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Major's Bio > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle

A

first to propose the idea of cells

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2
Q

Hooke

A
  • bulit microscopes

- first to use the term “cell” saw in a piece of cork

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3
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

-made strong magnifiers, first to see individual cells and saw them as living

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4
Q

Schlseiden and Schwann

A
  • plants and animals are composed of cells

- “fathers” of cell theory

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5
Q

Virchow

A

proposed that diseases grow out of individual cells

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6
Q

Margulis

A

serial endosymbiotic theory

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7
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

shows the inner and outer part of a cell membrane and how it is composed

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8
Q

cell membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • cholesterol, carbohydrates, and proteins
  • determines what goes in and out of a cell
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9
Q

diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • net movement of a kind of molecule from a place where that molecule is in a higher concentration to a place where that molecule is less concentrated
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10
Q

osmosis

A
  • net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
  • passive transport water
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11
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • occurs when the rate of diffusion of a substance is increased in the presence of specific membrane proteins
  • passive
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12
Q

carrier proteins

A

embraces the molecule and the releases it and returns to its original shape

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13
Q

ion channels

A

operate like gates and is controlled by changes in electoral charge

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14
Q

active transport

A
  • occurs when molecules are moved across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
  • energy must be expended
  • goes against concentration gradient
  • uses a carrier protein
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15
Q

endocytosis

A

when a larger particle or collections of material can see transported across the plasma membrane by being wrapped in membrane, rather than passing through the membrane molecule by molecule

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16
Q

phagocytosis

A

process of engulfing larger particles, such as cells

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17
Q

pinocytosis

A

process of engulfing liquids and materials dissolved in the liquids

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18
Q

exocytosis

A

when materials are transported out of cells in membrane-wrapped packages

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19
Q

nucleus

A

central body of a cell and contains genetic material and proteins

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20
Q

cell wall

A

outlines plant cells, composed of cellulose (carbohydrate), provides strength and protection

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • made of membrane
  • manufactures ribosomes and proteins
  • smooth ER helps with chemical reactions
  • rough ER has ribosomes attached
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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • made of membrane
  • packages molecules
  • modifies molecules shipped to if from elsewhere in the cell
  • manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids
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23
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

membrane-enclosed containers, storage

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24
Q

lysosomes

A
  • tiny vesicles
  • made of membrane
  • contains enzymes capable of digesting carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids
  • formed in the golgi apparatus
  • destruction of disease cells and the breakdown of worn-out cells
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25
Q

mitochondria

A
  • made of membrane
  • contains the enzymes responsible for aerobic cellular respiration
  • folded membrane called cristae
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26
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • membranous sac
  • photosynthesis
  • contains chlorophyll
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27
Q

ribosomes

A
  • non-membraneous
  • responsible for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids
  • made of RNA and proteins
  • help to join amino acids together to make proteins
28
Q

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

A
  • non-membranous
  • elongated protein structures interconnected with each other
  • form cytoskeleton
  • flexible
  • assist with transport of organelles (minus IF)
29
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • provides the cell with shape, support, and the ability to move
  • info can be transferred through
30
Q

centrioles

A
  • non-membranous
  • arrangement of two sets of microtubules at right angels to each other
  • assists in division
31
Q

cilia and flagella

A
  • non-membranous
  • hair like structures
  • composed of microtubules
  • help move cell
32
Q

inclusions

A
  • non-membranous
  • collection of materials that do not have a well defined structure
  • misc. materials
33
Q

chromatin

A
  • composed of long molecules of DNA and proteins
  • located in the nucleus
  • gets split during cell division and becomes chromosomes
34
Q

nucleolus

A
  • site of ribosomes manufacture

- specific parts of DNA become organized within

35
Q

nucleoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the nucleus

36
Q

size of cells

A
  • prokaryotic= 1-10 micrometers

- eukaryotic= 10-100 micrometers

37
Q

serial endosymbiotic theory

A
  • explains where eukaryotic cells came from
  • evolving from prokaryotic cells, pro “ate” smaller pro and eventually formed a eukaryotic which possible became the mitochondria
38
Q

concentration gradient

A

when particles move through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with lower number of particles

39
Q

aquaporin

A

proteins that diffuse water

40
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration of water and molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

41
Q

hypertonic

A

cytoplasm has a weaker concentration compared to the environment

42
Q

hypotonic

A

environment has a weaker concentration compared to the cytoplasm

43
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving; heads of phosphate molecule

44
Q

hydrophobic

A

fear of water; tails of phosphate molecule

45
Q

anabolism

A

builds up reactants to form one bigger product

46
Q

catabolism

A

breaks down a larger molecule into smaller parts

47
Q

energy of activation

A

energy absorbed before a chemical reaction

48
Q

enzyme

A

protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction

49
Q

active site

A

a specific spot on an enzyme where the substrate and the enzyme connect

50
Q

substrate

A

molecule to which physically fits with the reactant

51
Q

resolving power of a light microscope

A

10, 40, 100

52
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up a reaction, isn’t used up in the reaction

53
Q

affects of enzymes

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • concentration
54
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

a molecule that attaches itself to an enzyme and interferes with ash enzyme’s ability to form an enzymes-substrate complex

55
Q

competitive inhibition

A
  • formation of a temporary enzyme-inhibitor complex that interferes with the normal formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
  • blocks active site
  • “turns off” enzyme
56
Q

negative-feedback inhibition

A
  • regulatory mechanism in which an increase in the stimulus causes a decrease of the response and results in homeostasis
  • turns the enzyme on and off
  • feeds back into the reaction
57
Q

cofactors

A

inorganic molecules that serve as enzyme helpers

58
Q

coenzymes

A

a molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to function as a catalyst

59
Q

simple tests

A
  • carbohydrates=IKI solution
  • proteins=biuret reagent
  • lipids=paper spot test
  • sugars=Benedict’s heated up
60
Q

ADP

A

adds more energy that can bond to make ATP

61
Q

ATP

A

RNA nucleotide that handles the transfer of generic energy within living lights, contains the greatest amount of potential chemical bond energy

62
Q

NAD

A

involved in redox reactions in which it carriers electrons from one reaction to another

63
Q

NADH

A

used in electron transport

64
Q

summary equation of aerobic cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+6 O2–>6 CO2 +6 H2O +energy (ATP +heat)

65
Q

glycolysis key facts

A
  • raw materials=6 glucose
  • takes place in cytoplasm
  • produces 2 NADH
  • produces 2 ATP
  • product is 2 pyruvate
66
Q

Kerb’s Cycle key facts

A
  • raw materials=2 pyruvate
  • takes place in mitochondria
  • no oxygen needed
  • produces NADH and 2 ATP
  • product is 6 CO2s
67
Q

Electron Transport key facts

A
  • raw materials=NADH an dO2
  • takes place in mitochondria cristae
  • oxygen is needed
  • products are H2O and ATP

Major's Bio (4 decks)

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