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Social Psychology > Test 3 - Aggression and Attraction > Flashcards

Test 3 - Aggression and Attraction Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Tuckman stages

A

Tuckman stages are a set of stages identified by Bruce Tuckman. Tuckman studied group dynamics for many years and claimed that all group go through 4 predictable, sequential stages when working together.

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2
Q

What are the 4 Tuckman stages (in order)?

A
  1. Forming
  2. Storming
  3. Norming
  4. Performing
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3
Q

What is the forming stage?

A

The forming stage is the part of working together when everyone comes together and the group is created. In this stage, group members are cautious/uncomfortable and no roles have been established.

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4
Q

What is the storming stage?

A

The storming stage is the part of working together when group members are argumentative/emotional. However, Tuckman makes the point that this phase is extremely necessary in order to determine roles/who is in charge (the leader). If groups skip this stage, they may face problems down the line.

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5
Q

What is the norming stage?

A

The norming stage is the part of working together when conflicts are resolved and the group begins to operate as a team.

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6
Q

What is the performing stage?

A

The performing stage is the part of working together when the group solves the problem.

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7
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Social facilitation refers to the effect that the presence of others has on our individual performance.

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8
Q

What was the original formulation of social facilitation?

A

The original formulation of social facilitation was developed by Norman Triplett, who believed that the presence of others would always enhance an individual’s performance. This was later determined to not always be true.

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9
Q

What is the standard model of social facilitation?

A

The standard model of social facilitation was developed by Robert Zajonc, who believed that the presence of others could have both positive and negative effects on an individual’s performance.

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10
Q

What is Zajonc’s model for social facilitation?

A

Zajonc’s model begins with the presence of others (the co-action - group; the audience).

The presence of others results in arousal (nervous energy), then leading to the dominant response (either increasing or decreasing performance).

If the task is new and/or complex, an individual’s performance will be decreased by others’ presence.

If the task is familiar and/or simple, an individual’s performance will be increased by others’ presence.

  • Some of this is determined by an individual’s personality/temperament (***Check on this)
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11
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Social loafing is the tendency of some people to exert less effort when in a group. This is particularly common when individual contributions are not being monitored.

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12
Q

How can social loafing be reduced?

A

Social loafing can be reduced by setting clear goals, and by establishing roles/accountability for group members

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13
Q

What is group polarization?

A

Group polarization is the tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made my individuals

Ex: someone who is lightly Republican may become very far-right by going to a public rally/conference

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14
Q

What is groupthink?

A

Groupthink refers to when members of a highly cohesive group engage in faulty thinking because they want to maintain cohesion.

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15
Q

What is Janis’s Groupthink Hypothesis?

A

Janis’s Groupthink Hypothesis is that tight-knit groups will often make bad decisions because they are more concerned with keeping the group together than making good choices.

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16
Q

What are the various stages for Janis’s groupthink model?

A

Janis’s groupthink model goes through 4 main stages:
1. Antecedent (before groupthink happens)
2. Motivation
3. Symptoms
4. Defective Decision-Making

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the antecedent stage (Janis)?

A

The conditions of the antecedent stage are:
- Cohesiveness
- Insulation
- Directive leadership (one person in charge)

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the motivation stage?

A

The conditions of the motivation stage are:
- Cohesiveness (working towards a single goal)
- Concurrence (wanting to all be on the same page)

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the symptoms stage?

A

The conditions of the symptoms stage are:
- Illusion of invulnerability
- Collective rationalization
- Belief in the group’s morality
- Willingness to stereotype outgroups (us vs them mentality)

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the defective decision-making stage?

A

The conditions of the defective decision-making stage:
- Poor information search
- Selective bias
- Failure to examine risks/other options

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21
Q

What strategies are there to replace groupthink?

A

Groupthink can be reduced by:
- Group leaders not allowing their preferences to be known (so as not to accidentally manipulate group members)
- Allowing for outside input
- Electing a devil’s advocate

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22
Q

What characteristics influence the person who gets to be the leader/have power?

A

Leaders are often elected because of:
- Skillful expertise (being good at what the group is doing)
- Social skills (emotional intelligence)
- Rewards (the person who can dole out rewards/provide materials)

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23
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

Deindividuation refers to the reduced sense of individual identity paired with reduced self-regulation when part of a group

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24
Q

What is Zimbardo’s model of deindividuation?

A

Zimbardo’s model of deindividuation refers to the stages that people go through leading to deindividuation when people are members of a group/mob

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25
Q

What are the stages of Zimbardo’s model of deindividuation?

A

Zimbardo’s model of individuation includes:
1. Antecedent conditions
2. Internal state (deindividuation)
3. Behavioural effects

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of the antecedent stage (Zimbardo)?

A

The conditions of the antecedent stage are:
- Anonymity
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Energizing effect of others

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the internal state (deindividuation) stage?

A

The conditions of the internal state (deindividuation) stage are:
- Lessened self-evaluation
- Lessened concern for others
- Lessened self-control

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the behavioural effects stage?

A

The conditions of the behavioural effects stage:
- Impulsivity
- Irrationality
- Anti-social behaviour

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29
Q

What is stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination?

A

Stereotyping, prejudice, aand discrimination are all forms of attitude (beliefs about a people/places/things).

They are closely related to the ABC model of psychology (affect, behaviour, cognition)

S/P/D is also related to how we deal with OUTGROUPS (us vs them mentality)

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30
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Prejudice is affective and refers to how we emotionally feel towards/about certain groups

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31
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

Stereotypes are cognitive (a form of schema) and refers to how we think about certain groups

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32
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Discrimination is behavioural and refers to how we act towards certain groups

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33
Q

What are the 3 general perspectives regarding intergroup hostility?

A

The 3 general perspectievs regarding inetrgroup hostility are:
- Economic
- Motivational
- Cognitive

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34
Q

What is the economic perspective regarding intergroup hostility?

A

The economic perspective believes that intergroup hostility is a result of competing interest (competition over limited resourcess). This is called Realistic Group Conflict theory. This theory is supported by the observable fact that s/p/d increase in difficult economic circumstances.

This competition is thought to be fuelled b ethnocentrism, and is evidenced by Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment

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35
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to glorify our own group by demonizing/looking down on other groups

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36
Q

What is Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment?

A

In Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment, Sherif went to a boys summer camp where all of the campers were friends. He then splin the camp in two and manufactured competition between the two groups. Very quickly, th groups became ethnocentric and grew to hate each other despite previously being friends.

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37
Q

How did Sherif reduce intergroup hostility in the Robber’s Cave experiment?

A

Sherif introduced a superordinate goal, which forced the groups to work together and helped them to realize that they had more in common than they thought.

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38
Q

What is a superordinate goal?

A

A superordinate goal is a goal that transcends the interests of any one group, bringing together different groups to work towards a common purpose that benefits everyone involved.*

  • This is like how the military/sports groups work together towards a common goal
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39
Q

What is the motivational perspective regarding intergroup hostility?

A

The motivational perspective believes that intergroup hostility is a result of the psychological need for power (the “us” vs “them” mentality).

This perspective believes that being a member of one group can motivate hostility towards other groups, which was evidenced by Tajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm.

Another key component of this perspective is the Social Identity Theory

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40
Q

What is Tajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm?

A

In, Tajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm, Tajfel demonstrated that even when group categorization was arbitrary and devoid of any real significance, individuals still exhibited favoritism towards their in-group and discrimination against out-groups. This suggests that the mere perception of belonging to a particular group can activate motivational forces that fuel intergroup hostility.

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41
Q

What is Social Identity Theory?

A

Social Identity Theory suggests that individuals seek to boost their self-esteem by elevating the status of their own group compared to others. This desire for a positive social identity can fuel actions that worsen intergroup conflicts, as people strive to strengthen their group’s standing while downplaying others’.

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42
Q

What is the cognitive perspective regarding intergroup hostility?

A

The cognitive perspective posits that intergroup hostility arises from stereotypes, mental shortcuts used to categorize people. While efficient for processing information, stereotypes oversimplify reality and blind us to individual differences. Additionally, stereotypes can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, where biased expectations influence behavior, perpetuating prejudice and discrimination.

Key components of this perspective include “ingroup similarity outgroup difference” and “the outgroup homogeneity effect”

43
Q

What is ingroup similarity outgroup difference?

A

Ingroup similarity outgroup difference is the tendency of people to believe that they are more similar to members of their own group than to members of other groups

Ex: I am more similar to other Canadians than I am to Americans

44
Q

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A

The outgroup homogeneity effect is the tendency of people to assume that ingroup similarity is stronger in outgroups than in ingroups

Ex: All Canadans are unique, but all Americans are the same

45
Q

How can prejudice/stereotypes/discrimination be reduces?

A

P/S/D can be reduced using the contact hypothesis. The contact hypothesis believes that puttign members of majority and minority groups in frequent contact with one another can reduce prejudice.*

  • It should be noted that this does not always work. See: desegregation of schools in the United States
46
Q

What are the 3 predictors of attraction in romantic relationships?

A
  1. Propinquity/proximity (via mere exposure effect)
  2. Similarity
  3. Physical attractiveness (via matchin hypothesis, halo effect, and reproductive fitness)
47
Q

What is propinquity?

A

Propinquity (or proximity) is literally just being close to people; you are more likely to be attracted to people that are easily accessible/that you come in contact with frequently (mere exposure effect)

48
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

The mere exposure effect is the tendency for people to develop a preference for things they are repeatedly exposed to.

49
Q

What is similarity?

A

Similarity is sharing things in common with someone. In terms of attraction, this often comes down to having the same religion, educational level, social status, or other things in common with someone.

50
Q

What is physical attractiveness?

A

Physical attractiveness is finding someone aesthetically pleasing/a good choice of mate. Physical attractiveness in romantic relationships is affected by the matching hypothesis, the halo effect, and reproductive fitness.

51
Q

What is the matching hypothesis?

A

The matching hypothesis suggests that people tend to form romantic relationships with partners who they believe are of similar levels of attractiveness to themselves.

52
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

The halo effect is when someone’s positive physical attractiveness influences our perception of their other qualities, leading us to assume they possess other positive characteristics as well.

53
Q

What is reproductive fitness?

A

Reproductive fitness refers to traits or qualities that increase an individual’s likelihood of successfully reproducing and passing on their genes to the next generation.

54
Q

What is Freud’s theory of relationships/social attachment?

A

Freud was the irst person to discuss the importance of early childhood and parent-child relationships (particularly the mother-child relationship)

55
Q

What is Harlow’s theory of relationships/social attachment?

A

Harlow conducted an experiment to determine the importance of social relationships and attachment in infant monkeys.

In his research, he separated infant monkeys from their mothers and placed them in cages with two surrogate mothers: one made of wire with a feeding bottle, and the other covered in soft cloth but lacking a feeding mechanism. He then put the baby monkeys in distress to see which mother the would go to; he discovered that they liked the cloth mother best and spent all of their time with her, except for when they were hungry and HAD to go to the feeding mother.

Harlow came to the conclusion that nurturing is the key to good parenting, not just providing for a child’s basic needs like hunger.

56
Q

What is Bowlby’s theory of relationships/social attachment?

A

Bowlby was the one who coined the term “attachment theory” and identified healthy attachment as a basic element of parenting. She determined that early attachment with carefivers can shape one’s relationships for their entire life.*

  • Children survive by forming intense relationships with their parents: they NEED connection in order to make it past infancy
57
Q

What is Ainsworth’s theory of relationships/social attachment?

A

Ainsworth identified attachment styles using the “Strange Situation” experiment. For the experiment, Ainsworth put mothers and their children in a strange room with a variety of toys. Then, the mothers would leave and the children would be left alone. Later, a stranger would enter the room in the mother’s place. Finally, the stranger would leave and the mother would be brought back in. From this experiment, Ainsworth identified 3 attachment styles: secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment.

58
Q

What is the secure attachment style (infants)?

A

Secure attachment is the best form of attachment. Children with secure attachment were comfortable playing independently without their parent present.

59
Q

What is the anxious attachment style (infants)?

A

Children with anxious attachment were distressed in the unfamiliar room, even with their mother still present. They were too scared to play and cried a lot, both alone and with their mom.

