Test 3 - Aggression and Attraction Flashcards

Question

What are the stages of Zimbardo's model of deindividuation?

Answer 1

Zimbardo's model of individuation includes: 1. Antecedent conditions 2. Internal state (deindividuation) 3. Behavioural effects

Answer 2

The conditions of the antecedent stage are: - Anonymity - Diffusion of responsibility - Energizing effect of others

Answer 3

The conditions of the internal state (deindividuation) stage are: - Lessened self-evaluation - Lessened concern for others - Lessened self-control

Answer 4

The conditions of the behavioural effects stage: - Impulsivity - Irrationality - Anti-social behaviour

Answer 5

Stereotyping, prejudice, aand discrimination are all forms of attitude (beliefs about a people/places/things). They are closely related to the ABC model of psychology (affect, behaviour, cognition) S/P/D is also related to how we deal with OUTGROUPS (us vs them mentality)

Answer 6

Prejudice is affective and refers to how we emotionally feel towards/about certain groups

Answer 7

Stereotypes are cognitive (a form of schema) and refers to how we think about certain groups

Answer 8

Discrimination is behavioural and refers to how we act towards certain groups

Answer 9

The 3 general perspectievs regarding inetrgroup hostility are: - Economic - Motivational - Cognitive

Answer 10

The economic perspective believes that intergroup hostility is a result of competing interest (competition over limited resourcess). This is called Realistic Group Conflict theory. This theory is supported by the observable fact that s/p/d increase in difficult economic circumstances. This competition is thought to be fuelled b ethnocentrism, and is evidenced by Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment

Answer 11

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to glorify our own group by demonizing/looking down on other groups

Answer 12

In Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment, Sherif went to a boys summer camp where all of the campers were friends. He then splin the camp in two and manufactured competition between the two groups. Very quickly, th groups became ethnocentric and grew to hate each other despite previously being friends.

Answer 13

Sherif introduced a superordinate goal, which forced the groups to work together and helped them to realize that they had more in common than they thought.

Answer 14

A superordinate goal is a goal that transcends the interests of any one group, bringing together different groups to work towards a common purpose that benefits everyone involved.* * This is like how the military/sports groups work together towards a common goal

Answer 15

The motivational perspective believes that intergroup hostility is a result of the psychological need for power (the "us" vs "them" mentality). This perspective believes that being a member of one group can motivate hostility towards other groups, which was evidenced by Tajfel's Minimal Group Paradigm. Another key component of this perspective is the Social Identity Theory

Answer 16

In, Tajfel's Minimal Group Paradigm, Tajfel demonstrated that even when group categorization was arbitrary and devoid of any real significance, individuals still exhibited favoritism towards their in-group and discrimination against out-groups. This suggests that the mere perception of belonging to a particular group can activate motivational forces that fuel intergroup hostility.

Answer 17

Social Identity Theory suggests that individuals seek to boost their self-esteem by elevating the status of their own group compared to others. This desire for a positive social identity can fuel actions that worsen intergroup conflicts, as people strive to strengthen their group's standing while downplaying others'.

Answer 18

The cognitive perspective posits that intergroup hostility arises from stereotypes, mental shortcuts used to categorize people. While efficient for processing information, stereotypes oversimplify reality and blind us to individual differences. Additionally, stereotypes can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, where biased expectations influence behavior, perpetuating prejudice and discrimination. Key components of this perspective include "ingroup similarity outgroup difference" and "the outgroup homogeneity effect"

Answer 19

Ingroup similarity outgroup difference is the tendency of people to believe that they are more similar to members of their own group than to members of other groups Ex: I am more similar to other Canadians than I am to Americans

Answer 20

The outgroup homogeneity effect is the tendency of people to assume that ingroup similarity is stronger in outgroups than in ingroups Ex: All Canadans are unique, but all Americans are the same

Answer 21

P/S/D can be reduced using the contact hypothesis. The contact hypothesis believes that puttign members of majority and minority groups in frequent contact with one another can reduce prejudice.* * It should be noted that this does not always work. See: desegregation of schools in the United States

Answer 22

1. Propinquity/proximity (via mere exposure effect) 2. Similarity 3. Physical attractiveness (via matchin hypothesis, halo effect, and reproductive fitness)

Answer 23

Propinquity (or proximity) is literally just being close to people; you are more likely to be attracted to people that are easily accessible/that you come in contact with frequently (mere exposure effect)

Answer 24

The mere exposure effect is the tendency for people to develop a preference for things they are repeatedly exposed to.

Answer 25

Similarity is sharing things in common with someone. In terms of attraction, this often comes down to having the same religion, educational level, social status, or other things in common with someone.

Answer 26

Physical attractiveness is finding someone aesthetically pleasing/a good choice of mate. Physical attractiveness in romantic relationships is affected by the matching hypothesis, the halo effect, and reproductive fitness.

Answer 27

The matching hypothesis suggests that people tend to form romantic relationships with partners who they believe are of similar levels of attractiveness to themselves.

Answer 28

The halo effect is when someone's positive physical attractiveness influences our perception of their other qualities, leading us to assume they possess other positive characteristics as well.

Answer 29

Reproductive fitness refers to traits or qualities that increase an individual's likelihood of successfully reproducing and passing on their genes to the next generation.

Answer 30

Freud was the irst person to discuss the importance of early childhood and parent-child relationships (particularly the mother-child relationship)

Answer 31

Harlow conducted an experiment to determine the importance of social relationships and attachment in infant monkeys. In his research, he separated infant monkeys from their mothers and placed them in cages with two surrogate mothers: one made of wire with a feeding bottle, and the other covered in soft cloth but lacking a feeding mechanism. He then put the baby monkeys in distress to see which mother the would go to; he discovered that they liked the cloth mother best and spent all of their time with her, except for when they were hungry and HAD to go to the feeding mother. Harlow came to the conclusion that nurturing is the key to good parenting, not just providing for a child's basic needs like hunger.

Answer 32

Bowlby was the one who coined the term "attachment theory" and identified healthy attachment as a basic element of parenting. She determined that early attachment with carefivers can shape one's relationships for their entire life.* * Children survive by forming intense relationships with their parents: they NEED connection in order to make it past infancy

Answer 33

Ainsworth identified attachment styles using the "Strange Situation" experiment. For the experiment, Ainsworth put mothers and their children in a strange room with a variety of toys. Then, the mothers would leave and the children would be left alone. Later, a stranger would enter the room in the mother's place. Finally, the stranger would leave and the mother would be brought back in. From this experiment, Ainsworth identified 3 attachment styles: secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment.

Answer 34

Secure attachment is the best form of attachment. Children with secure attachment were comfortable playing independently without their parent present.

Answer 35

Children with anxious attachment were distressed in the unfamiliar room, even with their mother still present. They were too scared to play and cried a lot, both alone and with their mom.

Answer 36

Children with avoidant attachment were the least likely to seek out their mothers in the strange situation. They rejected attention when it was given to them.

Answer 37

Hazan and Shaver took Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theories and applied them to adults: they found that there are also 3 attachment styles for adults.

Answer 38

Adults with secure attachment can easily get close to others, are comfortable relying on other people, and have no fear of abandonment.

Answer 39

Adults with avoidant attachment are uncomfortable getting close to/depending on others, and are generally distrustful of other people.

Answer 40

Adults with anxious-ambivalent attachment are afraid of being abandoned. They often come on toostrong and end up driving people away by being too attached.

Answer 41

Beaumrind identified different parenting styles (which may contribute to a child's attachment). Beaumrind found that there were 3 parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive.

Answer 42

Authoritarian parents are cold and distant. They provide for their childrens' basic needs, but are strict and do not nurture their children: DICTATOR

Answer 43

Permissive parents have no rules/regulations. They try to be their kids' friends, and their homes have no structure.

Answer 44

Authoritative parents offer emotional support but still maintain boundaries/rules for their kids. Their children participate in their upbringing and can offer their ideas (not a dictatorship; mutual relationship).

Answer 45

The Johari Window is a model that helps people understand their relationships and communication with others. It divides information about oneself into four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown, illustrating how self-awareness and feedback from others can improve communication and relationships.

Answer 46

1. Open (top left) 2. Blind (top right) 3. Hidden (bottom left) 4. Unknown (bottom right)

Answer 47

The open pane represents information about oneself that is known to both the individual and others. It includes behaviors, feelings, attitudes, and other characteristics that are openly shared and acknowledged.

Answer 48

The hidden pane contains information about oneself that is known to the individual but not to others. This can include private thoughts, feelings, experiences, or personal history that the individual chooses not to disclose to others.

Answer 49

The blind pane contains information about oneself is known to others but not to the individual. These may be blind spots or aspects of behavior that others observe but the individual is unaware of. Feedback from others can help individuals become more aware of these blind spots.

