Test 1 Intro to Bio + Water

Question 1

Scientific methodology steps

Answer 1

Observing & asking questions
🡪 Making inferences
🡪 Forming hypotheses
🡪 Conducting controlled experiments
🡪 Collecting & analyzing data
🡪 Drawing conclusions

Question 2

observing and questioning

Answer 2

Observation - the act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way

Question 3

Inferring and forming a hypothesis

Answer 3

Inference - a logical interpretation based on what you already know.
hypothesis - a testable explanation for your observations.
Hypotheses have to be testable, doesn’t matter if they are wrong or right though

Question 4

designing controlled experiments

Answer 4

A variable is a factor that can change during an experiment, such as chemical composition, time, temperature, and light.
A controlled experiment is one in which a scientist tests a hypothesis by changing only one variable
The independent variable, or manipulated variable, is the one deliberately changed by the scientist.
The dependent variable, or responding variable, is something that changes in response to the independent variable.
The experimental group, is the one that has a manipulated variable.
The control group is the one that has all the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the one independent variable.

Question 5

collecting and analyzing data

Answer 5

Data, is information gathered through experimental observations.

Quantitative data is data collected with numbers that is measurable or countable. Ex: height of grass, number of blades of grass, mass of grass

Qualitative data is descriptive of characteristics and cannot be counted. Ex: “looks healthy” “it’s brighter” “there are more”

Question 6

hypothesis

Answer 6

a testable prediction based on preliminary evidence/observations

Question 7

theory

Answer 7

a well tested explanation for a wide-variety of phenomena
Ex. Cell Theory, Theory of Plate Tectonics, Theory of Evolution, etc.

Question 8

law

Answer 8

something that is universally true (usually in physics) – ex: Newton’s Laws

Question 9

bias

Answer 9

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, not sicentific

Question 10

biosphere

Answer 10

The environment in which all forms of life are linked on Earth

Question 11

Heredity

Answer 11

The passing on of traits from parents to offspring, determined by genetic factors
Ex. heredity happens with some human diseases

Question 12

biology

Answer 12

the study of life

Question 13

measurements

Answer 13

1cm = 10mm
1mm = 1000 micrometers

Question 14

beaker

Answer 14

wide, cyldincrical container

Question 15

flask

Answer 15

narrow necked opening container, with the bottom going outward to a wider base

Question 16

graduated cylinder

Answer 16

a thin, tall container

Question 17

advantage of a flask over a beaker

Answer 17

You can mix the substances in a flask by swirling it around without liquid splashing out
Good for heating because it can allow less or none to bubble out

Question 18

8 characteristics of life

Answer 18

made of cells, reproduction, genetic code (DNA), grow and develop, metabolism, respond oe environment (or stimulus), homeostasis, and evolution

Question 19

Made of cells/Cell theory

Answer 19

All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products.
New cells are created by old cells dividing into two.
Cells are the basic building units of life

Question 20

reproduction

Answer 20

Sexual: requires two individuals, exchange of genetic information, offspring are genetically unique
Cells from two parents unite to form the first cells of a new organism
Asexual: mitosis, single celled organism divides in two, or budding, plant propagation, etc
A single organism produces offspring identical to itself

Question 21

genetic code (DNA)

Answer 21

hereditary molecule of life
All living things have DNA
Structure is universal across all life
points to a common ancestor

Question 22

grow and develop

Answer 22

Grow: get bigger
Develop: change form

Question 23

metabolism

Answer 23

Obtain and use materials and energy
combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

Question 24

stimulus def

Answer 24

A signal to which an organism responds
Ex. touch, sound, sunlight, etc.

Question 25

homeostasis

Answer 25

maintain stable internal environment
The condition of organisms to keep their internal environment relatively stable, regardless of external conditions

Question 26

evolution

Answer 26

As a group, change over time (change in a population over time)
Living organisms evolving slowly over time in response to their environment

Question 27

Cellular respiration

Answer 27

One of the most common forms of metabolism, which occurs in all life on Earth, is cellular respiration
Cellular respiration - a way or cells to break down sugar and generate ATP, an energy molecule used in the body, powers all processes of the cell
Waste product of this process is always carbon dioxide,
sign of common ancestor
sugar + (usually) oxygen generate ATP, carbon dioxide, an water

Question 28

purpose of diaphragm on microscope

Answer 28

Used to vary the intensity and size of the light that is projected upwards onto the slide

Question 29

energy

Answer 29

Anything that has the ability to do work.

Question 30

largest to smallest

Answer 30

Organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

Question 31

organelle

Answer 31

a subcomponent of a cell that has a particular function

Question 32

macromolecule

Answer 32

large molecules made up of repeating subunits known as monomers

Question 33

Monomers

Answer 33

small subunits that connect together to make polymers

Question 34

Polymer

Answer 34

a long chain of many simple molecules connected together.

Question 35

C

Answer 35

carbon

Question 36

N

Answer 36

nitrogen

Question 37

S

Answer 37

sulfur

Question 38

covalent bonds

Answer 38

Bonds in which two atoms share electrons in order to fill or empty their outer shells of valence electrons

Question 39

ionic bonds

Answer 39

Charged ions are electrostatically attracted to one another.
An Ionic bond is the bond formed by the complete transfer of valence electrons to attain stability in the outer shell of an atom

Question 40

hydrogen bond

Answer 40

Attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atoms with a partial negative charge

Question 41

carbon and life

Answer 41

One carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds
This strength and abundance of possible bonds, and the potential for carbon to form chains with itself, makes it versatile: it can form rings, branched structures, long chains, double bonds, etc.

Question 42

homogeneous solution

Answer 42

A solution is a type of mixture made of two or more things (at least one liquid) in which all components are evenly distributed (dissolved)

Question 43

heterogeneous mixture

Answer 43

a mixture made of two or more substances that are physically combined (mixed) together but not dissolved together (not chemical ycombined)

Question 44

suspension

Answer 44

heterogeneous mixture in which some of the particles settle out of the mixture upon standing.
Ex: flour and water mixture, chalk and water mixture.
Heterogeneous mixture that does not dissolve and the different parts will separate.

Question 45

colloid

Answer 45

• A mixture in which very small particles of one substance are distributed evenly throughout another substance. Ex: Milk, paints, fog.
  The particles are generally larger than those in a solution, and smaller than those in a suspension.

Question 46

pH scale

Answer 46

Hydrogen ion (H+1) is the basis of the pH scale.
Greater H+1 concentration = lower pH = Acidic
Lower H+1 concentration = higher pH = Basic
Ex. pure water is at middle of scale, concentration of H+ and H- ions is equal

Question 47

Acid

Answer 47

a chemical that releases H+1 ions.
pH below 7

Question 48

base

Answer 48

Base: a chemical that accepts H+1 ions.
pH above 7

Question 49

buffer

Answer 49

a chemical that accepts/releases H+1 as necessary to keep pH constant
Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp and sudden changes in pH
act as a reservoir for hydrogen ions, donating or removing them from solution as necessary
Offer protection from extreme pH levels
Produced naturally by organisms:
Organisms can’t tolerate much pH change
Cells function best within a narrow pH range