Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social Psychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are the three categories of sources?

A
  1. General sources
  2. Secondary sources
  3. Primary sources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define general sources

A

General sources are sources which provide ideas/an overview of your selected topic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give examples of general sources

A

Newspapers, magazines, websites, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define secondary sources

A

Secondary sources are sources that are once removed from the original paper/source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give examples of secondary sources

A

Textbook, encyclopedia, wikipedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define primary sources

A

Primary sources are scientific research articles found in academic/scientific journals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give examples of primary sources

A

Peer-reviewed articles which contains abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections

  • Primary sources are the only appropriate source to cite for an academic paper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are attitudes?

A

Attitudes are an evaluative concept (concept involving judgement) used to evaluate various aspects of the social world like people, objects, and behaviours

Attitudes can be positive, negative, or ambivalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the link between attitude and behaviour

A

The link between attitude and behaviour is uncertain; we know that the two are somehow related, but it is unclear if one causes the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the ABC model/the three components of attitudes

A

A. Affect (emotions, how we feel)
B. Behaviour (how we act)
C. Cognition (how we think)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three methods used to measure attitudes?

A
  1. Likert scale
  2. Response latency
  3. Implicit attitude measurement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a likert scale?

A

A likert scale is a numerical scale used to assess peoples’ attitudes. The scale uses anchors/extremes on either end which do not move (ex: 1 = strongly agree, 7 = strongly disagree)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is response latency?

A

Response latency is the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus (how quickly someone reacts when presented with something related to their attitude). Faster responses indicate a stronger attitude and vice versa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is implicit attitude measurement?

A

Implicit attitude measurement is an indirect measure which does not involve self-reporting. It is often used when investigating stereotypes/prejudice, since people are unlikely to self-report on those topics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Cognitive Dissonnance Theory?

A

Cognitive Dissonnance Theory, proposed by Leon Festinger, refers to the inconsistency between a person’s thoughts, feelings, and actions which creates a negative effect (disonnance/uneasiness).

People are motivated to reduce this dissonnance and return to consistency (efforts are made to alleviate discomfort)

  • Personal Example!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What ways are there to deal with dissonnance?

A
  1. Change the attitude (change the attitude to match the behaviour)
  2. Change the behaviour (change the behaviour to match the attitude)
  3. Rationalize (concentrate on positive aspects of one’s decision and downplay negatives)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is effort justification?

A

Effort justification is the tendency to reduce dissonnance by justifying the time, effort, or money designated to something that turned out to be disappointing

  • Similar to Sunken Cost Fallacy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the perfect format for the cognitive disonnance writing question?

A
  • Definition (ABCs)
  • Definition of cognitive dissonnance theory (inconsistency -> dissonnance -> efforts)
  • Ways to alleviate dissonnance
  • Effort justificaton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Self-Perception Theory

A

Self-Perception Theory, proposed by Daryl Bem, is an alternative to Cognitive Dissonnance Theory. It believes that people come to know their attitudes by looking at their own behaviour (and therefore, believes that behaviour predicts attitude)

Ex: I listen to more Jazz music than other kinds of music, therefore Jazz must be my favourite music genre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

The overjustification effect happens when getting a reward for something you already like doing makes you less interested in doing it just for fun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give an example of the overjustification effect

A

If a child loves drawing, but starts to lose interest in drawing for fun after being rewarded with money for each drawing, that’s an example of the overjustification effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are superfluous rewards?

A

Superfluous rewards are unnecessary incentives given for tasks that individuals are already intrinsically motivated to perform.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

The Theory of Planned Behaviour believes that we consider our behaviour towards something in a reasonable, thoughtful way using 3 considerations:
1. Our attitudes toward the behaviour
2. Our loved ones’ attitudes towards the behaviour
3. Our ability to execute the behaviour

All 3 considerations impact one’s behavioural intention (one’s intention to do the behaviour). Behavioural intention is considered to be the best predictor or whether one will do the behaviour or not (if one’s intention is high, one will likely do the behaviour).

  • For writing question, replicate the diagram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give an example of the theory of planned behaviour

A

You are considering getting a tattoo. You consider each of the following:
1. Your own attitude towards the behaviour
(ex: I think tattoos are cool)
2. Your family’s attitude towards the behaviour
(ex: My family hates tattoos)
3. Your ability to execute the behaviour
(ex: I can’t afford to pay for a tattoo)

Because of these considerations, your behavioural intention is not very high, therefore you will likely not get a tattoo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is persuasion?

A

Persuasion are efforts to change peoples’ attitudes and behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the dual process approch?

A

The dual process approach includes the two pathways/routes which exist when persuading others:
1. Central route
2. Peripheral route

  • Sometimes called the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM model)
    ** For writing question, replicate diagram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the central route to persuasion?

A

The central route is for people who think carefully and deliberately about the content of a persuasive message. It is a logical route for people who already have some background experience with the topic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the peripheral route to persuasion?

A

The peripheral route is for people wo believe a source because of the expertise the source claims to have. It is a dramatic route for people with minimal knowledge on the topic.