Answer 50

The unknown pane represents information about oneself that is neither known to the individual nor to others. This can include unconscious motives, hidden talents, or aspects of personality that have not yet been discovered or explored.

Answer 51

The goal of the Johari window is to expand the open window to make yourself better known.

Answer 52

The open window can be expanded in 2 ways: 1. Self-disclosure (being willing to tell other people things about oneself)* 2. Feedback from others (getting others' opinions about oneself/one's behaviour; ask questions and listen actively to others) Both of these can lead to self-discovery and expansion of the open window * This does NOT MEAN tell everybody everything! Can be dangerous to be TOO OPEN with strangers (like for mental health stuff)

Answer 53

Aggression is behavior intended to cause harm or injury to another person or object.

Answer 54

1. Situational 2. Cognitive 3. Gender/aggression

Answer 55

Situational determinants are environmental or contextual factors that can trigger or influence aggressive behavior in a given situation

Answer 56

Cognitive determinants are internal mental processes or thought patterns that can contribute to aggressive behavior.

Answer 57

Gender determinants are social and cultural factors related to gender roles and expectations that can influence the expression and perception of aggression.

Answer 58

- Hostile aggression - Instrumental aggression

Answer 59

Hostile aggression is aggression which has the aim to hurt others physically/psychologically. It is motivated by anger.

Answer 60

Instrumental aggression is aggression that is intended to cause harm but not for hostility; there is a purpose for the aggression* * Aggression to achieve a certain goal

Answer 61

- Weather (particularly hot weather) - Media violence (TV, film, video games) - Social rejection/isolation - Income inequality (see Realistic Conflict Theory)

Answer 62

- Frustration/aggression hypothesis - Dehumanization - Pseudospeciation

Answer 63

When people are blocked in their goals/desires, they get frustrated which leads to aggression

Answer 64

Pseudospeciation is the perception of different social groups as distinct and inherently separate species, often leading to prejudice, discrimination, and conflict between these groups.

Answer 65

Dehumanization is the process of perceiving others as less than fully human, often leading to the justification of mistreatment or violence against them.

Answer 66

- Impact of socialization - Precarious Manhood Hypothesis

Answer 67

Boys are usually socialized to be strong and aggressive, while girls are socialize to be nurturing and emotional. Consequently, when each sex is aggressive, men tend to be physically aggressive, while women tend to be relationally aggressive.

Answer 68

The Precarious Manhood Hypothesis believes that a man's gender identity is often wrapped up in their strength/toughness, and if they feel their strengthis lost/going to be lost, it can trigger aggressive behaviour

Answer 69

Altruiam is pro-social behaviour that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself

Answer 70

- Social rewards (cash, awards, etc.) - Empathic concern (ability to put oneself in someone else's POV) - Alleviating personal feelings (makes us feel like good people)

Answer 71

The primary situational determinant for altruism (or bystander intervention) is the presence of others: when others are around, people are generally less likely to intervene in a crisis because of a diffusion of responsability (people assume that someone else will step in to help).* * Kitty Genovese incident

Answer 72

The cognitive determinants of altruism are the social context of a problem (is it really a problem or is it okay given the circumstances?*) and pluralistic ignorance (people may go along with things they disagree with because they think that others are okay with it: if no one else is intervening, it must be okay) * Most social situations are ambiguous, so it is hard to tell if something is inappropriate or not

Answer 73

Cooperation is the social tendency of people to work together to achieve goals/survive

Answer 74

In evolutionary terms, cooperation can be seen as a survival mechanism that enhances the fitness of individuals and their social groups. By working together, individuals can achieve mutual benefits such as increased food resources, protection from predators, or assistance in raising offspring.

Answer 75

The Prisoner's Dilemma is a classic game theory scenario that illustrates the tension between individual self-interest and collective cooperation. In the dilemma, two individuals must decide whether to cooperate with each other or act in their own self-interest. The optimal outcome for both players occurs when they both cooperate, but there is a temptation for each player to defect (act selfishly) in order to maximize their personal gain, even though this may result in a worse outcome for both players overall.

Answer 76

Cooperating is doing what will benefit both players

Answer 77

Defecting is doing what will only benefit you

Answer 78

The best decision for both players is for both people to cooperate, thereby splitting the prize/punishment

Answer 79

The best decision for YOU is to defect, provided the other player cooperates. This means that you get the better prize/easier punishment

Test 3 - Aggression and Attraction Flashcards

(103 cards)