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History of Psych > test 3 (ch 14-20) > Flashcards

test 3 (ch 14-20) Flashcards

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1
Q

gestalt

A

the german word meaning “configuration” “pattern” or “whole”; whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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2
Q

law of pragnanz

A

fields and forces that organize data in particular way, simple and symmetrical; because of the tendencies of the force fields that occur in the brain, mental events will always tend to be organized, simple and regular. according to the law of pragnanz, cognitive experience will always reflect the essence of ones experience instead of its disorganized, fragmented aspects

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3
Q

psychophysical isomorphism

A

the gestaltists contention that the patterns of activity produced by the brain, rather than sensory experience, causes mental experiences

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4
Q

continuity

A

perceive things as continuous; lines and patterns continue

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5
Q

proximity

A

group things that are close in distance

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6
Q

similarity

A

group things by how similar they are

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7
Q

closure

A

we complete incomplete objects

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8
Q

constancy

A

the contention that there is a strict one to one correspondence between physical stimuli and sensations, in the sense that the same stimulation will always result in the same sensation regardless of circumstances. the gestaltists argued against this contention, saying instead that what sensation a stimulus elicits is relative to existing patterns of activity in the brain and to the totality of stimulating conditions.

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9
Q

insightful learning

A

learning that involves perceiving the solution to a problem after a period of cognitive trial and error

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10
Q

transference

A

the process by which a patient responds to the therapist as if the therapist were a relevant person in the patients life

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11
Q

countertransference

A

the process by which a therapist becomes emotionally involved with a patient

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12
Q

anticathexis

A

the expenditure of psychic energy to prevent the association between needs and the ideas of anxiety provoking objects or events

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13
Q

conservation of energy

A

psychic energy remains constant throughout lifetime; finite amount of energy, can only put it towards so many things at once

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14
Q

objective anxiety

A

when there is an objective threat to the persons well being

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15
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

when the ego feels that it is going to be overwhelmed by the id; when the needs of the id become so powerful that the ego feels that it will be unable to control them and that the irrationality of the id will manifest itself in the persons thought and behavior

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16
Q

moral anxiety

A

when an internalized value is or is about to be violated

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17
Q

rationalization

A

giving a rational and logical, but false, reason for a failure or shortcoming rather than the true reason for it

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18
Q

sublimination

A

when a displacement involves substituting a nonsexual goal for a sexual one

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19
Q

projection

A

way to deal with an anxiety provoking thought is to attribute it to someone or something other than ones self

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20
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite reaction of your true feelings

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21
Q

pleasure principle

A

id; seeks immediate gratification;

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22
Q

reality principle

A

ego; can’t always get what you want

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23
Q

libido

A

collective energy associated with the life instincts

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24
Q

id

A

unconscious, instincts, pleasure principle; powerful, entirely unconscious portion of the personality that contains all instincts and is therefore the driving force for the entire personality

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25
Q

ego

A

reality principl, delayed gratification, 2-3 years old, self; component of the personality that is responsible for locating events in the environment that will satisfy the needs of the id without violating the values of the superego

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26
Q

superego

A

ego ideal, conscience, 5 years; internalized values that act as a guide for a persons conduct

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27
Q

preconscious

A

freuds iceberg theory; long term memory, pull stuf fout and bring to conscious

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28
Q

conscious

A

frueds iceberg theory; working memory (7+-2)

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29
Q

unconscious

A

freuds iceberg theory; instincts/drives, repressed memories

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30
Q

third force psychology

A

humanistic psychology; assumes that humans are basically good. if negative environmental factors do not stifle human development, humans will live humane lives. concerned with examining the more positive aspects of human nature that behaviorism and psychoanalysis had neglected

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31
Q

personal unconscious

A

each individual has an unconscious mind; place that stores material from ones lifetime of which one is currently not unconscious

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32
Q

collective unconscious

A

some aspects of our unconscious mind are shared with everyone, archetypes; reflects universal human experience through the ages, most powerful component of the personality

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33
Q

pesona

A

public self, what other people see

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34
Q

animus

A

masculine side

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35
Q

anima

A

feminine side

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36
Q

animus and anima

A

have both masculine and feminine aspects; bisexual in nature

37
Q

the shadow

A

dark side of our personality, normal healthy; integrate into all other parts

38
Q

the self

A

central archetype, not conflict ideas, seeks to balance and integrate with all other parts

39
Q

compensation

A

making up for weakness by developing strengths in other areas

40
Q

overcompensation

A

conversion of a weakness into a strength; overcoming struggle becomes central to self

41
Q

feelings of inferiorty

A

feelings that all humans try to escape by becoming powerful or superior

42
Q

inferiority complex

A

condition one experiences when overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority instead of being motivated toward success by those feelings

43
Q

how is gestalt psychology related to field theory

A

law of pragnanz; same as complex systems, magnetic fields, lines of force, raw elements of sensory experiences come into brain, interact and fall into fields

44
Q

gestalt principles of perceptual organization

A 
figure ground
closure
continuity
proximity
similarity
45
Q

what was max wertheimers observation that led to the creation of gestalt psychology

A

phi phenomenon-conscious experience cannot be reduced to sensory experience; perceive movement even though movement wasn’t there, caused by flashing two lights on and off at a certain rate

46
Q

what are the positive contributions of gestalt psychology

A

redirect the attention of psychologists away from insignificant bits of behavior and consciousness and toward holistic aspects of behavior and consciousness

47
Q

compare and contrast the following models of mental illness: psychological, supernatural, medical

A

psychological: psychological state of mind, psychological problems (cognitions, environmental)
supernatural: possessions, etc; treated with exorcisms, torture to remove demon
medical: looking for a disease or toxin in the body, physical damage, imbalance in the body

48
Q

how did nietzsche and freud view humans in terms of rational and irrational tendencies

A

humans as engaged in a perpetual battle between their irrational and rational tendencies

49
Q

what is Freud’s understanding of levels of consciousness

A

iceberg metaphor: conscious (working memory), unconscious (pull stuff out and bring to conscious, long term memory), unconscious (instincts/drives, repressed memories)

50
Q

what are some contributions of freuds theory

A

research on unconscious, defense mechanisms, modern therapeutic techniques, influence on developmental psych

51
Q

what are some criticisms of freuds theory

A

not experimental, not operationalized terms, dogmatic (tolerated no other ideas), self-fulfilling prophecy (found what he was looking for because he was looking for it), overemphasized sex and aggression

52
Q

what does elizabeth loftus’ research tell us about repression

A

there are no such thing as repressed memories; searching for them may do more harm than good

53
Q

basic hostility/anxiety

A

all born with some level of hostility that revolves around safety and security
grow up and needs not met, have underlying anxiety anxiety, insecurity, powerlessness, inferiority

54
Q

neurotic trends

A

coping strategies; reduce anxiety with relationships: moving toward/against/away from people

55
Q

real vs ideal self

A

the more discrepancy there is between your real self and your ideal self, the more anxiety you have; want them to overlap more

56
Q

dasein

A

being in the moment; there’s a person and a social world and your existence is defined by how we fit into the context; can be changed

57
Q

authentic self

A

making decisions that move life in positive direction, recognizing our own mortality

58
Q

inauthentic self

A

fooling yourself by thinking there’s a god/heaven

59
Q

self actualization

A

ultimate goal of humanism/psychology; fulfill hierarchy of needs

60
Q

what is the most important cause of human behavior, according to the humanistic psychologists?

A

subject experience is the central cause

61
Q

what are the major characteristics of humanistic psychology

A 
humans are basically good
subjective experience is the central cause of human behavior
search for meaning and purpose
human potential
holistic-nonreductionistic
nondeterministic (free will)
62
Q

maslow’s tenets of humanistic psychology

A

little can be gained from animal research
subjective reality it primary cause of behavior
individual difference research
applied focus of research
complete understanding of humans (holistic)

63
Q

know the order and meaning of the stages in maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological (breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion)
  2. safety (security of: body, employment, resources, mortality, family, health, property)
  3. love/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy)
  4. esteem (self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others)
  5. self-actualization (morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts)
64
Q

what are the characteristics of a self actualized person

A

accurate perception of reality, accept selves and others, spontaneous, independent of social mores, peak experiences, empathic, ethical, creative, sense of humor

65
Q

what are the 3 coping strategies proposed by Horney

A

moving toward people: codependent, seeking approval of others
moving against people: hostility, aggression
moving away from people: withdrawal, detachment

66
Q

what was viktor frankls major insight

A

the ultimate human freedom is to choose our attitude

67
Q

what are some criticisms of humanism

A

humans are not as inherently good as they say, overly critical of the benefits of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, maslow rejected scientific method, rejects animal research, not falsifiable

68
Q

congruence/incongruence

A

degree of consistency of different self aspects; greater degree of inconsistency is more incongruent

69
Q

client centered therapy

A

therapy should be more client centered; allow clients to take an active role in their therapy; “client” implies more equality than patient

70
Q

Psychobiology

A

The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations

71
Q

Mass action

A

Cortex works as a unified whole; If cortical tissue is destroyed following learning of a complex task, deterioration of performance on the task is determined more by the amount of tissue destroyed than by its location

72
Q

Equipotentiality

A

All areas of the cortex have equal potential to process info; Within a functional area of the brain, any tissue within that area can perform its associated function

73
Q

Memory engram

A

Search for the storage place of memories

74
Q

Cell assembly

A

Neurons detect different aspect of experience, the smallest unit of info that can be represented in brain; System of interrelated neurons that reflects recurring environmental events. When stimulated, cell assemblies cause ideas of those events

75
Q

Phase sequences

A

Groups of cell assemblies that link together in chains to make more complex connections; System of interrelated cell assemblies that form because of the simultaneous or sequential activation of cell assemblies. When a phase sequence is activated, it causes a stream of interrelated ideas

76
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Neurons ability to adjust activities after damage; all parts of the brain are able to do all function

77
Q

Split brain preparation

A

Cut the corpus callosum and optic chiasm to reduce spread and intensity of seizures

78
Q

Ethology

A

Looking at instinctual behavior in animals and implications for humans; The study of species-specific behavior in an animal’s natural habitat. The ethologist typically attempts to explain such

79
Q

Sociobiology

A

Looking at how biology affects thoughts and behavior; attempts to explain complex behavior in terms of evolutionary theory

80
Q

Instinctual drift

A

Anomaly that behaviorism cant explain; animals will always reverse behavior back to instinctive behavior

81
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

An interdisciplinary approach to studying the mind and mental processes that combines aspects of cognitive psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and computer science.

82
Q

Turing test

A

Test to determine whether a machine can think. Human and machine get asked questions, and both answer. Machine is considered able to think if its answers are the same as humans

83
Q

Artificial intelligence

A

A branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which machines can simulate or duplicate the intelligent behavior of living organisms. (See also Strong artificial intelligence and Weak artificial intelligence.)

84
Q

Chinese room

A

Weak AI

85
Q

Strong AI

A

Idea that machines can replicate human cognitive processes

86
Q

Weak AI

A

Machines can simulate human cognitive processes but not replicate them

87
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

2 mental representations are in conflict and cause feeling of discomfort/anxiety. Bring them more in line to reduce discomfort

88
Q

Describe carl rogers ideas about how parenting can effect personality development

A

all have a need for positive regard. unconditional positive regard lead to being a fully functioning adult. conditional positive regard is given conditionally and leads to conditions of worth

History of Psych (11 decks)

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