain

A

A(gamma) fibers

41
Q

second pain

A

C fibers

42
Q

somatic pain reports

A

visceral discomfort and injury (referred pain)

43
Q

relatively few centrally projecting fibers; large receptive field = poor dicrimination

A

somatic pain (viscera)

44
Q

visceral afferent fibers synapse on

A

spinal relay neurons

45
Q

viscera causing pain referring its pain to a location on surface

A

somatic site

46
Q

transient receptor potential (TRP) channels

A

transduce noxious stimuli can sometimes become sensitized via molecular signaling pathways
(@ given stimulus intensity = result will be greater or lesser action potentials)

47
Q

molecules released at a site of injury (bradykinin)

A

induce inflammatory sensitization by lowering the stimulus threshold for the nociceptive receptors

48
Q

hyperalgesia

A

sensitization, leading to a perception that the stimulus is MORE painful

49
Q

analgesia

A

desensitization, leading to a perception that the stimulus is LESS painful

50
Q

primary nociceptors

A

peripheral sensitization or desensitization of the receptors to the noxious stimulus

51
Q

secondary nociceptors

A

central sensitization or desensitization of synaptic transmission of peripheral afferent signals arising from nociceptors to the second order relay neurons

52
Q

released chemicals that sensitize adjacent nociceptors

A

potassium, bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines, and substance P

53
Q

released chemicals that directly activate nociceptors

A

hydrogen, serotonin, bradykinin, histamine

54
Q

neuropeptides that sensitize or activate surrounding nociceptors

A

substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide

55
Q

neurogenic inflammation is caused by

A

substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)

56
Q

mechanical hyperalgesia

A

region of tissue outside of the flare (secondary sensitization)

57
Q

inflammatory flare site

A

region within the immediate surrounding (primary sensitization)

58
Q

an increased stimulus threshold of the peripheral nociceptors will produce

A

primary analgesia

59
Q

restraints upon synaptic transmission at the second order relay neuron within the dorsal horn will produce

A

secondary analgesia

60
Q

analgesia is

A

reduced sensitivity to a painful stimulus

61
Q

allondynia

A

pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain

62
Q

central pain

A

pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction within the CNS

63
Q

neuralgia

A

pain in the distribution or a nerve or nerves

64
Q

neurogenic pain

A

pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion, dysfunction, or transitory perturbation in the peripheral or CNS

Neurophysiology (11 decks)

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