Test 1 (ch 1-7)

Question 1

determinism (ch1)

Answer 1

belief that everything that occurs does so because of known or knowable causes and if those causes were known in advance an event could be predicted with complete accuracy. if the causes of an event were known, the event could be prevented by preventing its causes. the knowledge of an event causes allows the prediction and control of the event

Question 2

indeterminism (ch1)

Answer 2

even though determinism is true, attempting to measure the causes of something influences those causes, making it impossible to know them with certainty. heisenbergs uncertainty principle

Question 3

non-determinism (ch1)

Answer 3

the belief that human though or behavior is freely chosen by the individual and is therefore not caused by antecedent physical or mental events

Question 4

principle of falsifiability (ch1)

Answer 4

Popper’s contention that for a theory to be considered scientific it must specify the observations, that, if made, would refute the theory. to be considered scientific, a theory must make risky predictions

Question 5

paradigms (ch1)

Answer 5

viewpoint shared by many scientists while exploring the subject matter of their science. a paradigm determines what constitutes legitimate problems and the methodology used in solving those problems

Question 6

normal science (ch1)

Answer 6

Kuhn, the research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm

Question 7

anomalies (ch1)

Answer 7

persistent observations that cannot be explained by an existing paradigm. eventually cause one paradigm to displace another

Question 8

epistemology (ch1)

Answer 8

study of the nature of knowledge

Question 9

anthropomorphism (ch2)

Answer 9

projection of human attributes onto nonhuman things

Question 10

animism (ch2)

Answer 10

the belief that everything in nature is alive

Question 11

vitalism (ch1)

Answer 11

the belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes. life requires a force that is more than the material objects or inanimate processes in which it manifests itself

Question 12

Zeno’s paradox (ch2)

Answer 12

assertion that in order for an object to pass from point a to point b, it must first traverse half the distance between those two points, and then half of the remaining distance, etc. this process must occur an infinite number of times, so an object could never logically reach point b

Question 13

inductive definition (ch2)

Answer 13

technique used by socrates that examined many individual examples of a concept to discover what they all had in common

Question 14

skepticism (ch3)

Answer 14

belief that all beliefs can be proved false; to avoid frustration of being wrong, it is best to believe nothing

Question 15

cynicism (ch3)

Answer 15

the belief that the best life is one lived close to nature and away from the rules and regulations of society

Question 16

parsimony (ch1)

Answer 16

problem with paradigms; explain a lot with a little

Question 17

Occam’s razor(ch3)

Answer 17

belief that of several, equally effective alternative explanations, the one that makes the fewest assumptions should be accepted

Question 18

positivism (ch4)

Answer 18

the belief that only thos objects or events that can be experienced directly should be the object of scientific inquiry, avoids metaphysical speculation

Question 19

induction (ch4)

Answer 19

the method of reasoning that moves from the particular to the general. after a large number of individual insances are observed, a theme or principle common to all of them might be inferred. does not start with some assumption, proceeds from particular to the general

Question 20

deduction (ch4)

Answer 20

the method of reasoning by which conclusions must follow from certain assumptions, principles, or concepts. if there are five people in a room, one can deduce that there are also four. proceeds from the general to the particular

Question 21

Cartesian Dualism (ch4)

Answer 21

some natural interaction (mechanistic), mind housed in the brain but controls body through pineal gland

Question 22

primary qualities (ch4)

Answer 22

attributes of physical objects: size, shape, number, position, and movement or rest

Question 23

seconday qualities (ch4)

Answer 23

those apparent attributes of physical objects that in fact exist only in the mind of the perceiver; experiences of color, sound, odor, temp, taste

Question 24

monads (ch6)

Answer 24

Leibniz; the indivisible units that compose everything in the universe. characterized by consciousness; inert matter possesses only dim consciousness and then increased ability-plants, animals, humans, god. think as clearly as is capable of doing

Question 25

petites perceptions(ch6)

Answer 25

Leibniz; perception that occurs below the level of awareness because only a few monads are involved

Question 26

noble savage (ch7)

Answer 26

rousseau's term of a human not contaminated by society. live in accordance with true feelings, not selfish, live harmoniously with other humans

Question 27

social contract (ch7)

Answer 27

trade off between needs of society and freedom of individual

Question 28

passions vs emotions (ch5)

Answer 28

hume; all humans have the same passions (emotions) but in different patterns, which determine character OR Spinoza-emotions from pleasure/pain, passions are out of control emotions

Question 29

simple ideas (ch5)

Answer 29

Raw data from sense

Question 30

complex ideas (ch5)

Answer 30

configurations of simple ideas

Question 31

associationism (ch5)

Answer 31

the belief that the laws of association provide the fundamental principles by which all mental phenomena can be explained

Question 32

mental physics (ch5)

Answer 32

the process by which individual sensations can combine to form a new sensation that is different from any of the individual sensations that constitute it; Mill-all ideas reduced to simple ones

Question 33

mental chemistry (ch5)

Answer 33

JS Mill; complex ideas cant all be reduced, process of mental chemistry which complex ideas could be distinctly different from the simple ideas that constituted them

Question 34

Hobbes view of attention (ch5)

Answer 34

when we look at something, it puts in motion out sense organs. when doing something in motion in response to stimulus, we can't pay attention to something else until the motion stops

Question 35

rationalism

Answer 35

knowledge is gained through thinking, reflection

Question 36

empiricism

Answer 36

brain is a blank slate when born (tabula rasa), knowledge comes through senses

Question 37

Karl Popper's view on science

Answer 37

science starts with a problem and the problem determines observations. about finding small truths to fill in the big Truth

Question 38

popper's scientific method

Answer 38

problems, theories, criticism principle of falsifiability-theory must be refutable risky predictions

Question 39

Thomas Kuhn's view on science

Answer 39

science is subjective; guided by paradigms and normal science (day to day, the paradigm thats most commonly believed in)

Question 40

Kuhn's normal science limitations

Answer 40

limit set of problems, limit set of methods, limit alternative hypotheses

Question 41

biological determinism

Answer 41

determinsim that stresses biochemical, genetic, physiological, or anatomical causes of behavior

Question 42

environmental determinism

Answer 42

type of determinism that stresses causes of behavior that are external to organism

Question 43

sociocultural determinism

Answer 43

stresses cultural or societal rules, customs, regulations or expectations as the causes of behavior

Question 44

interactionism determinism

Answer 44

bodily experiences influence the mind and the mind influences the body

Question 45

materialist

Answer 45

there is no separate thing from mind and body; everything is physical

Question 46

idealist

Answer 46

those that believe that ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and therefore not physical

Question 47

epiphenominalism

Answer 47

Body gives rise to thoughts

Question 48

physical determinism

Answer 48

stresses material causes of behavior

Question 49

psychical determinism

Answer 49

stresses mental causes of behavior

Question 50

psychophysical parallelism

Answer 50

contention that experiencing something in the physical world causes bodily and mental activity simultaneously and that the two types of activities are independent of each other

Question 51

double aspectism

Answer 51

Experience them as different but they're both from underlying physical things

Question 52

preestablished harmony

Answer 52

Soul is divine and allowed to have affect on body in physical world and vice versa

