Chapters 42,43,44 Flashcards
Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axoloti is correctly described as
simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water
Circulatory systems compensate for
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. Evidence indicates that hte organism’s heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the
animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate
Which of the following is the correct continuous sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?
Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Circuit
A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this blood cell must pass through how many capillary beds?
Two
Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?
Earthworms
Counter-current exchange in the gills of fish helps to maximize
diffusion
A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original prediction. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they now know that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of
skin cancer
An “internal reservoir” of oxygen in resting muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to
myoglobin
A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human’s lung will cause
a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood
Acidity in human sweat is an example of:
innate immunity
fruit fly that is internally infect by a potentially pathogenic fungus is protected by
its antimicrobial peptides
An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is
histamine
An antigen __________
is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte
Adaptive immunity depends on
pathogen-specific recognition
The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to
antigens
Clonal selection implies that
antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes
Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of
memory cells
The function of antibodies is to
mark pathogenic cells for destruction
Vaccination increases the number of
lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen
Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely
found in marine environments
The fluid with the highest osmolarity is
seawater in a tidal pool
A human who has no access to freshwater but is forced to drink seawater instead
will excrete more water molecules than taken in because of the high load ion ingestion
The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show
loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure
