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History of Psych > test 2 (ch 8-13) > Flashcards

test 2 (ch 8-13) Flashcards

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1
Q

zeitgeist

A

spirit of the times

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2
Q

primary vs secondary characteristics (?)

A

primary-objective, quantitative

secondary-subjective

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3
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

there are two types of nerves, sensory and motor nerves. sensory nerves carry impulses from the sense receptors to the brain and motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands of the body

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4
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

each sensory nerve, no matter how its stimulated, releases an energy specific to that nerve. which nerve fibers are stimulated rather than how they are stimulated

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5
Q

principle of conservation of energy

A

energy within a system is constant; therefore, it cannot be added or subtracted from one form to another. energy can only be transformed

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6
Q

unconscious inference

A

according to helmholtz, the process by which the remnants of past experience are added to sensations, thereby converting them into perceptions. sensations come in, interact with past experiences and that leads to meaningful perceptions. sensation->unconscious inference->perception

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7
Q

trichromatic theory of vision (young helmholtz)

A

rod and cones in eye, cones for 3 colors (red, green, blue). separate receptor systems on the retina are responsive to each of the three primary colors

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8
Q

resonance place theory

A

helmholtz, proposed that hairs at bigger end are thicker and courser. different pitches resonate at different locations

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9
Q

theory of signs

A

signals and sensory inputs. sensory signals come together to create our reality. the incoming data from sense is incomplete and inaccurate

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10
Q

two point threshold

A

the smallest distance between two points of stimulation at which the two points are experienced as two points rather than 1

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11
Q

just noticeable difference

A

smallest detectable difference between 2 weights. sensation that results if a change in stimulus intensity exceeds the differential thresholds. relative to overall weight (1/40). lighter things are more easily distinguish between them

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12
Q

psychophysics

A

systematic study of the relationship between physical and psychological events

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13
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected by an organism

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14
Q

differential threshold

A

the amount that stimulation needs to change before a difference in that stimulation can be detected; JND for all senses

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15
Q

negative sensations

A

fechner, sensations that occur below the absolute threshold and are therefore below the level of awareness

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16
Q

introspection

A

reflection on one’s subjective experience, whether such reflection is directed toward the detection of the presence or absence of a sensation, or toward the detection of complex thought processes

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17
Q

perception

A

mental experience that occurs when sensations are given meaning by the memory of past experiences (wundt)

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18
Q

apperception

A

active and voluntary attention to sensory data. according to wundt, part of perception

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19
Q

creative synthesis

A

creative rearrangement of elements in the mind, thinking about data in multiple ways. wundt, part of perception

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20
Q

survival of the fittest

A

notion that, in a struggle for limited resources, those organisms with traits conducive to survival under the circumstances will live and reproduce

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21
Q

natural selection

A

key concept in darwins theory of evolution. because more members of a species are born than environmental resources can support, nature selects those with characteristics most conducive to survival under the circumstances which allows them to reproduce

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22
Q

ideo-motor theory of behavior

A

according to james, ideas cause behavior and thus we can control our behavior by controlling our ideas. ideas of actions are automatically expressed as behaviors unless we consciously intervene

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23
Q

pragmatism

A

belief that usefulness is the best criterion for determining the validity of an idea. solution to existentialism depression, believe in free will your choices matter

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24
Q

subvocal speech

A

speech is overt, while thinking is covert speech, also called subvocal speech

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25
Q

law of exercise

A

thorndike’s contention that the strength of an association varied with the frequency of the associations use. law of use/law of disuse

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26
Q

law of effect

A

thorndike’s contention that reward strengthens associations, whereas punishment weakens them. reward strengthens associations, punishment has no effect. reinforcement, punishment

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27
Q

law of use (law of exercise)

A

thorndike’s contention that the more often an association is made, the stronger it becomes

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28
Q

law of disuse (law of exercise)

A

thorndike’s contention that infrequently used associations become weak

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29
Q

explain fechners law (S=klogR)

A

S=change in sensation
k=constant
R=reinz (stimulus)
shows the relationship between mind and body

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30
Q

webers law

A

the JND corresponds to a constant proportion of a standard stimulus

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31
Q

how does fechners law relate to webers law

A

both mathematical formulas to the way stimuli are interpreted

32
Q

what are wundt’s view on perception

A

sensation is the input, perception is the passive/automatic receiving and encoding of sensory info. apperception and creative synthesis are the voluntary parts

33
Q

wundt perception: apperception

A

active and voluntary attention to sensory data

34
Q

wundt perception: creative synthesis

A

arrangement and rearrangement of mental elements that can result from apperception

35
Q

titchener, how many elements of consciousness are there

A

40,000 elements

36
Q

what led to the decline in structuralism

A

unrealiability of introspection, observation that introspection was really retrospection, ignoring psychological development/abnormal behavior/personality/learning/individual differences, paradigm was too narrow and not parsimonious

37
Q

how does wundts voluntarism differ from tichner’s structuralism

A

voluntarism; belief that through the process of apperception individuals could direct their attention toward whatever they wanted
structuralism; the goal was to describe the structure of the mind

38
Q

what are the major differences between structuralism and functionalism?

A

structure vs function
functionalism has broader scope and methodology to study consciousness and behavior
darwinian influence and biological tradition
functionalism is applied not basic

39
Q

how do structuralists view consciousness

A

We can break consciousness down into elements. consciousness is the sum of total mental experience at any given moment. periodic table of elements of consciousness, add them together to create experiences.

40
Q

what are the main influences that darwin’s theory of evolution had on psychology

A 
comparative psychology
developmental psychology
instincts (fight/flight, birds migration)
individual differences research
adaptation
william james functionalism
41
Q

what are the major characteristics of functionalism

A

opposed elementism, concerned with the function of mental and behavioral processes, interested in the practical applications of its principles, accepted a darwinian model of humans rather than a newtonian model, embraced wide range of topics and methods, interested in motivation, interested in individual differences

42
Q

how does william james view consciousness

A

stream of consciousness

43
Q

william james-stream of consciousness

A

consciousness is like a stream, continuous and flowing, changes over time, subjective, selective

44
Q

describe william james view of emotions

A

emotion comes from perception of an event. perception causes bodily reactions that are experienced as emotions. the emotions we feel depend on what we do

45
Q

what was william james view of the scientific method

A

when using scientific method, necessary to assume that human behavior is determined, but this has limit. need to use scientific and philosophical approach (pragmatism) for some things (like free will)

46
Q

what are the components of the self according to james

A

empirical self; material, social, spiritual (inner subjective reality)
self as knower; looking back at self, self reflection

47
Q

how did james describe self esteem

A

how a person feels about self based on ration of successes to attempts. increase by accomplishing more or attempting less

48
Q

what were the conclusions thorndike made concerning the learning process

A

learning occurs gradually, without the involvement of mental processes, and the same principles of learning apply to all mammals

49
Q

what was the fate of functionalism

A

lost its distinctiveness because most of its major tenets were assimilated into all forms of psychology

50
Q

what did behaviorism take from functionalism

A

evolution->animal study; adaptation->learned behavior; pragmatism->applied

51
Q

what did behaviorism reject from functionalism

A

instincts, consciousness, brain/physiology

52
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

53
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

previously biologically neutral stimulus that, through experience, comes to elicit a certain response

54
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

innate response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus that is naturally associated with it

55
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

56
Q

extinction

A

elimination or reduction of a conditioned response that results when a conditioned stimulus is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus

57
Q

positivism

A

the belief that science should study only those objects or events that can be experiences directly. all speculation about abstract entities should be avoided

58
Q

local positivism

A

the philosophy of science according to which theoretical concepts are if they are tied to the observable world through operational definitions

59
Q

operationalism (operational definition)

A

definition that relates an abstract concept to the procedures used to measure it

60
Q

purposive behavior

A

behavior that is directed toward some goal and that terminates when the goal is attained

61
Q

latent learning

A

according to tolman, learning that has occurred but is not translated into behavior

62
Q

physical monism

A

There is no mind/consciousness, only body

63
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that is emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a known stimulus

64
Q

describe watson’s behavior therapy

A

the use of learning principles in treating behavioral or emotional problems; counterconditioning; desensitzation

65
Q

difference between behaviorism and neobehaviorism

A

neobehaviorism is primarily defined by allowing some theory to have input; logical positivism plus operationalism

66
Q

what are the major themes of behaviorism? How have these themes been criticized?

A
  1. Most behavior is learned (genetics don’t matter)
  2. Language is learned
  3. Human and nonhuman learning are equivalent
  4. Mental events can be ignored as causal to behavior
  5. All responses are equally modifiable
  6. Adult and child learning are equivalent
67
Q

according to watson, what should the goal of psychology be

A

study only the things that can be observed (behaviors). focus on overt behviors; predict and controlling behavior

68
Q

What was skinners view on mental events? How did he solve the mind body problem

A

There is no consciousness, there is only the body. Operant conditioning

69
Q

what are the basic assumptions of science. are these valid

A 
objectivity
separateness
reductionism
empiricism
natural law
determinism
70
Q

objectivity (assumption of science)

A

can measure something without subjective error or influence, primary vs secondary

71
Q

separateness (assumption of science)

A

isolate and experimentally control variables

problems: the more control, the less it reflects reality, makes the assumption there are only a few variables

72
Q

reductionism (assumption of science)

A

the best way to understand things is to break them down into simpler parts
problems: not as good as studying things as a whole, observer biases

73
Q

empiricism (assumption of science)

A

to know something we have to observe it

problems: how you define it and draw the line

74
Q

natural law (assumption of science)

A

thinking about the world as series of links, world may seem messy and chaoitc but calm and order
true, but now all things are predictable

75
Q

determinism (assumption of science)

A

everything cause by finite number of causes and if we know those causes event are 100% predictable

History of Psych (11 decks)

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