Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 322 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Conditions necessary to show cause and effect

A

Covariation
Time-order
Control of extraneous variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mundane realism

A

degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Experimental realism

A

degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Experimenter expectancy effects

A

biased results inadvertently brought about by the expectations of an experimenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Demand characteristics

A

cues that lead participants to believe that certain behaviors are expected of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why use deception?

A

To get spontaneous reactions

To enhance experimental realism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

primary responsibility is to protect participants (physically and psychologically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meta-analysis

A

More sophisticated than a narrative literature review

Find all studies bearing on an issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conformity

A

modifying thoughts and actions to bring them in line with the thoughts and actions of others
(doing what others do, perceiving as others perceive, thinking what others think)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do people conform?

A

Informational influence

Normative influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Informational influence

A

influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Normative influence

A

influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Social norms

A

Society’s implicit rules for appropriate behavior

Develop spontaneously but then are adhered to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Private conformity

A

change minds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Public conformity

A

superficial change, minds not actually changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gender differences in conformity

A

Early studies showed that females conformed more than males

  • Socialization: traditionally females are brought up to be more cooperative and less independent than are males
  • Confidence: people may conform less to an incorrect majority when they are confident in their opinion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Idiosyncrasy credits

A

minorities can build credibility by first conforming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Behavioral style (minority influence)

A

a minority maintains its position despite all attempts by the majority to change its view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Individualistic

A

highest values are independence, autonomy, and self-reliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Collectivist

A

highest values are interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony
more conforming than those in individualistic cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compliance

A

doing as others ask or accepting offers; changes in behavior elicited by direct requests
More explicit than conformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Compliance due to guilt

A

because people comply to make up for misdeeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

obligation to repay a kindness

24
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

Get someone to agree to a small request to increase the likelihood that the person will later comply to a large request
Works because of self-perception (“I am the type of person who does this kind of thing”)

25
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

Make an initial request that is so large that it is sure to be rejected (the door in the face) and then come back with a second, more reasonable request
Works because of reciprocal concessions (the second request seems reasonable after the first large request) & perceptual contrast

26
Q

Low-ball technique

A

make low cost request, get the person to commit to the requested action, raise the cost of the requested action
Works because the person feels committed to the low-ball request

27
Q

That’s-not-all technique

A

offer a product with a high price, before the customer is allowed to respond, lower the price or add a bonus product

28
Q

Legitimizing small donations or getting more by asking for less

A

suggest (legitimize) a small contribution to elicit a donation

29
Q

Obedience

A

behavior change produced by the commands of authority

30
Q

Milgram’s study

A

to understand destructive obedience

31
Q

Factors of obedience

A
  1. authority
  2. proximity of the victim
  3. procedure
    - Participants led to feel relieved of personal responsibility
    - Gradual escalation in small increments
    - Participants found themselves in a novel situation, unimaginable, like no other they have been in before
    - Quickly paced
32
Q

Social impact theory

A

theory that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons relative to target persons

33
Q

In groups people typically:

A

Interact over a period of time
Have a “we” feeling (cohesiveness)
Have roles
Have common goals

34
Q

Collectives

A

people just happen to be in the same place at the same time

35
Q

Social Facilitation

A

enhanced performance brought about by “the sight and sound of others doing the same thing”

36
Q

Co-acting

A

sufficient conditions for the energizing effects of the presence of others
in social facilitation

37
Q

Reformulation of social facilitation

A

Observed: presence of others tends to:
Facilitate performance on SIMPLE tasks
Impair performance on COMPLEX tasks

38
Q

Social Loafing

A

“A decrease in individual effort due to the presence of other persons” (Latane)
Coordination loss

39
Q

Conditions in which social loafing is NOT likely to occur

A
  • Individual performance is identifiable and can be compared and evaluated
  • Group performance can be compared and evaluated
  • The group task is challenging, personally involving, or potentially rewarding
  • Each group member has a unique and important role
40
Q

Deindividuation

A

“individuals act as if they were submerged in the group”

Brings about a “reduction of inner restraints”

41
Q

Deindividuation antecedents

A

group or crowd, anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, arousal

42
Q

Deindividuation psychological state

A

characterized by:
Reduced self-awareness
Reduced self-regulation

43
Q

Deindividuation consequent behaviors

A

impulsive, irrational, repressive, highly intense, not under stimulus control, counternormative

44
Q

Nominal groups

A

aggregates of individual performances that are formed after data are collected
-Matches number of individual problem solvers to the number of members in real groups

45
Q

Why do real groups fail to outperform nominal groups?

A

Process loss- difficulty coordinating efforts

46
Q

Process loss

A

difficulty coordinating efforts

  • Group members speaking at the same time cannot listen to one another
  • By waiting for others to speak, group members may forget their own ideas
47
Q

Brainstorming

A

idea with goal to spark creative problem solving

  • brainstorming groups only about ½ as effective as the same number of individuals working alone
  • process loss
48
Q

Does brainstorming ever lead to more productivity than the same number of individuals working alone?

A

Not in most circumstances

One situation in which it may be effective (productive): electronic brainstorming
-Perhaps because it is not as susceptible to process loss

49
Q

Risky shift

A

group decisions were generally riskier (bolder) than individual decisions

50
Q

Problems with Risky Shift

A

On some items groups were more cautious than individuals

Group shifts occur on items having nothing to do with risk

51
Q

Group polarization

A

group decisions are typically in the same direction as, but are more extreme than, individual decisions
Occurs because of:
-Persuasive arguments: most arguments will be in the direction of the initial learning
-Social comparison: want to be as good as or better than the average

52
Q

Groupthink

A

ill-advised decision making; group members too readily reach a consensus
Likely to occur in groups that:
- Are cohesive
- Have a direct leader
- Are under stress- pressure to make a decision
- Are homogeneous
- Are insulated from outside influence
- Lack a procedure for generating and appraising options

53
Q

Social dilemmas

A

what seems good for the individual’s self-interest is bad for the common good

54
Q

What contributes to motivation to compete in social dilemmas?

A

Fear: of being exploited
Greed: desire to maximize individual outcomes

55
Q

Negotiation

A

often do not lead to optimal results (integrative agreements)

  • See conflict as a fixed sum situation- any gain for one side is seen as a loss for the other side
  • Do not communicate well with the other side
56
Q

Individualistic cultures

A

cultures emphasize direct communication, confrontation, and rationality

57
Q

Collectivist cultures

A

emphasize indirect communication, avoidance of conflict and emotion

Psychology 322 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions