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Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which pain scale is a scale of 0-10 (0: no pain; 10: worst)?

A

Numeric pain scale

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2
Q

Which pain scale simply asks the patient, “would you describe your pain as mild, moderate, or severe?”

A

Simple descriptor pain scale

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3
Q

Which pain scale is white on the left side and gradually turns darker red (the more red, the worse the pain)?

A

Visual Analog Scale

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4
Q

Which pain scale uses faces at varying levels of distressed that is geared towards children?

A

Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale

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5
Q

Which pain scale uses pictures of faces at different levels of distress that is geared towards non-pediatric patients?

A

Revised face pain scale

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6
Q

Which pain scale is used on patient with advanced dementia who have trouble communicating?

A

PAIN-AD scale (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia)

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7
Q

Which pain scale is used in pediatric patients that is a scoring pattern of 0-2 for each behavior?

A

FLACC Pain Scale

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8
Q

Hypnosis, distraction, guided imagery, music therapy, and humor are all kinds of what type of pain intervention?

A

Non-pharmacological/Relaxation therapies

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9
Q

What type of pain does not respond well to opioid medications?

A

Neuropathic pain

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10
Q

What are the three kinds of pain?

A
  1. Nociceptive
  2. Neuropathic
  3. Cancer
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11
Q

The pain that is caused by tissue damage as a result of trauma, surgery, or inflammation.

A

Nociceptive

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12
Q

Pain that arises from a nerve injury or damage to the neurological pathway transmitting pain signals.

A

Neuropathic

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13
Q

What 2 ways do cancer patients experience pain?

A

Nociceptive and neuropathic

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14
Q

What type of pain comes from injuries that are in the skin or subcutaneous tissue? (Ie: paper cut or burn)

A

Superficial pain (pain is sharp or severe)

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15
Q

What time of pain arises from the musculoskeletal system? (Involves ligaments, tendons, nerve and blood vessels, or bones)

A

Somatic pain

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16
Q

What type of pain comes from deep internal pain receptions is a signal of organ pain?

A

Visceral pain

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17
Q

What type of pain is felt in a body part or area that has been amputated?

A

Phantom pain

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18
Q

What type of pain may present as referred pain?

A

Visceral pain

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19
Q

What type of pain has a rapid onset and short duration?

A

Acute pain

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20
Q

What type of pain lasts longer than 6 months?

A

Chronic pain

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21
Q

What type of pain is persistent and highly resistant to any kind of pain relief?

A

Intractable pain

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22
Q

What 5 factors influence pain?

A
  1. Emotions
  2. Past experiences
  3. Sociocultural influences
  4. Communication ability
  5. Cognitive impairments
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23
Q

What is the purpose of a comfort function goal?

A

To come up with a realistic plan for what an acceptable level of pain will be (helps determine patient ECO)

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24
Q

Name 5 nonverbal signs of pain?

A
  1. Increased HR
  2. Elevated pulse
  3. Increased RR
  4. Behavioral changes
  5. Grimacing/Guarding
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25
Q

The combination of several types of pain management

A

Multimodal pain management

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26
Q

When a medication is not as effective without an increase in dose, the patient has ______ to the drug.

A

Tolerance

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27
Q

When the patient will experience withdrawal if the medication is not given.

A

Dependence

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28
Q

Aberrant drug-related behaviors that make patients with chronic pain look like addicts (the behaviors stop if the opioid is increased and pain improves)

A

Pseudo addiction

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29
Q

Compulsive, psychological need for a medication.

A

Addictions

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30
Q

The combination of physical and mental effects after a person stops using a medication.

A

Withdrawal

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31
Q

What is the opioid reversal agent called?

A

Naloxone (Narcan)

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32
Q

What is the most important thing to check for when administrating an opioid?

A

Patient’s respiratory rate

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33
Q

What are some safety measures of PCA?

A
  • Must be controlled only by patient
  • 2 nurses to set up
  • double check medication pump consistently
  • educate the family
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34
Q

What type of exercise involves muscle contraction without motion?

A

Isometric

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35
Q

What type of exercise involves movement of the joint during muscle contraction?

A

Isotonic

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36
Q

What type of exercise is performed with a variable resistance to movement during the range of motion (sitting in chair lifting soup cans)?

A

Isokinetic

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37
Q

What type of exercise occurs when the amount of oxygen taken in by the body meets or exceeds the amount of oxygen required to perform the activity (jogging, brisk walking)?

A

Aerobic

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38
Q

What type of exercise occurs when the amount of oxygen in the body does not meet the amount of oxygen required; therefore the muscles must obtain energy from the metabolic pathways? (Heavy weight lifting)

A

Anaerobic exercise

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39
Q

What is intentional movement?

A

Mobility

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40
Q

What is movement of the body the increases energy expenditure?

A

Physical activity

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41
Q

What are the proper body mechanics for a nurse? (6)

A
  1. Proper spinal alignment (knees hip-width apart)
  2. Lift with knees, not back
  3. Avoid bending or twisting
  4. Use assistive aids as needed
  5. Raise the bed
  6. Push or pull instead of lift
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42
Q

A state in which the patient has insufficient physical stamina or psychological energy to carry out their daily activities?

A

Activity intolerance

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43
Q

Something preventing the patient from beginning or completing the physical activity

A

Impaired mobility

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44
Q

The type of ROM exercise a patient can perform by him or herself.

A

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

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45
Q

The type of ROM that the nurse, PT, or family member (somebody other than the patient) is performing by manipulating the joint.

A

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

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46
Q

Pain is what type of experience?

A

Subjective

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47
Q

What is the most serious side effect of opioid medication?

A

Respiratory depression

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48
Q

What are 5 negative effect of immobility?

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Osteoporosis
  3. Decreased glucose tolerance
  4. Atelectasis
  5. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
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49
Q

Name 4 interventions for impaired physical mobility.

A
  1. Use assistive devices
  2. Promote independence
  3. ROM exercises
  4. Maintain safety
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50
Q

The quality of bending something without breaking

A

Flexibility

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51
Q

The force against against something making it harder to perform

A

Resistance

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52
Q

The condition of being physically fit and healthy

A

Fitness

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53
Q

When the urine output is less than 400 mL in 24 hours.

A

Oliguria

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54
Q

When the urine output is excessive or frequent.

A

Polyuria

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55
Q

When there is prevents of blood in the urine that can be microscopic or gross (seen with the naked eye).

A

Hematuria

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56
Q

Painful urination

A

Dysuria

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57
Q

The presence of protein in the urine

A

Proteinuria

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58
Q

When something is toxic or causes damage to the kidney(s).

A

Nephrotoxic

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59
Q

When damage actually occurs in the kidney.

A

Nephropathy

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60
Q

How can urinary retention be evaluated?

A

Bladder scan

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61
Q

What is the normal level of specific gravity in urine?

A

1.002-1.030

62
Q

What is the normal value of proteins, glucose and ketones in the urine?

63
Q

What type of incontinence occurs when there is an increased intra-abdominal pressure causing loss of urine?

64
Q

What type of incontinence occurs when occurs when the urgency to urinate is so sudden that there is an involuntary loss of urine?

65
Q

What type of incontinence occurs when the bladder is very full and the urine leaks out as the bladder keeps filling?

66
Q

What type of incontinence occurs when the patient cannot make it to the bathroom in time (usually temporary)?

A

Functional

67
Q

What is measuring the amount of waste product left in the blood stream?

68
Q

What is the byproduct of muscle breakdown?

A

Creatinine

69
Q

What is the normal creatinine levels?

A

0.5-1.2 mg/dL

70
Q

What is the normal BUN levels in urine?

A

8-21 mg/dL

71
Q

What can abnormal renal labs signify? (Name 6)

A
  • renal failure
  • impaired rental perfusion
  • renal inflammation
  • kidney obstruction
  • dehydration
  • excessive protein intake
72
Q

What does the presence of nitrates, leukocyte esterase, RBCs, WBCs, and bacteria all indicate?

73
Q

What would a urine sample of someone with a UTI contain (any combo of these)?

A
  • cloudy or with sediment
  • nitrates
  • leukocyte esterase
  • hematuria
  • WBCs
  • bacteria
74
Q

When should an interdwelling catheter be removed?

