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Psychology 322 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

When situational factors appear:
Weak: attribute behavior to internal causes
Strong: attribute behavior to external causes

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2
Q

Overjustification

A

Rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation

However, rewards undermine basic intrinsic motivation only when the contingency between the rewards and behavior is clear (when rewards are: expected, salient, controlling, large )

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3
Q

Self-schemas

A

generalization about the self, derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information
A person will develop a self-schema for each domain of behavior that they view as important

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4
Q

Effects of self-schemas

A

Facilitate processing of info that is congruent with other schemas
Provide readily accessible memories of behavior that is congruent with schemas
Foster expectations that future behavior will be congruent with the schemas
Predispose individuals to reject info that is incongruent with the schemas

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5
Q

Social comparison theory

A

We all have a need to evaluate our abilities and opinions
When direct evidence is lacking or inadequate, we will compare ourselves to similar others
We are motivated to come out favorably in the comparison

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6
Q

Motivations underlying various kinds of social comparisons/ contacts

A

Self-evaluation- with similar others
Self-enhancement- downward with others who are less able or less fortunate
Self-improvement- upward with others who are more able and more fortunate

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7
Q

Social cognition

A

processing information about others

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8
Q

Impression formation

A 
Primacy effects
- Assimilation of meaning
Central traits
Trait negativity bias
Cognitive priming
Information integration
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9
Q

Primacy effects

A

the first info we learn about someone has the greatest impact on our overall impression of that person

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10
Q

Assimilation of meaning

A

first info provides a context for interpreting subsequent info

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11
Q

Central traits

A

imply more about a person than do other traits

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12
Q

Trait negativity bias

A

negative info weighed most heavily

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13
Q

Cognitive priming

A

recent thoughts readily come to mind and carry great weight when forming impressions of others

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14
Q

Information integration

A

when combining the info that we learn about others more likely to average than add

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15
Q

Social schemas

A

generalized networks of info that influence perception, inferences, and memories
Based on:
Experience
Context

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16
Q

Types of social schemas

A
  • Person: about a specific person or personality type
    Self: about oneself
  • Role: about a social category of people- can become stereotypes
  • Events (scripts): about the typical sequence of events in familiar social occasions
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17
Q

Attribution

A

an explanation for a behavior
We all engage in “naive psychology”- readily explain the causes of behavior without conducting careful studies into the matter

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18
Q

Personal attribution

A

attribute an action to the characteristics of the actor (AKA dispositional, internal)

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19
Q

Situational attribution

A

attribute an action to the situation in which it occurred (AKA contextual, external)

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20
Q

Correspondent inferences

& when are they likely

A

infer that a behavior corresponds with a personality trait (personal attribution)
Likely when the behavior:
- Appears to be freely chosen- as opposed to compelled by the situation
- Is unexpected (has socially undesirable effects)
- Departs from the norm
- Has a noncommon (distinctive) effect

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21
Q

Kelley’s covariation theory

A

the type of attribution made depends on covariation of 3 kinds of info:

  1. Distinctiveness
  2. Consistency
  3. Consensus
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22
Q

Predictions in Kelley’s Covariation Theory

A 
Make situational attributions when:
- Distinctiveness is high
- Consistency is high
- Consensus is high
Make personal attributions when:
- Distinctiveness is low
- Consistency is high
- Consensus is low
Make transient attributions when consistency low
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23
Q

Kelley’s Discounting Principle

A

The role of a given cause in producing a given effect is discounted if other plausible causes are also present

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24
Q

Attribution biases

A

in some circumstances we reliably make attributions in a biased manner

25
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A
  • Attribute our own behavior to situational causes
  • Attribute other peoples’ behavior to personal causes
  • Often referred to as the fundamental attribution error (or bias)
26
Q

Why does Actor-Observer Bias occur?

A
  • Available information
    People know more about themselves than they do about others. Therefore, they are more likely to know that their own behavior differs depending on the situation
  • Focus of attention
    For the actor the situation is salient, whereas for the observer the actor is salient
27
Q

Cultural difference in attribution

A

individualistic is more prone to actor-observer bias than collectivist societies

28
Q

False consensus effect

A

People assume that:

  • Others think and act the same way they do
  • Their own thoughts and actions are the most appropriate
  • — Therefore, thoughts and actions that differ from one’s own are viewed as
  • —–Uncommon and inappropriate
  • ——Revealing about the actor’s personality traits
29
Q

Why does false consensus effect occur?

