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test 3 (ch 14-20) Flashcards

1
Q

gestalt

A

the german word meaning “configuration” “pattern” or “whole”; whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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2
Q

law of pragnanz

A

fields and forces that organize data in particular way, simple and symmetrical; because of the tendencies of the force fields that occur in the brain, mental events will always tend to be organized, simple and regular. according to the law of pragnanz, cognitive experience will always reflect the essence of ones experience instead of its disorganized, fragmented aspects

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3
Q

psychophysical isomorphism

A

the gestaltists contention that the patterns of activity produced by the brain, rather than sensory experience, causes mental experiences

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4
Q

continuity

A

perceive things as continuous; lines and patterns continue

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5
Q

proximity

A

group things that are close in distance

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6
Q

similarity

A

group things by how similar they are

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7
Q

closure

A

we complete incomplete objects

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8
Q

constancy

A

the contention that there is a strict one to one correspondence between physical stimuli and sensations, in the sense that the same stimulation will always result in the same sensation regardless of circumstances. the gestaltists argued against this contention, saying instead that what sensation a stimulus elicits is relative to existing patterns of activity in the brain and to the totality of stimulating conditions.

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9
Q

insightful learning

A

learning that involves perceiving the solution to a problem after a period of cognitive trial and error

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10
Q

transference

A

the process by which a patient responds to the therapist as if the therapist were a relevant person in the patients life

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11
Q

countertransference

A

the process by which a therapist becomes emotionally involved with a patient

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12
Q

anticathexis

A

the expenditure of psychic energy to prevent the association between needs and the ideas of anxiety provoking objects or events

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13
Q

conservation of energy

A

psychic energy remains constant throughout lifetime; finite amount of energy, can only put it towards so many things at once

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14
Q

objective anxiety

A

when there is an objective threat to the persons well being

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15
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

when the ego feels that it is going to be overwhelmed by the id; when the needs of the id become so powerful that the ego feels that it will be unable to control them and that the irrationality of the id will manifest itself in the persons thought and behavior

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16
Q

moral anxiety

A

when an internalized value is or is about to be violated

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17
Q

rationalization

A

giving a rational and logical, but false, reason for a failure or shortcoming rather than the true reason for it

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18
Q

sublimination

A

when a displacement involves substituting a nonsexual goal for a sexual one

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19
Q

projection

A

way to deal with an anxiety provoking thought is to attribute it to someone or something other than ones self

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20
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite reaction of your true feelings

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21
Q

pleasure principle

A

id; seeks immediate gratification;

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22
Q

reality principle

A

ego; can’t always get what you want

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23
Q

libido

A

collective energy associated with the life instincts

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24
Q

id

A

unconscious, instincts, pleasure principle; powerful, entirely unconscious portion of the personality that contains all instincts and is therefore the driving force for the entire personality

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25
ego
reality principl, delayed gratification, 2-3 years old, self; component of the personality that is responsible for locating events in the environment that will satisfy the needs of the id without violating the values of the superego
26
superego
ego ideal, conscience, 5 years; internalized values that act as a guide for a persons conduct
27
preconscious
freuds iceberg theory; long term memory, pull stuf fout and bring to conscious
28
conscious
frueds iceberg theory; working memory (7+-2)
29
unconscious
freuds iceberg theory; instincts/drives, repressed memories
30
third force psychology
humanistic psychology; assumes that humans are basically good. if negative environmental factors do not stifle human development, humans will live humane lives. concerned with examining the more positive aspects of human nature that behaviorism and psychoanalysis had neglected
31
personal unconscious
each individual has an unconscious mind; place that stores material from ones lifetime of which one is currently not unconscious
32
collective unconscious
some aspects of our unconscious mind are shared with everyone, archetypes; reflects universal human experience through the ages, most powerful component of the personality
33
pesona
public self, what other people see
34
animus
masculine side
35
anima
feminine side
36
animus and anima
have both masculine and feminine aspects; bisexual in nature
37
the shadow
dark side of our personality, normal healthy; integrate into all other parts
38
the self
central archetype, not conflict ideas, seeks to balance and integrate with all other parts
39
compensation
making up for weakness by developing strengths in other areas
40
overcompensation
conversion of a weakness into a strength; overcoming struggle becomes central to self
41
feelings of inferiorty
feelings that all humans try to escape by becoming powerful or superior
42
inferiority complex
condition one experiences when overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority instead of being motivated toward success by those feelings
43
how is gestalt psychology related to field theory
law of pragnanz; same as complex systems, magnetic fields, lines of force, raw elements of sensory experiences come into brain, interact and fall into fields
44
gestalt principles of perceptual organization
``` figure ground closure continuity proximity similarity ```
45
what was max wertheimers observation that led to the creation of gestalt psychology
phi phenomenon-conscious experience cannot be reduced to sensory experience; perceive movement even though movement wasn't there, caused by flashing two lights on and off at a certain rate
46
what are the positive contributions of gestalt psychology
redirect the attention of psychologists away from insignificant bits of behavior and consciousness and toward holistic aspects of behavior and consciousness
47
compare and contrast the following models of mental illness: psychological, supernatural, medical
psychological: psychological state of mind, psychological problems (cognitions, environmental) supernatural: possessions, etc; treated with exorcisms, torture to remove demon medical: looking for a disease or toxin in the body, physical damage, imbalance in the body
48
how did nietzsche and freud view humans in terms of rational and irrational tendencies
humans as engaged in a perpetual battle between their irrational and rational tendencies
49
what is Freud's understanding of levels of consciousness
iceberg metaphor: conscious (working memory), unconscious (pull stuff out and bring to conscious, long term memory), unconscious (instincts/drives, repressed memories)
50
what are some contributions of freuds theory
research on unconscious, defense mechanisms, modern therapeutic techniques, influence on developmental psych
51
what are some criticisms of freuds theory
not experimental, not operationalized terms, dogmatic (tolerated no other ideas), self-fulfilling prophecy (found what he was looking for because he was looking for it), overemphasized sex and aggression
52
what does elizabeth loftus' research tell us about repression
there are no such thing as repressed memories; searching for them may do more harm than good
53
basic hostility/anxiety
all born with some level of hostility that revolves around safety and security grow up and needs not met, have underlying anxiety anxiety, insecurity, powerlessness, inferiority
54
neurotic trends
coping strategies; reduce anxiety with relationships: moving toward/against/away from people
55
real vs ideal self
the more discrepancy there is between your real self and your ideal self, the more anxiety you have; want them to overlap more
56
dasein
being in the moment; there's a person and a social world and your existence is defined by how we fit into the context; can be changed
57
authentic self
making decisions that move life in positive direction, recognizing our own mortality
58
inauthentic self
fooling yourself by thinking there's a god/heaven
59
self actualization
ultimate goal of humanism/psychology; fulfill hierarchy of needs
60
what is the most important cause of human behavior, according to the humanistic psychologists?
subject experience is the central cause
61
what are the major characteristics of humanistic psychology
``` humans are basically good subjective experience is the central cause of human behavior search for meaning and purpose human potential holistic-nonreductionistic nondeterministic (free will) ```
62
maslow's tenets of humanistic psychology
little can be gained from animal research subjective reality it primary cause of behavior individual difference research applied focus of research complete understanding of humans (holistic)
63
know the order and meaning of the stages in maslow's hierarchy of needs
1. physiological (breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion) 2. safety (security of: body, employment, resources, mortality, family, health, property) 3. love/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy) 4. esteem (self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others) 5. self-actualization (morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts)
64
what are the characteristics of a self actualized person
accurate perception of reality, accept selves and others, spontaneous, independent of social mores, peak experiences, empathic, ethical, creative, sense of humor
65
what are the 3 coping strategies proposed by Horney
moving toward people: codependent, seeking approval of others moving against people: hostility, aggression moving away from people: withdrawal, detachment
66
what was viktor frankls major insight
the ultimate human freedom is to choose our attitude
67
what are some criticisms of humanism
humans are not as inherently good as they say, overly critical of the benefits of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, maslow rejected scientific method, rejects animal research, not falsifiable
68
congruence/incongruence
degree of consistency of different self aspects; greater degree of inconsistency is more incongruent
69
client centered therapy
therapy should be more client centered; allow clients to take an active role in their therapy; "client" implies more equality than patient
70
Psychobiology
The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations
71
Mass action
Cortex works as a unified whole; If cortical tissue is destroyed following learning of a complex task, deterioration of performance on the task is determined more by the amount of tissue destroyed than by its location
72
Equipotentiality
All areas of the cortex have equal potential to process info; Within a functional area of the brain, any tissue within that area can perform its associated function
73
Memory engram
Search for the storage place of memories
74
Cell assembly
Neurons detect different aspect of experience, the smallest unit of info that can be represented in brain; System of interrelated neurons that reflects recurring environmental events. When stimulated, cell assemblies cause ideas of those events
75
Phase sequences
Groups of cell assemblies that link together in chains to make more complex connections; System of interrelated cell assemblies that form because of the simultaneous or sequential activation of cell assemblies. When a phase sequence is activated, it causes a stream of interrelated ideas
76
Neural plasticity
Neurons ability to adjust activities after damage; all parts of the brain are able to do all function
77
Split brain preparation
Cut the corpus callosum and optic chiasm to reduce spread and intensity of seizures
78
Ethology
Looking at instinctual behavior in animals and implications for humans; The study of species-specific behavior in an animal's natural habitat. The ethologist typically attempts to explain such
79
Sociobiology
Looking at how biology affects thoughts and behavior; attempts to explain complex behavior in terms of evolutionary theory
80
Instinctual drift
Anomaly that behaviorism cant explain; animals will always reverse behavior back to instinctive behavior
81
Cognitive psychology
An interdisciplinary approach to studying the mind and mental processes that combines aspects of cognitive psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and computer science.
82
Turing test
Test to determine whether a machine can think. Human and machine get asked questions, and both answer. Machine is considered able to think if its answers are the same as humans
83
Artificial intelligence
A branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which machines can simulate or duplicate the intelligent behavior of living organisms. (See also Strong artificial intelligence and Weak artificial intelligence.)
84
Chinese room
Weak AI
85
Strong AI
Idea that machines can replicate human cognitive processes
86
Weak AI
Machines can simulate human cognitive processes but not replicate them
87
Cognitive dissonance theory
2 mental representations are in conflict and cause feeling of discomfort/anxiety. Bring them more in line to reduce discomfort
88
Describe carl rogers ideas about how parenting can effect personality development
all have a need for positive regard. unconditional positive regard lead to being a fully functioning adult. conditional positive regard is given conditionally and leads to conditions of worth

History of Psych (11 decks)

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