29
Q

Define motivation in the context of persuasion

A

In persuasion, motivation refers to messages which have personal consequences/interest

30
Q

Define ability in the context of persuasion

A

In persuasion, ability refers to when someone has knowledge/understanding of a message’s subject

31
Q

What factors exist which influence whether one takes the central or peripheral route?

A

Motivation and ability influence the route someone takes!

Someone takes the central route if:
- The issue is personally relevant
- The person is knowledgeable in that specific area

Someone takes the peripheral route if:
- The issue is not personally relevant
- The person is distracted/fatigued
- The subject is hard to comprehend

  • We use the C route when motivation and ability are both high
    ** We use the P route when motivation/ability (or both) are low
32
Q

What is the perfect format for the persuasion writing question?

A
  • Definition of persuasion
  • Dual process approach/ELM (+ diagram)
  • Two routes for persuasion and their definitions (central/peripheral)
  • Importance of motivation and ability (reasons for taking C/P route; C = deeper cognitive engagement, P = drama, fear, expert’s reputation)
  • Elements of persuasion
  • Sleeper effect/identifiable victim effect
33
Q

What are the 3 elements of persuasion?

A

The elements of persuasion are:
1. Source characteristics
2. Message characteristics
3. Audience characteristics

34
Q

What are source characteristics?

A

Source characteristics refer to where/who the message is coming from

35
Q

Give examples of source characteristics

A

The source’s age, level of attractiveness, and credibility are all factors (particularly if the source is considered an “expert”)

36
Q

What are message characteristics?

A

Message characteristics refer to what the content of the message actually is

37
Q

Give examples of message characteristics

A

The strength of the argument, explicit conclusions, vividness, and fear instilled by a message are all factors

38
Q

What are audience characteristics?

A

Audience characteristics refer to who is receiving the message

39
Q

Give examples of audience characteristics

A

The audience’s mood, age, and need for cognition are all factors

40
Q

Of the 3 elements of persuasion, which are central and which are peripheral?

A
  • Source characteristics are peripheral
  • Message characteristics are central unless the message is fear-based, in which case it is peripheral
  • Audience characteristics are either (this depends on cognition)
41
Q

What influences source characteristics?

A

Source characteristics may be affected by the Sleeper Effect. This is when an unreliable source with little infuence shifts our mindset over time because we gradually separate the message from the source

Ex: A politician with a poor reputation makes a statement about a new policy proposal. Initially, people may dismiss the message because of the politician’s lack of credibility. However, over time, as they forget the source (the politician) but remember the message (the policy proposal), they may begin to find the proposal more persuasive and credible, leading to attitude change.

42
Q

What influences message characteristics?

A

Message characteristics may be affected by the Identifiable Victim Effect. This is when people are more empathetic towards an individual’s testimony than to a group of people who are affected by something.

Ex: Individuals may be more likely to donate to a specific fundraising campaign featuring a single child in need than to a general campaign for a larger, anonymous group of children in poverty.

43
Q

What two strategies do people use to resist persuasion?

A
  1. Framing
  2. Attitude innoculation
44
Q

What is framing?

A

Framing is the tendency of people to respond selectively to information (like confirmation bias wherein people seek out info they agree with and disregard info they disagree with)

45
Q

What is attitude innoculation?

A

Attitude innoculation is when small attacks on peoples’ beliefs are made in order to help them avoid/withstand larger attacks in the future.

Ex: If someone thinks kittens are always nice, they might hear a weak argument saying they aren’t. This would be followed up by reasons why kittens actually are always nice to help them stay sure about their original belief and resist being convinced otherwise in the future.

46
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Metacognition is the idea that secondary thoughts (thoughts about our thoughts -> self-reflection) can influence attitude changes (introspection)

Ex: How do I feel about X? Why?

47
Q

What is self-validation hypothesis?

A

Self-Validation Hypothesis says that feeling confident about our thoughts validates them, making it more likely that we will be swayed (if someone can come up with reasons why a message might be true, they’re more likely to believe it).

Ex: Rory is trying to convince Lorelai to go on a blind date. Lorelai initially feels hesitant but then starts to think about all the reasons why going on the date could be fun—like meeting new people, trying new things, and potentially finding love. As Lorelai generates these positive thoughts herself, she becomes more confident in Rory’s persuasion and decides to go on the date. This example illustrates the self-validation hypothesis because Lorelai’s confidence in the persuasive message (Rory’s suggestion to go on the date) increases as she generates supporting thoughts or reasons for it.

48
Q

What is social influence?

A

Social influence refers to the many ways that people affect one another, including attitudes, feelings, beliefs, and behaviours

49
Q

What are the 3 forms of social influence discussed in class?

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Obedience
  3. Compliance
50
Q

What is conformitiy?

A

Conformity refers to changing one’s beliefs/behaviours to align more closely with the behaviours of others (social norms)

51
Q

What are the three forms of conformity?

A
  1. Automatic mimicry
  2. Informational social influence
  3. Normative social influence
52
Q

What is automatic mimicry?

A

Automatic mimicry is the tendency to mindlessly imitate the behaviours/movements of others

53
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

Informational social influence is when people conform to the behavior or opinions of others because they believe those others are correct or knowledgeable.

In Sherif’s study, people in a dark room guessed how much a light moved using the auto-kinestic effect. At first, their guesses were different, but they started agreeing with each other over time. This shows how people follow what others think is true, even if they’re not sure themselves.

54
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

Normative social influence is the influence of others that comes from the desire to avoid their disapproval.

In Asch’s experiment, participants knowingly gave the wrong answer to the line estimation because they wanted to fit in with the group. Group size more or less did not matter, however the driving force for conformity was unanimity; if everyone does the same thing, unanimity is high, but if there is any disagreement (even just one confederate giving the right answer), then conformity decreases significantly

55
Q

What is obedience?

A

Obedience is submitting to the demands of an authority figure in an unequal power relationship

Milgram’s classic Yale experiment demonstrated obedience by showing how 65% of participants followed orders to administer what they thought were fatal electric shocks to others, despite their discomfort and ethical concerns. The experiment involved deception as participants were misled about the true purpose of the study, believing they were delivering genuine shocks to another person.

56
Q

What is reactance theory?

A

Reactance theory suggests that people have a strong desire to maintain their freedom. When they feel that their freedom is being restricted, they may resist by doing the opposite of what is demanded or suggested. In terms of obedience, this means that individuals may be more likely to disobey authority figures if they feel their freedom is threatened.

Ex: In an episode of Psych, Shawn and Gus find themselves in a situation where they are ordered by Lassiter to stay out of an investigation. Feeling restricted and wanting to maintain their independence as “psychic detectives,” Shawn and Gus react against the order by secretly continuing their investigation anyway. Their disobedience is driven by their desire to assert their autonomy and not be controlled by authority, reflecting the principles of reactance theory.

57
Q

What is compliance?

A

Compliance is the tendency to respond favourably to a specific, explicit request (doing someone a favour)

58
Q

What are the three forms of compliance?

A
  1. Reason-based (directed at your head, cognitive)
  2. Emotion-based (directed at your heart, emotional)
  3. Norm-based (societal tendency to conform, conformity)
59
Q

What are the reason-based approaches?

A

The reason-based approaches include:
1. Norm of reciprocity
2. The door-in-face technique
3. The foot-in-door technique

60
Q

What is the norm of reciprocity?

A

The norm of reciproctity is the norm dictating that you should do favours for people who have done favours for you.

Ex: You lend your neighbor a bunch of bananas because they mentioned they were craving some. Later on, your neighbor returns the favor by giving you some of their freshly baked banana bread as a gesture of reciprocity. This exchange exemplifies the norm of reciprocity, where individuals feel obligated to repay kindness with kindness.

61
Q

What is the door-in-face technique?

A

The door-in-face technique relies on reciprocal concerns (similar to the norm of reciprocity). It involves making an outrageous request that you KNOW will be turned down, then following it up with a smaller request. Most people will feel compelled to give in because they turned down your previous request.

Ex: You ask your parents if you can adopt a giraffe, expecting them to say no. Then, you make a smaller request, like adopting a turtle, which your parents are more likely to agree to after saying no to the giraffe.

62
Q

What is the foot-in-door technique?

A

The foot-in-door technique involves asking someone for a small request which they will almost certainly agree to, then following it up with a very large request.

Ex: A person planning to rob a bank might first ask for directions to the bank, then ask for help holding the door, gradually leading to asking for assistance with the robbery.

63
Q

What are emotion-based approaches?

A

Emotion-based approaches in compliance involve persuading people to agree or comply by appealing to their feelings or emotions rather than using logical arguments or facts.

Emotion-based approaches can appeal to two different types of mood:
1. Positive mood
2. Negative mood

64
Q

How does a positive mood affect compliance?

A

If someone is in a positive mood, they may be more likely to do you a favour.

Ex: If someone is in a good mood after receiving praise or enjoying a pleasant experience, they may be more likely to agree to help a friend move apartments or participate in a volunteer project when asked.

65
Q

How does a negative mood affect compliance?

A

If someone in a negative mood, they may also be more likely to do you a favour, especially if they feel guilty. This is because people are motivated to reduce cognitive dissonnance, therefore doing other people favours will make them feel better about themselves (Negative-State Relief Hypothesis)

66
Q

What is the Negative-State Relief Hypothesis?

A

The Negative-State Relief Hypothesis states that people relieve negative feelings and feel better about themselves by doing people favours

Ex: If someone is feeling sad or guilty after a disagreement with a friend, they might volunteer at a local charity to feel better about themselves and reduce their negative emotions.

67
Q

What are the two types of norm-based approaches?

A
  • Descriptive norms
  • Prescriptive norms
68
Q

Define descriptive norms

A

Descriptive norms refer to the behaviour exhibited by most people in a specific context

Ex: Observing that many people jaywalk across a busy street.

69
Q

Define prescriptive norms

A

Prescriptive norms refer to how people are supposed to behave in a specific context

Ex: Seeing a traffic sign that explicitly states “No jaywalking.”

Social Psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions