Test #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Aristotle
A
first to propose the idea of cells
2
Q
Hooke
A
- bulit microscopes
- first to use the term “cell” saw in a piece of cork
3
Q
Van Leeuwenhoek
A
-made strong magnifiers, first to see individual cells and saw them as living
4
Q
Schlseiden and Schwann
A
- plants and animals are composed of cells
- “fathers” of cell theory
5
Q
Virchow
A
proposed that diseases grow out of individual cells
6
Q
Margulis
A
serial endosymbiotic theory
7
Q
fluid mosaic model
A
shows the inner and outer part of a cell membrane and how it is composed
8
Q
cell membrane
A
- phospholipid bilayer
- cholesterol, carbohydrates, and proteins
- determines what goes in and out of a cell
9
Q
diffusion
A
- passive transport
- net movement of a kind of molecule from a place where that molecule is in a higher concentration to a place where that molecule is less concentrated
10
Q
osmosis
A
- net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
- passive transport water
11
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
- occurs when the rate of diffusion of a substance is increased in the presence of specific membrane proteins
- passive
12
Q
carrier proteins
A
embraces the molecule and the releases it and returns to its original shape
13
Q
ion channels
A
operate like gates and is controlled by changes in electoral charge
14
Q
active transport
A
- occurs when molecules are moved across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
- energy must be expended
- goes against concentration gradient
- uses a carrier protein
15
Q
endocytosis
A
when a larger particle or collections of material can see transported across the plasma membrane by being wrapped in membrane, rather than passing through the membrane molecule by molecule
16
Q
phagocytosis
A
process of engulfing larger particles, such as cells
17
Q
pinocytosis
A
process of engulfing liquids and materials dissolved in the liquids
18
Q
exocytosis
A
when materials are transported out of cells in membrane-wrapped packages
19
Q
nucleus
A
central body of a cell and contains genetic material and proteins
20
Q
cell wall
A
outlines plant cells, composed of cellulose (carbohydrate), provides strength and protection
21
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- made of membrane
- manufactures ribosomes and proteins
- smooth ER helps with chemical reactions
- rough ER has ribosomes attached
22
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
- made of membrane
- packages molecules
- modifies molecules shipped to if from elsewhere in the cell
- manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids
23
Q
Vacuoles/Vesicles
A
membrane-enclosed containers, storage
24
Q
lysosomes
A
- tiny vesicles
- made of membrane
- contains enzymes capable of digesting carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids
- formed in the golgi apparatus
- destruction of disease cells and the breakdown of worn-out cells
25
mitochondria
- made of membrane
- contains the enzymes responsible for aerobic cellular respiration
- folded membrane called cristae
26
chloroplasts
- membranous sac
- photosynthesis
- contains chlorophyll
27
ribosomes
- non-membraneous
- responsible for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids
- made of RNA and proteins
- help to join amino acids together to make proteins
28
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
- non-membranous
- elongated protein structures interconnected with each other
- form cytoskeleton
- flexible
- assist with transport of organelles (minus IF)
29
cytoskeleton
- provides the cell with shape, support, and the ability to move
- info can be transferred through
30
centrioles
- non-membranous
- arrangement of two sets of microtubules at right angels to each other
- assists in division
31
cilia and flagella
- non-membranous
- hair like structures
- composed of microtubules
- help move cell
32
inclusions
- non-membranous
- collection of materials that do not have a well defined structure
- misc. materials
33
chromatin
- composed of long molecules of DNA and proteins
- located in the nucleus
- gets split during cell division and becomes chromosomes
34
nucleolus
- site of ribosomes manufacture
| - specific parts of DNA become organized within
35
nucleoplasm
cytoplasm of the nucleus
36
size of cells
- prokaryotic= 1-10 micrometers
| - eukaryotic= 10-100 micrometers
37
serial endosymbiotic theory
- explains where eukaryotic cells came from
- evolving from prokaryotic cells, pro "ate" smaller pro and eventually formed a eukaryotic which possible became the mitochondria
38
concentration gradient
when particles move through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with lower number of particles
39
aquaporin
proteins that diffuse water
40
isotonic
same concentration of water and molecules in and out of the cytoplasm
41
hypertonic
cytoplasm has a weaker concentration compared to the environment
42
hypotonic
environment has a weaker concentration compared to the cytoplasm
43
hydrophilic
water loving; heads of phosphate molecule
44
hydrophobic
fear of water; tails of phosphate molecule
45
anabolism
builds up reactants to form one bigger product
46
catabolism
breaks down a larger molecule into smaller parts
47
energy of activation
energy absorbed before a chemical reaction
48
enzyme
protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction
49
active site
a specific spot on an enzyme where the substrate and the enzyme connect
50
substrate
molecule to which physically fits with the reactant
51
resolving power of a light microscope
10, 40, 100
52
catalyst
speeds up a reaction, isn't used up in the reaction
53
affects of enzymes
- temperature
- pH
- concentration
54
enzyme inhibition
a molecule that attaches itself to an enzyme and interferes with ash enzyme's ability to form an enzymes-substrate complex
55
competitive inhibition
- formation of a temporary enzyme-inhibitor complex that interferes with the normal formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
- blocks active site
- "turns off" enzyme
56
negative-feedback inhibition
- regulatory mechanism in which an increase in the stimulus causes a decrease of the response and results in homeostasis
- turns the enzyme on and off
- feeds back into the reaction
57
cofactors
inorganic molecules that serve as enzyme helpers
58
coenzymes
a molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to function as a catalyst
59
simple tests
- carbohydrates=IKI solution
- proteins=biuret reagent
- lipids=paper spot test
- sugars=Benedict's heated up
60
ADP
adds more energy that can bond to make ATP
61
ATP
RNA nucleotide that handles the transfer of generic energy within living lights, contains the greatest amount of potential chemical bond energy
62
NAD
involved in redox reactions in which it carriers electrons from one reaction to another
63
NADH
used in electron transport
64
summary equation of aerobic cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6 O2-->6 CO2 +6 H2O +energy (ATP +heat)
65
glycolysis key facts
- raw materials=6 glucose
- takes place in cytoplasm
- produces 2 NADH
- produces 2 ATP
- product is 2 pyruvate
66
Kerb's Cycle key facts
- raw materials=2 pyruvate
- takes place in mitochondria
- no oxygen needed
- produces NADH and 2 ATP
- product is 6 CO2s
67
Electron Transport key facts
- raw materials=NADH an dO2
- takes place in mitochondria cristae
- oxygen is needed
- products are H2O and ATP