A

When it is no longer needed

75
Q

Name 6 interventions to promote urinary excretion.

A
  1. Bladder training
  2. Ask pt about normal routine
  3. Provide privacy
  4. Good perineal hygiene
  5. Proper positioning
  6. Pour warm water over perineum
76
Q

7 interventions for an indwelling catheter.

A
  1. Use sterile procedure
  2. Keep bag below waist level
  3. Never let bag get full
  4. Keep tube free of kinks
  5. Use standard precautions
  6. Leave seal intact
  7. Regular perineal care
77
Q

How long does a catheter need clamped off in order to obtain a urine sample?

A

At least 30 min

78
Q

What type of technique is used when the patient cleans meatus and urine is collected midstream?

A

Clean catch technique

79
Q

What is the decrease in bowel movements from a patient’s normal routine called?

A

Constipation

80
Q

How often should a person have a bowel movement?

A

Whatever is the patient’s normal as long as their is no straining, urgency or bleeding occurring

81
Q

What are some interventions for constipation?

A
  • stool softeners
  • add a laxative if stool softeners are ineffective
  • enema
  • digital disimpaction
82
Q

What is the primary intervention for diarrhea?

A

Supportive care

83
Q

What type of diet should a person with diarrhea have?

A

BRAT diet (bland, no spicy, clear liquids, no dairy)

84
Q

What classifies chronic diarrhea?

A

Longer than 1 month

85
Q

Formed with the stoma is in the small intestine

86
Q

Where the bowel diversion is made within part of the large intestine or the colon

87
Q

How should a stoma appear?

A

Pink or dark red

88
Q

If a stoma appears dusky, gray, purple, or very pale what could this indicate?

A

Tissue ischemia

89
Q

What type of foods should a person with an ostomy bag avoid?

A

Gas producing (cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, garlic, onions, beans, peas, and dairy)

90
Q

What are two risk factors for patients received IV contrast for an abdominal CT scan?

A
  1. Allergy to dye

2. Renal dysfunction

91
Q

What is the mild alteration in peristalsis not resulting in diarrhea or constipation?

A

GI motility

92
Q

What is the normal presence of GI gas called?

93
Q

What is the excessive GI gas that can lead to pain and bloating called?

A

Flatulence

94
Q

Chronic constipation is classified by constipation lasting how long?

95
Q

The biggest transitional phase for middle-aged women is ________.

96
Q

Which gender tends to have a longer life span?

97
Q

What age group is considered older adults?

A

65 years and older

98
Q

Who are the youngest old?

99
Q

Who is the middle old?

100
Q

Who is the oldest old?

101
Q

Who is the fasting growing age group?

A

The oldest old (85 and up)

102
Q

What age group does the Intimacy Vs Isolation affect?

A

Young and Middle Adulthood (19-40 yr old)

103
Q

What Erickson stage is geared towards those in middle adulthood (40-65)?

A

Generativity vs Stagnation

104
Q

What is the Ego vs Integrity stage?

A

Older population reflects on their life (happy vs regrets)

105
Q

Interventions for older adults

A
  • maintain physical activity
  • fall prevention
  • promote independence
  • allow extra time
106
Q

Occurs when a patient is taking multiple medications and the risk of the medications interacting is high.

A

Polypharmacy

107
Q

How well a patient can complete their daily activities with vigor while remaining alert and without fatigue and preserving some energy to pursue other more leisurely activities

108
Q

What is the most common bed position?

A

Fowler’s (60 degree elevation)

109
Q

What position is good for relieving pressure from the sacrum?

A

Lateral position (side laying)

110
Q

What positions are good for patients with respiratory issues?

A

Fowler’s and High Fowler’s

111
Q

What position is good for patients receiving an enema?

112
Q

What turning technique is used when the patient’s spine must be in a straight alignment?

A

Logrolling

113
Q

What position is good for relieving gas or flatulence?

114
Q

What position is good for relieving back pain?

A

Lateral position

115
Q

What position puts extra pressure on the chest?

116
Q

What position puts extra pressure on the sacrum?

A

High-Fowler’s position

117
Q

Shopping, cooking, and managing money are all examples of what?

A

Independent activities of daily living

118
Q

What three cancers are associated with the middle-aged population?

A

Breast
Prostate
Colon

119
Q

What type of nutritional intervention does a menopausal women possibly need?

A

Increase of calcium and vitamin D

120
Q

What are common problems with middle-aged adults?

A
  • cancer
  • heart disease
  • obesity
  • domestic abuse
  • violence
121
Q

What type of assessments do middle-aged individuals need?

A
  • lipid panel
  • blood glucose
  • pelvic exam
  • mammograms
  • rectal exam
  • colonoscopies
  • eye exams
  • osteoporosis screenings
122
Q

What theory proposes that repressed insults and accumulation of waste over time eventually causes the cells to wear out?

A

Wear and Tear Theory

123
Q

What aging theory hypothesizes that cell have a pre-programmed and finite cell division number from birth

A

Genetics theory

124
Q

What cell theory hypothesizes that a malfunction in the cell causes cellular changes in the cell’s DNA?

A

Cellular malfunction theory

125
Q

What cell theory hypothesizes that cells change with age so much that the body doesn’t recognize the self-cells any longer.

A

Autoimmune Theory

126
Q

What is the peaceful state of non anxiety and easy activity called?

127
Q

What is a decreased level of consciousness that allows the brain to restore its function?

128
Q

What can lack of sleep lead to?

A

Overeating
Glucose intolerance
Insulin resistance

129
Q

How many stages of sleep is there?

A

4 (3 stages are non-REM)

130
Q

How do carbs affect sleep?

A

Can cause blood sugar changes causing a person to wake up

131
Q

How long before bed should a pt stop exercising?

132
Q

What is the patterns of waking behaviors appearing during sleep called?

A

Parasomnias

133
Q

Give 4 examples of parasomnias

A
  1. Sleepwalking
  2. Nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting)
  3. Night terrors
  4. REM disordered behavior
134
Q

What kind of diagnosis is insomnia?

A

Medical and nursing

135
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or inability to fall back asleep once prematurely awakened

136
Q

What are dyssomnias?

A
  • insomnia
  • sleep apnea
  • hypersomnia (excessive sleeping/sleepiness)
  • circadian disorders
  • restless leg syndrome
  • narcolepsy
137
Q

What type of sleep must be made up if not enough time is spent in it?

138
Q

What is the most severe type of sleep disturbance?

A

Sleep apnea

139
Q

How do you correct an error in a patient’s chart?

A

One line and initial (NEVER use white out or scribble it out)

140
Q

Why are incidence reports made?

A

To promote safety and quality assurance

141
Q

Where in a patient’s medical record will you find information about the patient’s allergies?

A
  1. Medication administration record

2. Kardex

142
Q

What are the six rights of medication administration?

A
  1. Time
  2. Dose
  3. Route
  4. Patient
  5. Medication
  6. Documentation
143
Q

What are the 3 checks for the RIGHT medication?

A
  1. When removed from storage
  2. When preparing
  3. When administering
144
Q

What three ways can an order be communicated?

A
  1. Written
  2. Verbal
  3. Telephone
145
Q

What should be included on a medication order?

A

Medication, dosage, route, when and how many times it should be taken a day

146
Q

What is a SOAPIE?

A

Organized assessment data on a nursing care plan?

147
Q

What does SOAPIE stand for?

A 
S- Subjective data
O- Objective data
A- Assessment/Analysis 
P- Plan for documentation (long/short term)
I- Intervention 
E- Evaluation
148
Q

List 4 advantages of EHRs

A
  1. Eliminates need for paper
  2. Built in protocols
  3. Medical errors are reduced
  4. Accessibility by multiple providers
149
Q

List 4 disadvantages of EHRs

A
  1. Expense
  2. Required downtime
  3. Learning curve
  4. Lack of integration
150
Q

How should a telephone order be written down?

A
  • similar to verbal orders
  • transcribed into pt’s record
  • provider required to co-sign WITHIN 24 hours
  • re-clarify questions

Foundations Of Nursing (7 decks)

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