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Pathophysiologic Processes: Implications for Nursing > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two potential complications of immobility?

A

Pressure ulcers and muscular disuse atrophy.

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2
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A collection of symptoms.

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3
Q

What is the pressure exerted by all the solutes in a compartment known as?

A

Osmotic pressure.

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4
Q

What are five signs and symptoms seen in carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?

A

HA, giddiness, confusion, seizures, and coma.

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5
Q

What are three states that can cause hypopolarization?

A

Hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hypocalcemia.

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6
Q

A DNA molecule, made up by genes, forms into a specialized shape called a what?

A

A chromosome.

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7
Q

What is the name of one medication taken by mothers during early pregnancy that was known to cause abnormal legs and arms?

A

Thalidomide.

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8
Q

What are three causes of hypoproteinemia?

A

Liver diseases (like cirrhosis), malnutrition, and kidney diseases (like glomerulonephritis).

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9
Q

What is a decrease, or shrinkage, in cellular size?

A

Atrophy.

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10
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

A malignant cancer of glandular tissue.

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11
Q

What does the prefix “dorsal-“ mean?

A

Pertaining to the back.

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12
Q

In which locations of the body is gout most often seen?

A

The first metatarsal joint of the big toe or in the ankle joint.

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13
Q

What type of adaptation is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another type of less differentiated (less specialized) mature cell?

A

Metaplasia.

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14
Q

What is the most common cause for an increase in blood osmolality?

A

Loss of water.

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15
Q

What is the movement of water from one compartment to another via a semi-permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis.

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16
Q

Why do people with sickle cell anemia experience SOB?

A

Because the deformed Hgb cannot carry the usual amount of O2 and because of less RBCs due to anemia.

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17
Q

If a patient has a heterozygous genotype for an autosomal recessive disorder, what does this mean?

A

It means that person is a carrier, but will not be affected by the disease at all.

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18
Q

What are six common signs and symptoms seen in people suffering from any type of cancer?

A

Pain, fatigue (due to angiogenesis), cachexia, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

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19
Q

What is an abnormal mass of tissue called?

A

A tumor or neoplasm.

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20
Q

If a cancer has the suffix “blastoma”, what does this say about its origin?

A

That it began very early in development of any cell.

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21
Q

What is a leiomyoma?

A

A benign tumor of the smooth muscle.

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22
Q

What causes the signs and symptoms to occur in someone who has hemophilia?

A

A defect that blocks the normal creation of clotting factors.

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23
Q

What type of genetic disorder is Marfan Syndrome?

A

A single-gene, autosomal dominant disorder on chromosome 15.

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24
Q

What are the two components of the extracellular compartment?

A

The interstitial fluid and the plasma fluid compartment.

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25
Q

What is the key electrolyte that drives water movement?

A

Sodium (Na+).

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26
Q

Is a malignant tumor more likely to be well or poorly differentiated?

A

Poorly differentiated.

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27
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

Hormonal stimulation or an increased functional demand.

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28
Q

True or false, tonicity and salinity are interchangeable?

A

True.

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29
Q

What type of adaptation would BPH be considered?

A

Pathological hyperplasia.

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30
Q

What type of disease has abnormalities in glycogenesis or glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen storage disease.

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31
Q

What is one considerable byproduct of gluconeogenesis and why is it important?

A

Ketones, and they provide some energy, but they are acidic and cannot be used by brain cells.

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32
Q

The return to homeostasis after being challenged by a stressor is called what?

A

Compensation.

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33
Q

What does the prefix “ad-“ mean?

A

Increase, adherence, to, or toward.

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34
Q

What is the main intracellular anion that balances with Ca+ like a seesaw?

A

Phosphate (PO4-).

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35
Q

What are the five forms of cellular adaptation?

A

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia.

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36
Q

What is compensation?

A

The return to homeostasis after being challenged by a stressor.

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37
Q

What type of genetic disease is sickle cell anemia?

A

A single-gene, autosomal recessive disorder.

