Test #3 Flashcards
1
Q
codon
A
- set of 3 nucleotides of mRNA that codes for the placement of an amino acid during translation
- humans have 64
2
Q
start codon
A
tells ribosome where the beginning of the gene is
3
Q
stop codon
A
tells the ribosome when to stop
4
Q
promotor sequence
A
specific sequences of DNA nucleotides that RNA polymerase uses to find a protein-coding region of DNA and to identify which of the two DNA strands is the coding strand
5
Q
terminator sequence
A
DNA sequences that indicate when RNA polymerase should finish making an RNA molecule
6
Q
anticodon
A
trio of bases in the tRNA that is involved in base-pairing
7
Q
gene
A
- section of DNA that codes for a protein or pieces of RNA and determines traits
- able to replicate by directing the manufacture of copies of themselves
- can get mutated
- stores information that determines the characteristics of cells and organisms
- uses information to direct synthesis of a protein
8
Q
polyribosome
A
a cluster of ribosomes held together by a strand of mRNA that each ribosome is translating
9
Q
intron
A
sequences of mRNA that do not code for a protein
10
Q
exon
A
sequences of mRNA that codes for a protein
11
Q
mutation
A
any change in the DNA sequences of an organism
12
Q
transposon
A
a non-protein coding DNA
13
Q
transcription
A
- process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA
- RNA polymerase “reads” the DNA and attaches to it and begins to build a new protein
- beings when the enzyme separates the two strands of DNA
- exposes the nitrogen bases so one strand can be “read”
14
Q
translation
A
- process of using information in RNA to direct protein synthesis by attaching amino acids to one another
- imitation is when the start codon, AUG, ends the tRNA
- elongation is when the amino acid chain is growing, every time the ribosome works through a series a new amino acid is added
- termination is when the amino acid chain is done growing when it reaches a stop codon and the protein detaches from the ribosome
15
Q
how information is stored in DNA (genetic code)
A
- 3 bases equal one amino acid
- amino acids attach to grow a chain that turns into a protein
16
Q
describe the general structure of a gene
A
promotor–>exon1–>intron1–>exon2–>intron2–>exon3
17
Q
mRNA
A
messenger RNA, carries the blueprint for making the necessary protiens
18
Q
rRNA
A
ribosomal RNA, involved in the assembly of proteins
19
Q
tRNA
A
transfer RNA, moves a specific amino acid into a ribosome to make a protein
20
Q
chromosomal aberration
A
major change in DNA that can be observed at the level of the chromosome that can cause harm, especially during fetal development (deletions, inversion, translocation, and duplication)
21
Q
deletion
A
CA, broken piece of DNA becomes lost or destroyed before its reattached
22
Q
inversion
A
CA, occurs when a chromosome is broken and a piece becomes reattached to its original chromosome, but flipped
23
Q
translocation
A
CA, one broken segment of DNA becomes integrated into a different chromosome
24
Q
duplication
A
CA, portion of a chromosomes is replicated and attached to the original
25
point mutation
change in a single nucleotide of the DNA sequence (silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift)
26
silent mutation
PM, nucleotide change that results in either the placements of the same amino acid or a different amino acid, but does not change function of a protein
27
missense mutation
PM, causes the wrong amino acid to be used in making a protein
28
nonsense mutation
PM, causes a ribosome to stop protein synthesis by introducing a stop codon early
29
frameshift mutation
PM, occurs when insertions or deletions cause the ribosome to read the wrong sets of 3 nucleotides
30
McClintock
- studied Indian corn
- found the location of certain genes
- transposons which is a mechanism that can change DNA
- American geneticist
31
Beadle and Tatum
"one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis
32
Lacks
- diagnosed with cervical cancer
- sample of her cells were taken
- cells used to develop polio vaccines, cancer research, virus infections, AIDS, effects of radiation, and cell cloning
33
explain the phrase "dissolves like"
- refers to polar and non polar solvents and solutes
| - ex water is polar, oil is non polar, water won't dissolve oil
34
implications and ethical questions raised by genetic engineering techniques
- Are genetically modified plants truly not harmful to humans?
- What happens if we become totally dependent on GMOs?
35
recombinant DNA
DNA that has been formed artificially by combing constituents from different organisms
36
genetic engineering
manipulating DNA for our benefit
37
biotechnology
using organisms for our benefit
38
cloning
replicate (a fragment of DNA placed in an organism) so that there is enough to analyze or use in protein production
39
restriction endonuclease
an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases
40
DNA ligase
enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphate bond
41
gene mapping
a method used to identify that locus of a gene and the distances between genes
42
gene therapy
the translation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones to correct genetic disorders
43
DNA fingerprinting
the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids, especially when conducted to identify individuals
44
gel electrophoresis
a lab method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or protein according to molecular size
45
polymerase chain reaction
technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders o magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence
46
importance of cell division
- growth and development
- repair
- maintenance
- reproduction
47
mitosis
process that results in equal and identical distribution of replicated chromosomes into two newly formed nuclei (nuclear division)
48
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells (cell division)
49
interphase
stage of the cell cycle during which the cell engages in normal metallic activities and prepares for the next cell division (ex photosynthesis and cellular respiration)
50
G1 interphase
- cell gathers nutrients and other resources from the environment
- allows growth in volume and carry out metabolic roles
51
S interphase
DNA replication occurs
52
G2 interphase
- makes microtubule proteins to help with cell division
- membrane is still intact and nucleolus is still visible
- centrioles replicate
53
G0 interphase
cell is not going to divide
54
Prophase
- first and longest stage of mitosis
- chromosomes condense and become visible
- nucleoli "disappear"
- spindle and spindle fibers form
55
Prometaphase
- second stage of mitosis
- nuclear envelope fragments "disappear"
- chromosomes connect to spindle and "jiggle about"
56
Metaphase
- third stage of mitosis
- chromosomes align at the equatorial plane
- spindle is complete
57
Anaphase
- fourth and shortest stage of mitosis
- membrane is still absent and spindle extending pole to pole
- cohesion proteins are cleaved/chromosomes separate
- daughter chromosomes being moving toward opposite poles via motor proteins
58
Telophase
- final stage of mitosis
- spindle fibers break down
- nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes become invisible
- nucleolus reforms
- chromosomes arrive at poles
59
differentiation
- cell that has become a certain type
| - ex skin cells, stomach cells, blood cells
60
centromere
sequence of bases at the site where sister chromosomes are attached
61
chromatid
1 of 2 parallel parts of a chromosome
62
cleavage furrow
indentation of the plasma membrane that pinches in toward the center of the cell, eventually splitting it
63
plant plant
forms at the center of the cell and grows out to the plasma membrane, marks the completion of mitosis and 1 round of cell division
64
binary fission
type of asexual reproduction
65
diploid
cell that has 2 complete sets of genetic information
66
haploid
cell that has 1 complete set of genetic information
67
gamete
general term for reproductive cells like egg and sperm
68
zygote
original single cell that results form an egg and sperm
69
homologous chromosomes
have the same order of genes along their DNA
70
synapsis
causes homologous chromosomes to move towards each other, which causes them to line up
71
crossing over
exchange of equivalent sections of DNA on homologous chromosomes
72
segregation
separation and movement of homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles of a cell
73
independent assortment
one pair of homologous chromosomes separate independently from each other
74
nondisjunction
occurs when homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis and may lead to the death of cells
75
linkage
tendency for two or more non-allelic genes to be inherited together because they are located more or less closely on the same chromosome
76
aneuploidy
- the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
- a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46
77
Prophase 1
- chromosomes become visible
- spindle fibers form
- nuclear membrane dissolves
- synapsis and crossing over occurs
- nucleoli "disappear"
78
Metaphase 1
- chromosomes align on equatorial plane as synapsed pairs
- centromere attaches to a spindle fiber
- independent assortment
79
independent assortment
line up as homologous pairs in random order
80
Anaphase 1
-homologous chromosomes separate, move toward cell's poles and reduction occurs
81
Telophase 1
-spindle fibers disassemble, chromosomes uncoil, membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes arrive at poles
82
Prophase 2
- chromosomes condense and become visible
- nucleoli "disappear"
- spindle and spindle fibers form
- haploid cells instead of diploid
83
Metaphase 2
chromosomes align again
84
Anaphase 2
- centromere divides
| - chromatids are now daughter chromosomes
85
Telophase 2
returns to non-dividing conditions
86
allele
specific version of a gene
87
locus
spot on chromosome where ran allele is located
88
genome
a set of all the genes necessary to specify an organism's complete list of characteristics
89
genotype
catalog of genes of an organism, whether these genes are expressed or not
90
phenotype
physical characteristic that is shown
91
homozygous
describes a diploid organism the has 2 identical alleles for a particular characteristic
92
heterozygous
describes a diploid organism hat has 2 different alleles for a particular characteristic
93
dominant
an allele that expresses itself and masks the effects of the other alleles for that trait
94
recessive
an allele that, when present with its homologous, does not express itself and is masked by the effect of the other allele
95
sources of variability by
- mutations (caused by environmental agents, transposable elements, and spontaneous factors)
- independent assortment
- crossing over
- migration
