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Rad Bio > Test 3 Crunch > Flashcards

Test 3 Crunch Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what emits e-‘s when illuminated?

A

photocathode

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1
Q

dynode gain is a ratio of what to what?

A

2ndary e-‘s to incident e-‘s

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1
Q

quantity that reflects the dose & volume of tissue irradiated

A

dose area product (DAP)

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1
Q

what rad field survey equipment is used in nuclear med?

A

Geiger-Muller counter

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1
Q

rad field survey equipment that produces small flashes of light when exposed to rad which is detected by a photomultiplier tube & converted to electrical signals which are then measured

A

scintillation counter

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2
Q

increasing the multi-slice value will _______ pt dose

A

reduce

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2
Q

DL for uncontrolled area?

A

2 mrem/wk

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2
Q

Wt for bone marrow, colon, lungs, stomach?

A

0.12

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4
Q

what NCRP report addresses the risk v benefit of limitation of exposure to ionizing radiation?

A

NCRP report #116

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4
Q

2 things to consider w secondary protective barriers?

A

leakage & scatter

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4
Q

what rad field survey equipment has a wide-range, is accurate and sensitive?

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry

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5
Q

thickness for primary protective barrier?

A

2 mm pb/Eq

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6
Q

ionization chambers are used to survey rad levels that exceed?

A

1 mR/hr

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6
Q

Wt for liver, breast, thyroid?

A

0.05

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7
Q

what crystals are used in a scintillation counter? activated by what?

A

sodium iodide or cesium iodide crystals (Thallium activated)

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7
Q

Wr for alpha particles?

A

20

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8
Q

expressed in mA/min/wk or mAs/wk

A

workload (W)

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9
Q

max acceptable variation in linearity is ___ from one mA station to an adjacent mA station

A

10%

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9
Q

peds pt’s require special consideration bc they are vulnerable to?

A

both genetic & late somatic effects of radiation

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11
Q

the intensity of scatter radiation 1 m from the pt is about ____ of the intensity of the useful beam

A

0.1%

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11
Q

what is good for detecting (not measuring) low rad levels?

A

Geiger-Muller counter

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12
Q

intensity of beam @ table-top should not exceed ______ for ea mA station of operation @ 80 kVp

A

2.1 R/min

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13
Q

Wr for gamma rays?

A

1

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14
Q

what provides the most recent guidance on radiation protection?

A

NCRP report #116

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15
Q

the size of the e- pulse is proportional to what?

A

the energy absorbed by the crystal from the incident photon

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16
Q

control booth barrier window thickness?

A

1.5 mm Pb/Eq

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17
Q

height of primary protective barrier?

A

7 ft

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18
Q

leakage radiation limits at a distance of 1 meter?

A

leakage rad must not exceed 100 mR/hr

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18
Q

greatest occupational hazard in diagnostic rad?

A

scatter rad

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19
Q

pt rad dose is expressed as?

A

entrance skin dose (ESD)

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20
Q

how do you calculate photomultiplier tube gain?

A

PM tube gain = g^n (g - dynode gain; n - # of dynodes)

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20
Q

where should the primary protective barrier be located in relation to the primary beam?

A

perpendicular to the beam

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21
Q

thickness for protective eyewear?

A

0.35 mm pb/Eq

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22
Q

includes glass envelope encasing tube, insulating tube & glass window

A

inherent filtration

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23
Q

most scintillation counters are?

A

hygroscopic (swell/crack when absorb water)

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24
Q

what rad field survey equipment is portable and limited to 1 mGy/hr (100 mrad/hr)?

A

Geiger-Muller counter

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25
Q

rad field survey equipment that is useful in detection of lost rad sources

A

scintillation counter

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27
Q

aka beam-on T

A

use factor (U)

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28
Q

emission of light by a thermally stimulated crystal following irradiation

A

thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD)

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28
Q

DL for a controlled area?

A

100 mrem/wk

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30
Q

intensity of high-level fluoro should not exceed what?

A

20 R/min

32
Q

Wr for XR?

A

1

33
Q

DL for controlled area?

A

100 mrem/wk

34
Q

increasing CT pitch will ______ pt dose

A

reduce

36
Q

the means of estimating the genetic impact of low-level radiation on the public

A

GSD

37
Q

thickness for protective cover?

A

0.25 mm pb/Eq

37
Q

Dg which, if received by every member of the pop., would produce the total genetic effect on the pop as the sum of the individual doses actually received

A

GSD

38
Q

added filtration usually amounts to?

A

1 mm Al/Eq

40
Q

what NCRP report considers equipment design, performance & use?