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38
Q

What are abnormalities that are either detectable at birth and/or can be attributed to fetal development “glitches” called?

A

Congenital defects.

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39
Q

What is clonal proliferation?

A

A rapid increase in growth and development in cells due to oncogenes.

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40
Q

What two hormones are released in response to hypervolemia and where are they released from?

A

The right atrium and left ventricle releases ANP and BNP to tell the kidneys to increase urination.

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41
Q

What are multifactorial genetic disorders?

A

Ones that result from a combination of environmental triggers and variations/mutations of genes, plus sometimes inherited tendencies.

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42
Q

What are six signs and symptoms expected to be seen in someone suffering from polycystic kidney disease?

A

Hematuria, proteinuria, frequent kidney infections, nephrolithiasis, and pain at costovertebral angles and abdomen.

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43
Q

What is a normal range for pCO2 in the human body?

A

35-45.

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44
Q

What is one risk factor of Down syndrome attributed to mothers?

A

Being over the age of 35 years.

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45
Q

How does cyanide injure the human body?

A

By inhibiting cytochrome oxidase.

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46
Q

What is a “new” DNA that results from purposefully combining two or more different sources of DNA?

A

Recombinant DNA.

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47
Q

What is another name for single-gene disorders?

A

Mendelian disorders.

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48
Q

What does N indicate in the staging of cancers?

A

The extent of lymph node involvement.

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49
Q

What is a collection of symptoms known as?

A

A syndrome.

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50
Q

What is the main cation in intracellular fluids?

A

Potassium (K+).

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51
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Adaptation that involves abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation.

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52
Q

What type of adaptation involves abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation?

A

Dysplasia.

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53
Q

What are two common signs and symptoms associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Memory loss and ataxia.

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54
Q

What are five signs and symptoms associated with Down syndrome?

A

Mental retardation, low-set ears, epicanthic fold to the eyes, macroglossia, and short limbs.

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55
Q

What are substances in the body produced by cancer cells or released by cancer-damaged tissue that can be found in blood, spinal fluid, or urine?

A

Tumor markers.

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56
Q

What does T indicate in the staging of cancers?

A

The size of the tumor.

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57
Q

What gene is affected in sickle cell anemia?

A

The Hgb-coding gene on chromosome 11.

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58
Q

What normal cellular function is known to create free radicals?

A

The electron transport chain.

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59
Q

What is the name of a condition or event that triggers a pathological event or disorder?

A

A precipitating factor.

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60
Q

What is an enzyme found in most muscle cells (including the heart) that catalyzes transference of phosphate groups back and forth between ADP and ATP?

A

Creatine kinase.

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61
Q

What are two copies of a gene at the same locus called?

A

Alleles.

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62
Q

Which two solutes most commonly affect fluid shifts by their loss?

A

Sodium (Na+), and proteins.

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63
Q

What is a sequela?

A

Any abnormal condition that follows and is the result of disease, injury, or treatment.

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64
Q

What is a type of genetic disorder that results from alterations to the numbers or structure of a chromosome, which in turn alters the “local” genes?

A

Chromosomal disorders.

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65
Q

What is oxygen deprivation to cells (hypoxia) due to decrease in arterial circulation to the area known as?

A

Ischemia.

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66
Q

Which four hormones are normally released in response to hypoglycemia?

A

Epinephrine, cortisol, GH, and glucagon.

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67
Q

What is any abnormal condition that follows and is the result of disease, injury, or treatment?

A

Sequela.

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68
Q

If a patient is experiencing large amounts of emesis, which acid/base sequela would you expect to see?

A

Metabolic alkalosis.

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69
Q

What are single-gene disorders usually due to?

A

An inherited mutated gene.

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70
Q

What are two vitamins that have significant antioxidant properties?

A

Vitamins C and E.

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71
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal body have?

A

23 pairs.

72
Q

What is a harmful condition of the body (and/or mind) called?

A

A disease.

73
Q

What are the combinations of alleles representing recessive and dominant genes known as?

A

The genotype.

74
Q

What does the prefix “ab-“ mean?

