Test 3 Flashcards
Do patients with asthma and emphysema often have respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?
Respiratory alkalosis often occurs with asthma and emphysema.
What are four diseases or conditions that can cause lung tissue restriction?
Pneumonia, TB, pulmonary edema, and lung cancer.
What is RHF caused by pulmonary vascular resistance known as?
Cor pulmonale.
What is an adjective used to describe the effects of different factors on cardiac contractility?
Inotropic.
What is a malignant neoplastic condition of the prostate gland common in males over age 50, diagnosed with an elevated PSA and rectal examination of the prostate?
Prostate cancer.
What condition has symptoms like the swelling of bronchial lining and constriction of bronchial musculature in response to an allergen, and wheezing on exhalation and use of accessory muscles?
Asthma.
What are signs and symptoms of the dangerous DVT sequela known as a pulmonary embolism?
Chest pain, SOB, hemoptysis, shock, and massive release of inflammatory mediators.
What are abnormal clumps of proteins and cells that flow with the urine or adhere to the luminal wall?
Casts.
What is one possible etiology that causes hypoventilation (aka bradypnea)?
Increased pressure on respiratory center from an intracranial bleed.
What two treatments are used in cardiogenic shock?
Positive inotropes to increase contractility, and peripheral vasodilators to decrease afterload.
What is the presence of air in the pleural space (for example, from trauma) which can cause a lung to collapse?
A pneumothorax.
What is another name for croup?
Laryngotracheobronchitis.
What two conditions are an indicator of renal ischemia or tubule death and with the possibility of casts being present in the urine?
Acute tubular necrosis or an intra-renal acute kidney injury.
What are several signs and symptoms associated with a pleural effusion?
Chills, pyrexia, pleurisy (pleuritic pain) upon deep breaths, and hypopnea.
What is preload?
What comes to the ventricles before contraction (from venous return).
Which muscles used during inhalation is normal, but is abnormal during exhalation?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
What does BUN stand for?
Blood urea nitrogen.
What are inflammatory/infectious debris accumulate in alveoli and surrounding tissue called?
Infiltrates.
In which obstructive lung disease does chronic hypercapnia most often occur?
In chronic bronchitis.
What is the normal V/Q amount?
4 liters of ventilation over 5 liters of perfusion, equaling 0.8.
Is the “barrel chest” symptom one that occurs in emphysema or chronic bronchitis?
It occurs in emphysema.
If a patient is experiencing hyperphosphatemia due to CKD, how would this be treated?
With oral antacids so they can bind to phosphates and prevent their absorption.
Where do most venous disorders occur?
In the legs.
What is the hallmark sign of croup?
Stridor.
If a patient has depressed or absent gag, swallowing, and/or cough reflexes, which type of pneumonia are they at risk for?
Aspiration pneumonia.
What is a clot that develops on the wall of a vein, most of the time in deep veins (not usually surface veins) of thighs and calves called?
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
What are several signs and symptoms associated with pulmonary edema?
Cough, SOB, inspiratory rales, frothy-pink sputum, and hypoxemia.
What is a localized dilatation or outpouching of arterial vessel wall?
An aneurysm.
What is the presence of abnormal amounts of nitrogen and nitrogen-based compounds in the blood called?
Azotemia.
What is the most often cause of a hypercoagulable state?
Dehydration.
What is subjective sensation of not being able to get enough air?
Dyspnea.
What condition exists when a patient may be in chronic metabolic acidosis, anemic, and experience pruritus from high levels of urea in the blood?
Chronic kidney disease.
What are six signs and symptoms associated with emphysema?
Alveolar hyperinflation without elastic recoil, chronic hyperventilation, pursed-lip breathing, anorexia, and a barrel chest.
What are two ways to increase one’s level of HDLs?
Exercise and sometimes niacin.
Having CAD increases which two serum chemicals?
CRP and homocysteine (linked to worsening atherosclerosis).
What are two conditions that restrict the pleura?
Pleural effusion and pneumothorax.
What is the amount of blood ejected during every systole called?
Stroke volume.
What is another name for a closed pneumothorax?
A tension pneumothorax.
What is an autosomal recessive disease that causes abnormality in the chloride channel present on the surface of many types epithelial cells—airways, sweat ducts, pancreas?
Cystic fibrosis.
What are five factors that can lead to decreased contractility from RV weakness, leading to RHF?
Ischemia, MI, electrolyte disturbances, and/or HR/rhythm problems.
What happens to cardiac output with PADs?
Cardiac output is decreased with PAD.
Which blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries that is exerted when the heart is contracting and ejecting blood out to the arteries?
Systolic pressure.
What is the microbe that causes syphilis?
The spirochete Treponema pallidum.
What is another name for peripheral arterial disease?
Peripheral arterial insufficiency.