60
Q

What is the avoidant attachment style (infants)?

A

Children with avoidant attachment were the least likely to seek out their mothers in the strange situation. They rejected attention when it was given to them.

61
Q

What is Hazan and Shaver’s theory of relationships/social attachment?

A

Hazan and Shaver took Bowlby and Ainsworth’s attachment theories and applied them to adults: they found that there are also 3 attachment styles for adults.

62
Q

What is the secure attachment style (adults)?

A

Adults with secure attachment can easily get close to others, are comfortable relying on other people, and have no fear of abandonment.

63
Q

What is the avoidant attachment style (adults)?

A

Adults with avoidant attachment are uncomfortable getting close to/depending on others, and are generally distrustful of other people.

64
Q

What is the anxious-ambivalent attachment style (adults)?

A

Adults with anxious-ambivalent attachment are afraid of being abandoned. They often come on toostrong and end up driving people away by being too attached.

65
Q

What is Beaumrind’s theory of relationships/social attachment?

A

Beaumrind identified different parenting styles (which may contribute to a child’s attachment). Beaumrind found that there were 3 parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive.

66
Q

What is the authoritarian parenting style?

A

Authoritarian parents are cold and distant. They provide for their childrens’ basic needs, but are strict and do not nurture their children: DICTATOR

67
Q

What is the permissive parenting style?

A

Permissive parents have no rules/regulations. They try to be their kids’ friends, and their homes have no structure.

68
Q

What is the authoritative parenting style?

A

Authoritative parents offer emotional support but still maintain boundaries/rules for their kids. Their children participate in their upbringing and can offer their ideas (not a dictatorship; mutual relationship).

69
Q

What is the Johari window?

A

The Johari Window is a model that helps people understand their relationships and communication with others. It divides information about oneself into four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown, illustrating how self-awareness and feedback from others can improve communication and relationships.

70
Q

What are the 4 Johari window panes?

A
  1. Open (top left)
  2. Blind (top right)
  3. Hidden (bottom left)
  4. Unknown (bottom right)
71
Q

What is the open window pane?

A

The open pane represents information about oneself that is known to both the individual and others. It includes behaviors, feelings, attitudes, and other characteristics that are openly shared and acknowledged.

72
Q

What is the hidden window pane?

A

The hidden pane contains information about oneself that is known to the individual but not to others. This can include private thoughts, feelings, experiences, or personal history that the individual chooses not to disclose to others.

73
Q

What is the blind window pane?

A

The blind pane contains information about oneself is known to others but not to the individual. These may be blind spots or aspects of behavior that others observe but the individual is unaware of. Feedback from others can help individuals become more aware of these blind spots.

74
Q

What is the unknown pane?

A

The unknown pane represents information about oneself that is neither known to the individual nor to others. This can include unconscious motives, hidden talents, or aspects of personality that have not yet been discovered or explored.

75
Q

What is the goal of the Johari window?

A

The goal of the Johari window is to expand the open window to make yourself better known.

76
Q

How can the open window be expanded?

A

The open window can be expanded in 2 ways:

  1. Self-disclosure (being willing to tell other people things about oneself)*
  2. Feedback from others (getting others’ opinions about oneself/one’s behaviour; ask questions and listen actively to others)

Both of these can lead to self-discovery and expansion of the open window

  • This does NOT MEAN tell everybody everything! Can be dangerous to be TOO OPEN with strangers (like for mental health stuff)
77
Q

What is aggression?

A

Aggression is behavior intended to cause harm or injury to another person or object.

78
Q

What are the 3 determinants for aggression?

A
  1. Situational
  2. Cognitive
  3. Gender/aggression
79
Q

Define situational determinants for aggression

A

Situational determinants are environmental or contextual factors that can trigger or influence aggressive behavior in a given situation

80
Q

Define cognitive determinants for aggression

A

Cognitive determinants are internal mental processes or thought patterns that can contribute to aggressive behavior.

81
Q

Define gender determinants for aggression

A

Gender determinants are social and cultural factors related to gender roles and expectations that can influence the expression and perception of aggression.