Question 53

occasionalism

Answer 53

the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by god

Question 54

persistent questions in psychology

Answer 54

``` nature of human nature mind body relation type of dualism nativism vs empiricism mechanism vs vitalism rationalism vs irrationalism human/nonhuman relation ```

Question 55

sophists-nature of truth

Answer 55

truth is relative, not absolute, cultural; some people make good arguments and are wrong; persons subjective reality is the only reality that exists and can be known

Question 56

where did Pythagoras find "truth"

Answer 56

truth can be found in the abstract, there is an abstract realm with all the answers, humans must have ability to tap into that knowledge

Question 57

Aristotles understanding of causation

Answer 57

everything has causes, how can we understand things; 4 causes: material (what something is made of), formal(form/shape), efficient (energy or force that transforms material into formal), final (purpose and function, what does it mean)

Question 58

final cause of humans, according to Aristotle

Answer 58

contemplation of God

Question 59

Plato's theory of forms

Answer 59

Everything in empirical world is copy of thing in abstract

Question 60

Aristotle's hierarchy of souls

Answer 60

1. vegetative (plants-growth, eating, reproduction) 2. sensitive (animals-veg qualities and sensory experience and behavior, pleasure/pain) 3. rational (humans, other qualities plus thinking)

Question 61

Aristotle-motivation and happiness

Answer 61

emotions amplify experience and motivate behavior, direct attention;

Question 62

differences from Aristotle and Plato

Answer 62

Plato-ideas were ultimate reality known by reason, remembering what soul experienced prior to implantation in the body, introspection, inductive reasoning Aristotle-examine nature as source of all knowledge, all things have purpose, deductive reasoning

Question 63

similarities of Aristotle and Plato

Answer 63

?*

Question 64

what did psychology gain from the greeks?

Answer 64

naturalistic view of life, critical debate, search for truth, emphasis on reason, mind-body dualism, teleology

Question 65

zeitgeist of the dark ages

Answer 65

christianity, anti-intellectualism; not a lot of scientific research being done

Question 66

scholasticism

Answer 66

synthesis of aristotles philosophy with teaching of the church

Question 67

st augustine-guilt

Answer 67

deviation of internal sense (provide awareness of truth, error, personal obligation, and moral right), just thinking about deviating

Question 68

st augustine-ways to know god

Answer 68

introspection and scripture god speaks to individuals through their soul, choose between god and flesh (devil)

Question 69

converging forces that led to renaissance

Answer 69

rediscovery of aristotle, protestant reformation, colombus and explorers, exploration, trade/economy, crusades, education, printing press, individualism, humanism, scientific revolution

Question 70

contributions of copernicus

Answer 70

the earth rotated around the sun, earth not at center like church said

Question 71

contributions of galileo

Answer 71

falling bodies, telescope, science objective (not include humans because they're subjective); primary and secondary qualities

Question 72

contributions of newton

Answer 72

world is machine, differential/integral calculus, law of gravity, groundwork for scientific methods

Question 73

Galileos primary and secondary qualities

Answer 73

primary-attributes of physical objects | secondary-attributes that exist in the mind of the perceiver (color, sound, temp, taste)

Question 74

Bacon's view of science

Answer 74

inductive science, bottom up, observations at the beginning, objective reporting

Question 75

scientific biases described by bacon

Answer 75

1. idols of cave/tribe-personal biases from personal characteristics/experiences 2. idols of the marketplace-error that results when one accepts traditional meanings of words used to describe things 3. idols of theater-inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, authority 4. idols of the tribe-humans' natural tendency to view the world selectively

Question 76

Descartes contributions to science

Answer 76

comparative-physiological psychology, stimulus-response psychology, phenomenology, whether innate ideas exist or not

Question 77

how did philosophers of romanticism react against scientific mechanism and materialism

Answer 77

emphasize the importance of irrational components (emotions, total person) rousseau-human nature is basically good neitzsche-determine lifes meaning for themselves, exercising will to power, people can continue to grow and overcome conventional morality

Question 78

Lebniz's view on perception

Answer 78

monads, if only a few are experienced, unconscious petites perceptions resulted, even enough experienced at the same time, apperception occurred (conscious)

Question 79

where do knowledge and truth come from according to the romantics

Answer 79

emotions, living honestly in accordance with one's inner nature

Question 80

2 aspects of human nature (nietzsche)

Answer 80

apollonian-represents rational side, desire for tranquility, predictability, orderliness dionysian-represents irrational side, attraction to creative chaos and to passion

Question 81

significance of Nietzsche's statement "god is dead"

Answer 81

god was dead and that philosophers and scientists of his day killed god. humans have relied on god for so long for the meaning of life and conceptions of morality, we are lost now that he is dead. god is no longer a credible source of principles to live by