Test 3 Cells

Question 1

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 1

Mitochondria and chloroplasts may once have been independent organisms that became incorporated into cells.

Question 2

3 pieces of evidence to support endosymbiotic theory

Answer 2

They each have their own DNA! (single circular chromosome)
They replicate without the help of the cell and are the only organelles to do so.
They each perform their own metabolic processes (photosynthesis and cellular respiration)
each have their own membrane, similar to the cell membrane.

Question 3

Explain how the evolution of photosynthesis changed conditions of Earth’s atmosphere

Answer 3

Cyanobacteria transformed the atmosphere on early Earth by releasing oxygen produced by the photosynthesis

Question 4

3 Parts of Cell Theory

Answer 4

All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products.
New cells are created by old cells dividing into two.
Cells are the basic building units of life

Question 5

8 characteristics of living things

Answer 5

made of cells, reproduction, genetic code (DNA), growth and development, metabolism, response to stimulus, homeostasis, evolution

Question 6

eukaryote

Answer 6

have a nucleus
- have membrane-bound organelles
- may be single or multicellular
- Plants, Animals, Fungus, Protists

Question 7

prokaryote

Answer 7

have no nucleus
have no membrane-bound organelles
always single celled
Bacteria & Archaea

Question 8

ORganelles present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Answer 8

DNA
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
ribosomes

Question 9

Organelles present in both plant and animal cells

Answer 9

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER and Smooth ER)
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole

Question 10

only plant cells

Answer 10

Cell wall
chloroplasts

Question 11

only animals cells

Answer 11

lysosomes

Question 12

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Answer 12

Prokaryotic
Simplest cellular organisms
No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Always single celled

Eukaryotic
Have nucleus
Have numerous membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi apparatus
May be single or multicellular

Question 13

Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration

Answer 13

Aerobic def: cellular respiration occurring in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic def: cellular respiration occurring in the absence of oxyge

Question 14

elationship between cellular respiration and the food we eat and its relationship to the carbon cycle

Answer 14

Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen
creates carbon dioxide, we breathe out carbon dioxide, plants breathe in carbon dioxide and continue cycle

Question 15

Memorize the equation for respiration

Answer 15

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 16

difference between ATP & ADP and their role in the cell

Answer 16

ADP looks like ATP, except it has two phosphate groups instead of three
Cells can release energy stored in ATP by the controlled breaking of the chemical bonds between the second and third phosphate groups
If ATP is like a fully charged battery, ADP is like a rechargeable battery
Stuff is added to ADP to make ATP, which is then broken down tog et energy
ATP uses in the cell

Question 17

function of ATP in the cell

Answer 17

Stores and releases energy in the cell
To carry out active transport, ATP provides energy to keep sodium potassium pumps (which pump sodium ions out and potassium ions in ) working
Powers the synthesis of proteins
Powers responses to chemical signals at the cell surface

Question 18

Memorize the equation for photosynthesis

Answer 18

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 19

Factors that affect photosynthesis

Answer 19

Temperature
Light intensity
Availability of water

Question 20

ACtive transport

Answer 20

Cell does use energy
Actively moves molecules to where they ar eneeded
Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Question 21

protein pumps

Answer 21

transport proteins that require energy to do work
They change shape, which requires energy

Question 22

endocytosis

Answer 22

taking bulky material into a cell
Uses energy
Cell membrane in-folds around food particle
“cell eating”
forms food vacuole & digests food

Question 23

exocytosis

Answer 23

Forces material out of cell inn bulk
membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane
Cell changes shape – requires energy
EX: Hormones or wastes released from cell

Question 24

passive transport

Answer 24

Cell doesn’t use energy
Molecules move randomly
Spread out from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 25

diffusion

Answer 25

random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)

Question 26

facilitated diffusion

Answer 26

diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane
Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane
Transports larger or charged molecules

Question 27

osmosis

Answer 27

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves from high to low concentrations

Question 28

hypotonic solution (turgid)

Answer 28

The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell.
Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open in animal cells (cytolysis)!

Question 29

Hypertonic solution (plasmolyzed)

Answer 29

The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)
Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!

Question 30

Isotonic solution (flaccid)

Answer 30

The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)