82
Q

What are the situational determinants for aggression?

A
  • Hostile aggression
  • Instrumental aggression
83
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Hostile aggression is aggression which has the aim to hurt others physically/psychologically. It is motivated by anger.

84
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Instrumental aggression is aggression that is intended to cause harm but not for hostility; there is a purpose for the aggression*

  • Aggression to achieve a certain goal
85
Q

What factors encourage agression?

A
  • Weather (particularly hot weather)
  • Media violence (TV, film, video games)
  • Social rejection/isolation
  • Income inequality (see Realistic Conflict Theory)
86
Q

What are the cognitive determinants for aggression?

A
  • Frustration/aggression hypothesis
  • Dehumanization
  • Pseudospeciation
87
Q

What is the frustration/aggression hypothesis?

A

When people are blocked in their goals/desires, they get frustrated which leads to aggression

88
Q

What is pseudospeciation?

A

Pseudospeciation is the perception of different social groups as distinct and inherently separate species, often leading to prejudice, discrimination, and conflict between these groups.

89
Q

What is dehumanization?

A

Dehumanization is the process of perceiving others as less than fully human, often leading to the justification of mistreatment or violence against them.

90
Q

What are the gender determinants for aggression?

A
  • Impact of socialization
  • Precarious Manhood Hypothesis
91
Q

What are the impacts of socialization on aggression?

A

Boys are usually socialized to be strong and aggressive, while girls are socialize to be nurturing and emotional. Consequently, when each sex is aggressive, men tend to be physically aggressive, while women tend to be relationally aggressive.

92
Q

What is the Precarious Manhood Hypothesis?

A

The Precarious Manhood Hypothesis believes that a man’s gender identity is often wrapped up in their strength/toughness, and if they feel their strengthis lost/going to be lost, it can trigger aggressive behaviour

93
Q

What is altruism?

A

Altruiam is pro-social behaviour that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself

94
Q

What are the main motivations for altruism?

A
  • Social rewards (cash, awards, etc.)
  • Empathic concern (ability to put oneself in someone else’s POV)
  • Alleviating personal feelings (makes us feel like good people)
95
Q

What are the situational determinants for altruism?

A

The primary situational determinant for altruism (or bystander intervention) is the presence of others: when others are around, people are generally less likely to intervene in a crisis because of a diffusion of responsability (people assume that someone else will step in to help).*

  • Kitty Genovese incident
96
Q

What are the cognitive determinants of altruism?

A

The cognitive determinants of altruism are the social context of a problem (is it really a problem or is it okay given the circumstances?*) and pluralistic ignorance (people may go along with things they disagree with because they think that others are okay with it: if no one else is intervening, it must be okay)

  • Most social situations are ambiguous, so it is hard to tell if something is inappropriate or not
97
Q

What is cooperation?

A

Cooperation is the social tendency of people to work together to achieve goals/survive

98
Q

Why do people cooperate with one another?

A

In evolutionary terms, cooperation can be seen as a survival mechanism that enhances the fitness of individuals and their social groups. By working together, individuals can achieve mutual benefits such as increased food resources, protection from predators, or assistance in raising offspring.

99
Q

How does the Prisoner’s Dilemma relate to cooperation?

A

The Prisoner’s Dilemma is a classic game theory scenario that illustrates the tension between individual self-interest and collective cooperation. In the dilemma, two individuals must decide whether to cooperate with each other or act in their own self-interest. The optimal outcome for both players occurs when they both cooperate, but there is a temptation for each player to defect (act selfishly) in order to maximize their personal gain, even though this may result in a worse outcome for both players overall.

100
Q

In the Prisoner’s Dilemma, what is cooperating?

A

Cooperating is doing what will benefit both players

101
Q

In the Prisoner’s Dilemma, what is defecting?

A

Defecting is doing what will only benefit you

102
Q

What is the best decision for both players in the Prisoner’s Dilemma?

A

The best decision for both players is for both people to cooperate, thereby splitting the prize/punishment

103
Q

What is the best decision for YOU in the Prisoner’s Dilemma?

A

The best decision for YOU is to defect, provided the other player cooperates. This means that you get the better prize/easier punishment

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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