A

NCRP report #102

40
Q

rad field survey equipment most sensitive to gamma & XR?

A

scintillation counter

42
Q

DL for an uncontrolled area?

A

2 mrem/wk

43
Q

avg annual gonadal equivalent dose to members of the pop. (of childbearing age)

A

genetically significant dose (GSD)

44
Q

thickness for neck/thyroid shields?

A

0.5 mm pb/Eq

44
Q

Wt for gonads?

A

0.2

45
Q

bucky slot cover should be approx ______ wide at the gonadal level

A

5 cm

46
Q

flat contact shield over male reproductive organs decrease’s exposure by?

A

90-95%

47
Q

what rad field survey equipment is used for photon spectroscopy?

A

scintillation counter

48
Q

what is calculated from actual Dg’s received by whole pop?

A

GSD

50
Q

PBL must be accurate to?

A

w/in 2% of SID

51
Q

thickness for Bucky tray cover?

A

0.25 mm pb/Eq

51
Q

what significantly reduces the occupational exposure?

A

use of any device (PBL, filtration, shields) or technique(high kVp, low mAs) that lessens amount of scatter

53
Q

for stationary fluoro, SSD must not be less than?

A

38 cm

54
Q

DL’s are based on what kind of dose-response relationship?

A

L, NT

55
Q

what are the factors considered when determining thickness requirements for protective barriers?

A

Use factor (U), Occupancy factor (T), and workload (W) W x U x T

56
Q

intensity of regular fluoro should not exceed what?

A

10 R/min

58
Q

US mean marrow dose?

A

0.1 rad/yr (1 mGy/yr)

59
Q

thickness of secondary protective barrier?

A

1/32” Pb

61
Q

purpose of filtration?

A

to increase beam quality, & lessen it’s intensity and pt dose to skin & superficial tissue

63
Q

Wr for protons?

A

2

65
Q

materials of inherent filtration amounts to approximately?

A

0.5 mm Al/Eq

66
Q

rad field survey equipment w limited range, very sensitive, & is stationary or portable?

A

scintillation counter

68
Q

annual occupational DL is considered a what?

A

upper boundary

69
Q

gases used in Geiger-Muller counter?

A

Helium, Argon, Neon

70
Q

DAP _______ w increasing field size

A

increases

72
Q

what is a nearly tissue equivalent rad dosimeter?

A

lithium fluoride

74
Q

what is not good for detecting alpha rad & low levels of rad?

A

ionization chamber

75
Q

rad field survey equipment that has a wide-range, is accurate & portable

A

ionization chamber/cutie pie

76
Q

total filtration should be at least _______ for a fixed tube at 70+ kVp

A

2.5 mm Al/Eq

78
Q

wall thickness of primary barrier? masonry Eq?

A

1/16” Pb (4” of masonry)

78
Q

level of radioactivity in the room as a product of max mA & # of XR exams performed per wk

A

W

79
Q

area w occupancy factor more than ___ hrs/wk requires more protection

A

40

80
Q

what is measured using TLDs & calculated using a nomogram, Dg, & bone marrow dose?

A

ESD

81
Q

U for secondary barrier = ?

A

1

82
Q

most commonly used type of intensifying screen?

A

rare earth bc faster & more efficient

83
Q

for mobile fluoro, SSD must not be less than?

A

30 cm

85
Q

NCRP recommends U = ? for walls

A

1/4

86
Q

DAP is a better indicator of what?

A

risk

87
Q

W of general XR room?

A

500 mA/min/wk

89
Q

avg ESD of fluoro?

A

4 rad/min (40 mGy/min)

90
Q

basis for gas-filled rad. detectors?

A

ionization of gas

91
Q

a gonadal response to radiation can be observed at levels as low as?

A

10 rads

92
Q

W of private offices?

A

< 100 mA/min/wk

93
Q

1 TVL = ?

A

3.3 HVL

94
Q

Wr for neutrons?

A

5-20

95
Q

where should the protective curtain be located?

A

btw the operator & pt

96
Q

Wt for skin?

A

0.01

97
Q

variation in XR intensity should not exceed

A

5%

98
Q

flat contact shield over female reproductive organs decrease’s exposure by?

A

50%

99
Q

design limits for a controlled area are based on the annual recommended occupational DL of?

A

5 rem/yr

100
Q

coll. provides additional _______ of inherent filtration

A

1 mm Al/Eq

101
Q

control booth barrier is considered what type of protective barrier?

A

secondary protective barrier

102
Q

NCRP recommends U = ? for floors

A

1

Rad Bio (6 decks)

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