A

Selective exposure: people seek out the company of similar others
Availability heuristic: people tend to overestimate the likelihood of things that readily come to mind; our own opinions are readily available

30
Q

Defensive attributions

A

People tend to make negative personal attributions about victims of unfortunate circumstances
Because:
- We do not want to believe that we will experience bad outcomes
- Therefore, we are motivated to believe that our personal traits differ from those of unfortunate others

31
Q

Just world assumption

A

It is comforting to think that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
Therefore, there is a tendency to derogate innocent victims
Ex: rape victims

32
Q

Types of relationships

A
  • Exchange: expect and desire reciprocity of benefits (rewards minus costs); characteristic of superficial relationships
  • Communal: expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other’s needs; characteristic of close relationships
33
Q

Attachment styles

A
  1. secure
  2. anxious
  3. avoidant
34
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Analogy: people as commodities in an interpersonal marketplace
Assumption- people try to obtain the most profitable outcomes for themselves by:
Maximizing their rewards (ex: being supported, valued, liked)
Minimizing their costs (ex: time and effort, hurt feelings, opportunity costs)
- CL and CLalt)

35
Q

Comparison Level (CL)

A

a personal standard for evaluating satisfaction with a relationship
Based on past experience in relationships

36
Q

Comparison Level for Alternatives (CLalt)

A

a standard for evaluating the relative value of a relationship
Based on comparison of the outcomes in a current relationship with potential outcomes from alternative relationships

37
Q

Propositions for Social Exchange Theory

A
  • People are satisfied with their relationships when their outcomes meet or exceed their CLs
  • People will continue relationships when their outcomes meet or exceed their CLalts
  • People will discontinue relationships when their outcomes fall below their CLalts
38
Q

Investment Model

A

Commitment to a relationship depends not only on how rewarding it is and the attractiveness of available alternative relationships, but also on the amount an individual feels he or she has invested in it

39
Q

Equity Theory

A

people are most concerned about receiving fair outcomes relative to their partners
(* perceived equity)

40
Q

Social Penetration

A

relationships become closer as the breadth and depth of self-disclosures increase
- tends to follow norm of reciprocity

41
Q

Stages of social penetration

A

Orientation
Exploratory affective changes
Affective exchanges
Stable exchange

42
Q

Factors for interpersonal attraction

A

similarity
reciprocity
proximity
physical attractiveness

43
Q

Similarity

A

breeds attraction
True for almost any dimension
Phantom other technique
Dissimilarity repulsing

44
Q

Reciprocity

A

we like people who like us
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Exception to the rule:
- Gain loss or “law of marital infidelity”

45
Q

Gain loss or “law of marital infidelity”

A

constant compliments from another person can get tiresome and lose their impact

46
Q

Proximity

A

we tend to like people who are near us
- Physically- actual distance
- Functionally- likely to notice or interact
Because of mere exposure

47
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A

physically attractive people are liked better than less attractive

48
Q

What is beautiful?

A

Certain facial features
Why? Evolution
Symmetrical faces
Good-looking people because overall configuration of faces comes close to the average of all faces

49
Q

Why are faces with the most average features most attractive?

A
  • Biological: natural selection should favor characteristics that are close to the mean, because extreme traits are more likely to have been produced by genetic mutations that are maladaptive
  • Cognitive: attractive faces are prototypical of faces in general- so they may be easier to process and seem more familiar than unattractive faces
50
Q

What kind of difference is there between liking and loving?

A

a qualitative difference

51
Q

Liking scale

A

Attraction
Similarity
Respect

52
Q

Loving scale

A

Attachment
Caring
Intimacy

53
Q

Companionate love

A

the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined

  • Involves affection, warmth, caring, mutual self-disclosure
  • Develops gradually, through shared experiences
  • Greater intensity and more independence than liking
  • Stable and enduring
54
Q

Passionate love

A

intense longing for union

  • Emotional roller coaster with peaks and valleys
  • Cognitive indicators- preoccupation, idealization, fantasy
  • Short-lived, difficult to sustain over time
  • Can be fueled by misattributed arousal (excitation transfer)
55
Q

Sternberg’s components of love

A

Intimacy (warm)
Passion (hot)
Commitment (cold)

56
Q

Research using triangular theory of love

A 
Use triangles to characterize love
- Size = intensity
- Shape = type
Types of triangles:
- Real, perceived, ideal
- Self, other
- Thought, action
Most important match: between perceived-other and ideal-other triangles
57
Q

Article 5- The Warm-Cold Variable in First Impressions of Persons

A
  • Central organizing trait: one that is important in influencing the impressions we form
  • “Warm” condition rated person more favorably than “cold” condition
  • Larger portion of those in “warm” condition participated than those in “cold” condition
  • Greater interaction in “warmth” condition
58
Q

Article 6- Indirect Detection of Deception

A

Lie detection may be more accurate when people look at how a person’s behavior changed (indirect deception) rather when asked to determine whether or not the person was lying

  • Those in indirect group were significantly more accurate in classifying liars than those in direct group
  • Indirect group had more confidence in decisions
59
Q

Article 21- The ability to Judge the Romantic Interest of Others

A
  • Hypothesis: individuals will be able to accurately predict others’ interest in themselves and in third parties
    Women’s intentions will be more difficult to read
    Data supported the hypothesis:
  • Observers able to assess dating interest of others at above-chance levels, and length of time required to do so was brief
  • Easier for observers to gauge male intentions than women’s intentions
  • Length of time spent watching has no effect
  • Video-clip locations has effect
  • Those in a relationship better at predicting

Psychology 322 (4 decks)

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