What disease has the signs and symptoms of inflammation of the larynx and bronchi with fever, increased RR, barking cough, stridor usually occurs in infants and children younger than 1 year old?
Croup.
What is almost always the cause of arterial insufficiency?
Atherosclerosis.
What is a disorder in which the coronary arteries are narrowed and/or occluded?
Coronary artery disease.
What condition consists of large, stiff, hyperinflated alveoli that have no elastic recoil, chronic hyperventilation, pursed-lip breathing, thin with no appetite, and a barrel chest?
Emphysema.
What are seven signs and symptoms specific to LHF?
Fatigue, asthenia, decreased LOC, hypotension, SOB, prolonged capillary refill, and oliguria.
What is the pressure issue that occurs in someone with pneumothorax?
The normal negative pressure of the lungs is disrupted, becoming the same of that of the atmosphere as air comes in.
What are two factors that contribute to venous congestion?
Gravity “winning”, and valve incompetence.
What are seven signs and symptoms associated with PADs?
Intermittent claudication, diminished/absent pulses, delayed capillary refill, delayed wound healing, pallor, no hair on legs, and oliguria.
The “lub” sound signifies what when listening to the heart?
The closure of the AV valves.
If a patient has an abnormally elevated serum BNP level, what diagnosis can be confirmed?
Heart failure.
What BP would be considered hypotension?
<90/<60.
Why does pruritus occur in patients with CKD?
Because the of urea deposition in the skin when the kidneys can get rid of it normally.
What are the four most common obstructive lung diseases?
Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis.
What changes would you see in the specific gravity of a patient with CKD?
A low specific gravity.
What are five treatments used in the treatment of venous problems?
Mobility, hydration, leg elevation, checks for skin breaks, and sometimes blood thinners.
What does a peak flow test measure?
How well a patient can force air out of their lungs.
What is the treatment for croup?
Cool mist and sometimes steroids.
What are six signs and symptoms of an asthma exacerbation?
Expiratory wheezing, accessory muscle use for exhaling, prolonged expirations, hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, and lower-than-normal PF.
What are two ways that ischemia to the cardiac cells affect cardiac function?
It causes negative inotropic influences and decreased cardiac output.
What are seven known factors that contribute to the development of CVI?
Aging, heredity, obesity, job-related issues, immobility, lack of muscular assistance, and sometimes pregnancy.
If epinephrine is consistently over-released, what effect does that have on the heart?
It increases HR and contractility considerably.
Who are those that are most likely to fall in Virchow’s triad?
Sedentary lifestyles, casts or other immobilizing devices, bed-ridden, wheelchair-bound, pregnant, obese, diuretics, certain hormone therapies (like BCPs), and pre-existing circulation issues.
Which seven signs and symptoms are associated with decreased cardiac output?
Fatigue, asthenia, mental status changes, hypotension, dyspnea, prolonged capillary refill, and oliguria.
What do blood tests look for to see if a patient is suffering from an acute myocardial infarction?
CK and troponin.
How is cardiac output calculated?
By multiplying the heart rate and the stroke volume.
What is the normal time for capillary refill (or nail blanching)?
A time equal to or less than two seconds.
What is endometriosis?
The presence of functioning endometrium outside the uterus.
What are sequelae of HTN and hypervolemia caused by RAAS over-activity?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of arterial smooth muscles, and intima damage of the arteries and arterioles.
The “dub” sound signifies what when listening to the heart?
The closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves.
What are six signs and symptoms seen in patients with lung cancer?
Pleural effusion, cough, hemoptysis, SOB, chest wall pain, and anorexia.
What are the two subcategories of someone with acute coronary syndrome?
Unstable angina and myocardial infarction.
In which form of COPD are you likely to destruction of the alveoli and the capillaries?
In emphysema.
What is the most common cause of atrial fibrillation?
When the myocardium has to endure long-term hypoxic strain or a chronic problem such as HF.
What condition exists when a patient will chronically have hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, possibly hypernatremia, and high serum levels of BUN and creatinine?
Chronic kidney disease.
What are three pathological causes of primary hypertension?
Atherosclerosis, overactivity of the SNS, and overactivity of the RAAS.
What is the organism that causes TB?
The Gram-neutral Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What are two commonalities of arterial disease in all parts of body?
Alteration in vasomotor tone (loss of flexibility and responsiveness), and non-patent lumen.
In which form of COPD are you more likely to see cor pulmonale?
In chronic bronchitis.
In which form of COPD are you likely to see an overall pink appearance?
In emphysema.
What is hypopnea?
Shallow breathing.
What is atelectasis?
Lung tissue collapse with the loss of volume.
What is hypoventilation?
A respiratory rate under 12 breaths per minute.
What are four treatments used to address stable angina?
Ones that maximize coronary patency, ones that decrease cardiac workload, NTG, and ASA.
Which type of COPD has chronic hyperventilation, emphysema or chronic bronchitis?
Emphysema.