A

From, away from, or off.

75
Q

What is the cause of a disease including all factors that contribute to the development of that disease called?

A

Its etiology.

76
Q

What are alleles?

A

Two copies of a gene at the same locus.

77
Q

What is the normal tonicity of the blood?

A

0.9%.

78
Q

What kind of relationship do calcium ions share with sodium ions?

A

An inverse one.

79
Q

What is a disturbance in the healthiness of the body called?

A

A disorder.

80
Q

Why does hypocalcemia result in hypopolarization?

A

Because it causes cell membranes to be more permeable to sodium ions.

81
Q

What is an alteration in mobility as a result of an acute (recent surgery, bone fracture, pneumonia, or new disease state) or chronic illness (sequela from a stroke/BA or long-standing disease) called?

A

Immobility.

82
Q

What are several, five, pathological ways patients can lose water, causing hyperosmolar blood?

A

Inadequate intake, emesis, diarrhea, diabetes, and Addison’s.

83
Q

What is low BP combines with the signs and symptoms of not getting enough blood to different parts of the body?

A

Shock.

84
Q

What are the two main sequelae of hypoxia in cellular-level function?

A

ATP deficiency which interrupts normal electrical cell-membrane status, and acidosis from anaerobic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

85
Q

Why do people with sickle cell anemia experience ischemic pain, especially in the joints?

A

Because the deformed RBCs “clog up” the capillaries in the body’s vasculature.

86
Q

If a fluid has a high osmolality, will the osmotic pressure be high or low?

A

The osmotic pressure will be high if the osmolality is high.

87
Q

What is a syndrome that includes anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, asthenia, altered cellular metabolism due to cancer?

A

Cachexia.

88
Q

What is abnormal cell death called?

A

Necrosis.

89
Q

What are some CNS symptoms one might expect to see in someone with B-to-T fluid shifts?

A

Restlessness, confusion, unconsciousness, and seizures.

90
Q

What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluids?

A

Sodium (Na+).

91
Q

What are three states that can cause hyperpolarization?

A

Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hypercalcemia.

92
Q

What are five nursing interventions to be carried out in treatment of immobility?

A

Frequent repositioning, encouragement of early activity/ambulation, skin check, adequate nutrition, and education about risks of immobility.

93
Q

What would be a simple compensatory mechanism for hypovolemia?

A

The heart rate would increase to get blood around faster temporarily.

94
Q

What type of adaptation involves abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation?

A

Dysplasia.

95
Q

What are genetic abnormalities that are found in some people that predict odds of having certain types of cancers known as?

A

Genetic markers.

96
Q

What are the two most common mechanisms that cause blood osmolality to fall?

A

Excess water, and loss of solutes.

97
Q

What is the study of the underlying changes in body physiology that result from disease or injury called?

A

Pathophysiology.

98
Q

What medical prefix has the meaning from, away from, or off?

A

Ab-.

99
Q

What medical prefix has the meaning increase, adherence, to, or toward?

A

Ad-.

100
Q

What are signs and symptoms that might occur in someone with a glycogen storage disease?

A

Myasthenia and cramps during exercise due to a lack of energy reserves.

101
Q

What does the body use to achieve compensation?

A

Control mechanisms, also known as compensatory mechanisms.

102
Q

What is the position off a gene on a chromosome called?

A

Its locus.

103
Q

Is the condition of lymphoma considered benign or malignant?

A

Malignant despite its “-oma” prefix.

104
Q

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

Excess accumulation of H+, not enough urinary H+ excretion, not enough HCO3 produced, or too much urinary HCO3 excretion.

105
Q

What are clinical manifestations?

A

The demonstration of the presence of a sign and/or symptom of a disease.

106
Q

What does the renal system do in response to respiratory acidosis?

A

The kidneys will increase their production of HCO3 as a buffer.

107
Q

What is one compensatory mechanism to correct fluid overload?

A

The natriuretic peptide system.

108
Q

What type of genetic disease is polycystic kidney disease?

A

A single-gene, autosomal dominant disorder.

