Test 3: Chapter 19_Blood, and Chapter 20_Heart Flashcards
1
Q
Identify the 2 layers of the serous pericardium
A
Parietal Layer and Visceral Layer
2
Q
T or F the base of the heart is made of the L ventricle
A
False
3
Q
What cellular arrangement allows the heart to pump as much blood as possible?
A
Spiralled
4
Q
What creates a point of insertion for cardiac muscle, providing resistance?
A
Fibrous Skeleton
5
Q
Valves that close when the ventricles relax
A
Semilunar Valves
6
Q
Side of heart associated with pulmonary circulation
A
Right Side
7
Q
Formed when the great, middle, and small coronary veins merge
A
Coronary Sinus
8
Q
Increase in free radicals, may damage heart further
A
Reperfusion
9
Q
Forms intercalated discs, allows free flow of Ca
A
Gap Junctions
10
Q
Leaks from damaged heart cells
A
Creatine Kinase
11
Q
Another name for visceral pericardium
A
Epicardium
12
Q
Located in the right atrium
A
AV and SA Nodes
13
Q
Descends interventricular septum
A
AV Bundle
14
Q
Pierces the myocardium
A
Purkinje Fibers
15
Q
Impulse rests for 1/10th second here
A
AV Node
16
Q
Only electrical path from atria to ventricles
A
AV Bundle
17
Q
Lays in the upper right atrium
A
SA Node
18
Q
Near SVC opening
A
SA Node
19
Q
Identify the branches of the L coronary artery.
A
Anterior Interventricular Artery (Left Anterior Descending Artery) and Circumflex Artery
20
Q
Which branch of the R coronary artery lays in the posterior interventricular sulcus?
A
Middle CV
21
Q
Identify the vessel(s) associated with the R atrium.
A
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
22
Q
Identify the vessel(s) associated with the L ventricle
A
Aortic Semilunar Valve, Ascending Aorta, Descending Aorta
23
Q
Why is the heart not prone to cramps?
A
During exercise the heart oxidizes lactic acid from skeletal muscles
24
Q
Which layer of the pericardium prevents overstretching?
A
Fibrous Pericardium
25
A(n) ______ occurs when 2 vessels merge allowing for an alternate route of blood flow called _______.
Anastomoses; collateral circulation
26
T or F, Cardiac muscle is striated.
True
27
Identify the artery and vein in the coronary sulcus.
Circumflex artery and small coronary vein
28
What is the role of Ca in muscle contraction?
Ca binds to the regulatory protein, troponin, which allows actin and myosin filaments to begin sliding past one another which builds tension.
29
Why does the impulse rest for 1/10th of a second?
To allow for atrial contraction
30
Parasympathetic stimulation to the heart travels through what nerve(s)?
Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
31
SV (stroke volume) multiplied by HR equals?
Cardiac Output
32
Identify the peaks on and ECG.
P-Atrial depolarization, QRS Complex, T-Ventricular Depolarization
33
Which represents ventricular contraction on and ECG?
QRS Complex
34
Glycolipids on the surface of RBCs determine what?
Blood Type
35
True or False, blood is thicker than water?
True
36
Which plasma protein is responsible for clotting?
Fibrinogen
37
Give one cause of polycythemia besides blood doping,
Hypoxia, dehydration, EPO use by athetes
38
Identify one location of hemopoiesis in a fetus.
First occurs in the yolk sac, red marrow becomes the primary source 3 months prior to birth
39
Identify one method used by neutrophils to destroy pathogens.
Phagocytosis
40
Percentage of RBCs in the total blood volume
HCT (Hematocrit)
41
Ability of a stem cell to mature into many cell types
Pluripotent
42
Large, leaky vessel, allows cells to enter circulation
Sinus
43
What growth factor, stimulates platelet development
TPO (thrombopoietin)
44
Found in RBCs, binds to oxygen
Hemoglobin
45
Found on all nucleated cells, self vs non-self.
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
46
Ability of WBCs to squeeze from capillaries
Emigration (diapedesis)
47
B cells, T cells, NK cells
Lymphocytes
48
WBCs that release heparin and histamines
Basophils
49
Carries iron to the liver
Transferrin
50
Non-recycled parts of hemoglobin/RBCs are converted to this
Bilirubin
51
Term that describes a nucleus with many lobes.
Polymorphonuclear
52
Why do RBCs experience only anaerobic respiration?
Because they are not true cells and lack organelles such as mitochondria
53
Identify the agranular WBCs.
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
54
When is leukopenia a good thing?
Never
55
How does kidney failure lead to anemia?
It causes a decrease in EPO
56
Why do men have a higher hematocrit?
There are higher concentrations of testosterone in men, which stimulates the production of EPO, which stimulates RBCs, increasing the HCT in men. During reproductive years, women may have lower levels due to excessive loss of blood from menstruation.
57
What is determined in a differential blood test?
Identifies the number and percentage of each type of WBC in a blood sample of 100 cells
58
How does a WBC "find" an infection?
Chemotaxis, which is when chemical messengers attract the WBC to toxins or other inflamed tissue.
59
Why are RBCs bi-concave?
Reticulocyte stage, the loss of nucleus causes the center of the cell to indent.
60
What vessel is associated with the R ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk and arteries
61
Why does the electrical impulse through the heart rest for 1/10th of a second at the AV node
For atrial contraction to ensure emptying of the blood
62
Compare the locations of hemopoiesis in an embryo to that of an adult.
Hemopoiesis first occurs in the yolk sac of the embryo, then later the liver, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, during the three months prior to birth and throughout the adult life, the red bone marrow becomes the primary source,
63
What does pluripotent mean?
The ability to mature into multiple types of cells
64
What growth factor stimulates the development of RBCs? Platelets?
RBCs: EPO; Platelets: TPO
65
Why are RBCs concave in shape?
Due to ejection of its nucleus causing it to become a reticulocyte
66
Oxygen binds to what part of a hemoglobin molecule?
Heme
67
How do the kidneys respond to hypoxia?
It stimulates the kidney to set up the release of EPO, speeding the development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes in the red marrow, which will increase the RBCs allowing for more oxygen carrying capacity.
68
Produce histamines during allergic reactions
Basophils
69
First to site of bacterial infection
Neutrophils
70
Form B and T cells
Lymphocytes
71
Become fixed or wandering
Monocytes
72
Combat parasitic worms
Eosiniphils
73
Polymorphonuclear
Neutrophils
74
Combat the effects of histamines
Eosinophils
75
Horseshoe shaped nucleus
Monocytes
76
Where is the MHC found and what does it determine?
It extends from the surface of all nucleated cells and differentiates self from non self
77
Which type of WBC is responsible for tissue rejection in a transplant?
T cells (T lymphocytes)
78
What can be determined from a differential WBC count?
Identifies the number and percentage of each type of WBC in a sample of 100
79
Explain chemotaxis and emigration in relation to each other and WBCs.
Chemotaxis is when there is movement in response to a chemical change, emigration is when WBC crawl out of circulation to reach the site of an infection
80
Platelets form as fragments from larger cells called...?
Megakaryocytes
81
What causes vasoconstriction in a cut vessel?
Serotonin and thromboxane A2
82
Plasma minus the clotting factors is called
Serum
83
A clot in an unbroken vessel is called a
Thrombus
84
During coagulation, thrombin and calcium convert fibrinogen into
Fibrin
85
What vitamin is needed for 4 Clotting factors?
Vitamin K
86
What inactive enzyme is incorporated into the clot?
Plasminogen
87
What is iron-deficiency anemia?
Most common type of anemia caused by inadequate absorption of iron, excessive loss, or increased requirement.
88
What is megaloblastic anemia?
Caused from an inadequate intake of vitamin b12 or folic acid.
89
What is pernicious anemia?
Insufficient hemopoiesis as a result of the inability of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed in the absorption of b12 in the small intestine.
90
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
Caused from excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding
91
What is Hemolytic Anemia?
Caused when RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely, causing the released hemoglobin to pour into the blood and damage the filtering units (glomeruli) in the kidneys.
92
What is Thalassemia?
When deficient synthesis of hemoglobin occurs. The RBCs are small and pale and short lived. Primarily occurs in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea.
93
What is aplastic anemia?
Destruction of the red bone marrow caused by toxins. Gamma radiation and certain medications that inhibit enzymes needed for hemopoiesis.
94
