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History of Psych > Test 1 (ch 1-7) > Flashcards

Test 1 (ch 1-7) Flashcards

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1
Q

determinism (ch1)

A

belief that everything that occurs does so because of known or knowable causes and if those causes were known in advance an event could be predicted with complete accuracy. if the causes of an event were known, the event could be prevented by preventing its causes. the knowledge of an event causes allows the prediction and control of the event

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2
Q

indeterminism (ch1)

A

even though determinism is true, attempting to measure the causes of something influences those causes, making it impossible to know them with certainty. heisenbergs uncertainty principle

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3
Q

non-determinism (ch1)

A

the belief that human though or behavior is freely chosen by the individual and is therefore not caused by antecedent physical or mental events

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4
Q

principle of falsifiability (ch1)

A

Popper’s contention that for a theory to be considered scientific it must specify the observations, that, if made, would refute the theory. to be considered scientific, a theory must make risky predictions

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5
Q

paradigms (ch1)

A

viewpoint shared by many scientists while exploring the subject matter of their science. a paradigm determines what constitutes legitimate problems and the methodology used in solving those problems

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6
Q

normal science (ch1)

A

Kuhn, the research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm

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7
Q

anomalies (ch1)

A

persistent observations that cannot be explained by an existing paradigm. eventually cause one paradigm to displace another

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8
Q

epistemology (ch1)

A

study of the nature of knowledge

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9
Q

anthropomorphism (ch2)

A

projection of human attributes onto nonhuman things

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10
Q

animism (ch2)

A

the belief that everything in nature is alive

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11
Q

vitalism (ch1)

A

the belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes. life requires a force that is more than the material objects or inanimate processes in which it manifests itself

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12
Q

Zeno’s paradox (ch2)

A

assertion that in order for an object to pass from point a to point b, it must first traverse half the distance between those two points, and then half of the remaining distance, etc. this process must occur an infinite number of times, so an object could never logically reach point b

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13
Q

inductive definition (ch2)

A

technique used by socrates that examined many individual examples of a concept to discover what they all had in common

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14
Q

skepticism (ch3)

A

belief that all beliefs can be proved false; to avoid frustration of being wrong, it is best to believe nothing

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15
Q

cynicism (ch3)

A

the belief that the best life is one lived close to nature and away from the rules and regulations of society

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16
Q

parsimony (ch1)

A

problem with paradigms; explain a lot with a little

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17
Q

Occam’s razor(ch3)

A

belief that of several, equally effective alternative explanations, the one that makes the fewest assumptions should be accepted

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18
Q

positivism (ch4)

A

the belief that only thos objects or events that can be experienced directly should be the object of scientific inquiry, avoids metaphysical speculation

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19
Q

induction (ch4)

A

the method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general. after a large number of individual insances are observed, a theme or principle common to all of them might be inferred. does not start with some assumption, proceeds from particular to the general

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20
Q

deduction (ch4)

A

the method of reasoning by which conclusions must follow from certain assumptions, principles, or concepts. if there are five people in a room, one can deduce that there are also four. proceeds from the general to the particular

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21
Q

Cartesian Dualism (ch4)

A

some natural interaction (mechanistic), mind housed in the brain but controls body through pineal gland

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22
Q

primary qualities (ch4)

A

attributes of physical objects: size, shape, number, position, and movement or rest

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23
Q

seconday qualities (ch4)

A

those apparent attributes of physical objects that in fact exist only in the mind of the perceiver; experiences of color, sound, odor, temp, taste

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24
Q

monads (ch6)

A

Leibniz; the indivisible units that compose everything in the universe. characterized by consciousness; inert matter possesses only dim consciousness and then increased ability-plants, animals, humans, god. think as clearly as is capable of doing

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25
Q

petites perceptions(ch6)

A

Leibniz; perception that occurs below the level of awareness because only a few monads are involved

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26
Q

noble savage (ch7)

A

rousseau’s term of a human not contaminated by society. live in accordance with true feelings, not selfish, live harmoniously with other humans

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27
Q

social contract (ch7)

A

trade off between needs of society and freedom of individual

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28
Q

passions vs emotions (ch5)

A

hume; all humans have the same passions (emotions) but in different patterns, which determine character OR
Spinoza-emotions from pleasure/pain, passions are out of control emotions

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29
Q

simple ideas (ch5)

A

Raw data from sense

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30
Q

complex ideas (ch5)

A

configurations of simple ideas

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31
Q

associationism (ch5)

A

the belief that the laws of association provide the fundamental principles by which all mental phenomena can be explained

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32
Q

mental physics (ch5)

A

the process by which individual sensations can combine to form a new sensation that is different from any of the individual sensations that constitute it; Mill-all ideas reduced to simple ones

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33
Q

mental chemistry (ch5)

A

JS Mill; complex ideas cant all be reduced, process of mental chemistry which complex ideas could be distinctly different from the simple ideas that constituted them

34
Q

Hobbes view of attention (ch5)

A

when we look at something, it puts in motion out sense organs. when doing something in motion in response to stimulus, we can’t pay attention to something else until the motion stops

35
Q

rationalism

A

knowledge is gained through thinking, reflection

36
Q

empiricism

A

brain is a blank slate when born (tabula rasa), knowledge comes through senses

37
Q

Karl Popper’s view on science

A

science starts with a problem and the problem determines observations. about finding small truths to fill in the big Truth

38
Q

popper’s scientific method

A

problems, theories, criticism
principle of falsifiability-theory must be refutable
risky predictions

39
Q

Thomas Kuhn’s view on science

A

science is subjective; guided by paradigms and normal science (day to day, the paradigm thats most commonly believed in)

40
Q

Kuhn’s normal science limitations

A

limit set of problems, limit set of methods, limit alternative hypotheses

41
Q

biological determinism

A

determinsim that stresses biochemical, genetic, physiological, or anatomical causes of behavior

42
Q

environmental determinism

A

type of determinism that stresses causes of behavior that are external to organism

43
Q

sociocultural determinism

A

stresses cultural or societal rules, customs, regulations or expectations as the causes of behavior

44
Q

interactionism determinism

A

bodily experiences influence the mind and the mind influences the body

45
Q

materialist

A

there is no separate thing from mind and body; everything is physical

46
Q

idealist

A

those that believe that ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and therefore not physical

47
Q

epiphenominalism

A

Body gives rise to thoughts

48
Q

physical determinism

A

stresses material causes of behavior

49
Q

psychical determinism

A

stresses mental causes of behavior

50
Q

psychophysical parallelism

A

contention that experiencing something in the physical world causes bodily and mental activity simultaneously and that the two types of activities are independent of each other

51
Q

double aspectism

A

Experience them as different but they’re both from underlying physical things

52
Q

preestablished harmony

A

Soul is divine and allowed to have affect on body in physical world and vice versa

53
Q

occasionalism

A

the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by god

54
Q

persistent questions in psychology

A 
nature of human nature
mind body relation
type of dualism
nativism vs empiricism
mechanism vs vitalism
rationalism vs irrationalism
human/nonhuman relation
55
Q

sophists-nature of truth

A

truth is relative, not absolute, cultural; some people make good arguments and are wrong; persons subjective reality is the only reality that exists and can be known

56
Q

where did Pythagoras find “truth”

A

truth can be found in the abstract, there is an abstract realm with all the answers, humans must have ability to tap into that knowledge

57
Q

Aristotles understanding of causation

A

everything has causes, how can we understand things; 4 causes: material (what something is made of), formal(form/shape), efficient (energy or force that transforms material into formal), final (purpose and function, what does it mean)

58
Q

final cause of humans, according to Aristotle

A

contemplation of God

59
Q

Plato’s theory of forms

A

Everything in empirical world is copy of thing in abstract

60
Q

Aristotle’s hierarchy of souls

A
  1. vegetative (plants-growth, eating, reproduction)
  2. sensitive (animals-veg qualities and sensory experience and behavior, pleasure/pain)
  3. rational (humans, other qualities plus thinking)
61
Q

Aristotle-motivation and happiness

A

emotions amplify experience and motivate behavior, direct attention;

62
Q

differences from Aristotle and Plato

A

Plato-ideas were ultimate reality known by reason, remembering what soul experienced prior to implantation in the body, introspection, inductive reasoning
Aristotle-examine nature as source of all knowledge, all things have purpose, deductive reasoning

63
Q

similarities of Aristotle and Plato

A

?*

64
Q

what did psychology gain from the greeks?

A

naturalistic view of life, critical debate, search for truth, emphasis on reason, mind-body dualism, teleology

65
Q

zeitgeist of the dark ages

A

christianity, anti-intellectualism; not a lot of scientific research being done

66
Q

scholasticism

A

synthesis of aristotles philosophy with teaching of the church

67
Q

st augustine-guilt

A

deviation of internal sense (provide awareness of truth, error, personal obligation, and moral right), just thinking about deviating

68
Q

st augustine-ways to know god

A

introspection and scripture god speaks to individuals through their soul, choose between god and flesh (devil)

69
Q

converging forces that led to renaissance

A

rediscovery of aristotle, protestant reformation, colombus and explorers, exploration, trade/economy, crusades, education, printing press, individualism, humanism, scientific revolution

70
Q

contributions of copernicus

A

the earth rotated around the sun, earth not at center like church said

71
Q

contributions of galileo

A

falling bodies, telescope, science objective (not include humans because they’re subjective); primary and secondary qualities

72
Q

contributions of newton

A

world is machine, differential/integral calculus, law of gravity, groundwork for scientific methods

73
Q

Galileos primary and secondary qualities

A

primary-attributes of physical objects

secondary-attributes that exist in the mind of the perceiver (color, sound, temp, taste)

74
Q

Bacon’s view of science

A

inductive science, bottom up, observations at the beginning, objective reporting

75
Q

scientific biases described by bacon

A
  1. idols of cave/tribe-personal biases from personal characteristics/experiences
  2. idols of the marketplace-error that results when one accepts traditional meanings of words used to describe things
  3. idols of theater-inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, authority
  4. idols of the tribe-humans’ natural tendency to view the world selectively
76
Q

Descartes contributions to science

A

comparative-physiological psychology, stimulus-response psychology, phenomenology, whether innate ideas exist or not

77
Q

how did philosophers of romanticism react against scientific mechanism and materialism

A

emphasize the importance of irrational components (emotions, total person)
rousseau-human nature is basically good
neitzsche-determine lifes meaning for themselves, exercising will to power, people can continue to grow and overcome conventional morality

78
Q

Lebniz’s view on perception

A

monads, if only a few are experienced, unconscious petites perceptions resulted, even enough experienced at the same time, apperception occurred (conscious)

79
Q

where do knowledge and truth come from according to the romantics

A

emotions, living honestly in accordance with one’s inner nature

80
Q

2 aspects of human nature (nietzsche)

A

apollonian-represents rational side, desire for tranquility, predictability, orderliness
dionysian-represents irrational side, attraction to creative chaos and to passion

81
Q

significance of Nietzsche’s statement “god is dead”

A

god was dead and that philosophers and scientists of his day killed god. humans have relied on god for so long for the meaning of life and conceptions of morality, we are lost now that he is dead. god is no longer a credible source of principles to live by

History of Psych (11 decks)

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