109
Q

What is the maintenance of constant conditions in the body’s internal environment known as?

A

Homeostasis.

110
Q

What is a precipitating factor?

A

A condition or event that triggers a pathological event or disorder.

111
Q

What are interferons?

A

They are small glycoproteins (cytokines) produced in response to viral infection and inhibit viral replication.

112
Q

Is atrophy of the thymus in early in development considered pathologic or physiologic?

A

Physiologic.

113
Q

If someone were talking about the Philadelphia chromosome, what kind of disorder would this be?

A

A structural disorder due to translocation.

114
Q

What kind of disease is McArdle’s disease?

A

An autosomal recessive, glycogen-storage disease.

115
Q

What is a disorder?

A

A disturbance in the healthiness of the body.

116
Q

What two neurological issues are associated with beriberi?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and paresthesia.

117
Q

What is the predicted outcome of a disease based on certain factors?

A

A prognosis.

118
Q

If a cancer has the suffix “sarcoma”, what does this say about its origin?

A

That it began in connective tissues.

119
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

A type of adaptation involves increases in the number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division.

120
Q

What is a term used to refer to cells that are poorly differentiated or have a loss of differentiation?

A

Anaplasia.

121
Q

What are signs and symptoms associated with a local issue?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, rash, and lymphadenopathy.

122
Q

What is the difference between an iatrogenic and a nosocomial problem?

A

Iatrogenic results from medical treatment, while nosocomial results from being in a hospital environment.

123
Q

What are some pulmonary symptoms one might expect to see in someone with B-to-T fluid shifts?

A

Rales, SOB, cough, and pulmonary edema.

124
Q

What word refers specifically to the protein molecules and is the exact same principle as osmotic pressure?

A

Oncotic pressure.

125
Q

What is a segment of a DNA molecule that is composed of an ordered sequence of nucleotide bases?

A

A gene.

126
Q

No matter the way a cell is injured, what is almost always the result of that injury?

A

Some level of disruption to the cell’s metabolic pathway.

127
Q

If a person is experiencing anxiety and hyperventilating, which acid/base sequela would you expect to see?

A

Respiratory alkalosis.

128
Q

If a cancer has the suffix “carcinoma”, what does this say about its origin?

A

That it began in the epithelium or in glandular tissue.

129
Q

What are three causes of hypervolemia?

A

Excessive fluid intake, low output (renal failure), and SIADH.

130
Q

What are the challenges to the body’s balance sometimes called?

A

Stressors.

131
Q

What are signs and symptoms associated with a systemic issue?

A

Fever, urticaria, malaise, and systemic lymphadenopathy.

132
Q

Why do most X-linked disorders occur in males than in females?

A

Because women have two X chromosomes while men only have one.

133
Q

What type of genetic disease is hemophilia?

A

A single-gene, sex-linked recessive disorder.

134
Q

Which cancer is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?

A

Chronic myeloid leukemia.

135
Q

What are three signs and symptoms associated with hyperketonemia?

A

Ketoacidosis, ketonuria, and acetone breath.

136
Q

What metaplasia happens to the epithelia of a smoker’s lungs?

A

The normal columnar ciliated epithelia is replaced with stratified squamous epithelia.

137
Q

What are the main function of genes?

A

Coding for synthesis of proteins that form our traits and functional characteristics.

138
Q

What is the study of functions and processes that occur in body, mostly the NORMAL processes?

A

Physiology.

139
Q

What are four signs and symptoms expected to be seen in someone suffering from sickle cell anemia?

A

SOB, asthenia, fatigue, and ischemic pain (especially in the joints).

140
Q

What is the sequence of cellular and tissues events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease called?

A

Pathogenesis.

141
Q

What is either a temporary or permanent process of accommodating to a new situation the body is undergoing, or creating a new state to accommodate changes in environment or situation?

A

Adaptation.

142
Q

What is another name for the four hormones that are released in response to hypoglycemia?

A

Stress or counterregulatory hormones.

143
Q

What two nutritional deficiencies are normally seen in alcoholics?

A

Iron deficiency (causing anemia) and B-vitamin deficiency.

144
Q

What is an alteration to the numbers of chromosomes known as?

A

Aneuploidy.

145
Q

What is the name of the “normal death” of cells?

A

Apoptosis.

146
Q

What is cell death (necrosis) that is specifically caused by lack of arterial blood supply to an area called?

A

An infarction.

147
Q

What does RAAS stand for?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

148
Q

What is the multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population?

A

Cell proliferation.

149
Q

If the body is unable to appropriately meet the challenge of stressors, what is the name for the body’s failure to compensate, adapt, heal, etc.?

A

Decompensation.

150
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45.

151
Q

What is one way the body naturally handles free radicals?

A

With the enzyme superoxide dismutase.

152
Q

What are six signs and symptoms associated with cyanide (and other poisons) toxicity?

A

HA, emesis, agitation, confusion, and eventually respiratory problems and death.

153
Q

What is another name for hypovitaminosis B1?

A

Beriberi.

154
Q

What is another name for Down syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21.

155
Q

What are seven known generators of free radicals in humans?

A

Senescence, environmental pollutants, drugs and alcohol abuse, radiation damage, foods high in preservatives, and charred meat.

156
Q

What gene is affected in polycystic kidney disease?

A

One on chromosome 16 (85% of the cases) that results in abnormal creation of kidney tissue, (15% due to chromosome 4).

157
Q

What is a disease with an unidentifiable cause?

A

Idiopathic.

158
Q

What is a disease?

A

A harmful condition of the body (and/or mind).

159
Q

What are four of the most common etiologies that cause alterations in cellular-level function?

A

Hypoxia, malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, and fluid distribution changes.

160
Q

If a patient has a disorder that takes gluconeogenesis to an extreme, what might they have?

A

Type I diabetes mellitus.

161
Q

What are the two functions that result from angiotensin II’s presence?

A

Stimulating peripheral vasoconstriction, and increasing aldosterone secretion.

162
Q

What represents the ability of a gene to express its function?

A

Penetrance.

163
Q

When does an autosomal recessive disorder occur?

A

When a mutated (“diseased”), recessive gene partners up with an allele that is also recessive & diseased (homozygous recessive).

164
Q

What is the gene-gene interaction in which a gene in one locus masks the phenotypic effects of a gene at a different locus known as?

A

Epistasis.

165
Q

Why does diarrhea occur in some intestinal infections?

A

Because a microbe disrupts the integrity of the walls of the capillaries, causing water to leak from the capillaries into the intestinal lumen.

166
Q

What is the name of the syndrome that occurs because toxicity of alcohol causes gene mutations during gestational development?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

167
Q

What is any influence that causes congenital defects known as?

A

A teratogen.

168
Q

If needing to tell a patient to avoid foods with purines, what three foods/drinks would you tell them to avoid?

A

Red meats, cream sauces, and red wine.

169
Q

What type of adaptation involves increases in the number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division?

A

Hyperplasia.

170
Q

What four neurologic signs and symptoms would you expect to see in someone who is dehydrated?

A

Restlessness, confusion, unconsciousness, and seizures.

171
Q

What are seven signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficiency in infants?

A

Sunken eyes, oliguria, sunken fontanels, change in urine concentration, poor skin turgor, and sometimes hypotension and CNS abnormalities.

172
Q

Which three conditions are known to make the kidneys secrete renin?

A

High blood osmolality, hypovolemia due to hemorrhage, or hypotension.

173
Q

What is one condition that normally suppresses the activity of the RAAS?

A

Hypervolemia.

174
Q

What type of adaptation involves increases in size of cells and consequently size of organ?

A

Hypertrophy.

175
Q

What does M indicate in the staging of cancers?

A

Metastasis.

176
Q

What does the prefix “ventral-“ mean?

A

Pertaining to the front side.

177
Q

What is a type of protein molecule only found in heart muscle?

A

Troponin.

Pathophysiologic Processes: Implications for Nursing (5 decks)

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