Quiz #1Test #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Aristotle
A
- studied taxonomy and morphology
- probably first
- artificial system of classification
2
Q
Linnaeus
A
- artificial system of classification
- credited with kingdom-species hierarchy
- binomial nomenclature
- two kingdoms; plantae and animalia
3
Q
Haeckel
A
-three kingdoms; plantae, animalia, and Protista (algae)
4
Q
Copeland
A
-four kingdoms; plantae, animalia,Protista, and prokaryotae
5
Q
Whitaker
A
-five kingdoms; plantar, animalia, Protista, mycetae (fungi), prokaryotae
6
Q
Woese
A
- studied rRNA
- more of a natural system
- proposed domains archaea, bacteria, and eucarya
7
Q
a/an
A
- no, absence of, not, without, less
- anaerobic, abiotic
8
Q
ant/anti
A
- against, away, opposite, opposed to
- antibody, antigen
9
Q
aster/Astro
A
- star, star-shaped
- asteroid, astronomy
10
Q
Auto
A
- self, same, spontaneous, directed within
- autotrophic, autosome
11
Q
Bi/di
A
- twice, double
- binomial, bipolar, dihybrid
12
Q
Eu
A
- proper, true, good
- eukaryotic
13
Q
Gymn/gymno
A
- naked, bare
- gymnosperm
14
Q
Reasons for studying biology
A
- influences nearly every aspect of life
- can challenge beliefs
15
Q
Animism
A
Spirits
16
Q
Naturalism or speculative philosophy
A
Rules and regulation, all you need is logic which discounted experiments
17
Q
Religious methods
A
Internal feeling of truth
18
Q
Scholasticism
A
Combo of naturalism and religion, relied on authorities (like Aristotle or the Bible)
19
Q
Science
A
- Test ideas, use of logic
- process used to solve problems, develops understanding of repetitive knowledge
20
Q
Processes of science
A
1) observation
2) formulating question
3) preliminary research
4) developing hypothesis
5) testing hypothesis
6) publishing
21
Q
Assumption about the universe
A
- Knowledge is available to everyone
- observations can be agreed upon by more than one person
22
Q
Dependent variable
A
What the investigator measures or counts or observes in response to the experimental conditions
23
Q
Independent variable
A
The factor that the investigator thinks will affect the dependent variable
24
Q
Controlled variable
A
Factors or variables that are held constant
25
Official base units
Length=meter
Mass=kilogram
Time=second
Temperature= Kelvin
26
Official derived base units
Volume=cubic meter
27
Allowed base units
Temperature= Celsius
| Volume=liter
28
Mass
Measure of inertia
29
Weight
Measure of the force of gravity on an object
30
Hypothesis
Possible answer to a question, can be tested, "if/then" statement, logical, simple, explains observations, can predict, and can be falsified
31
Theory
Widely accepted, plausible, general statements out fundamental concepts in science that explains why things happen
32
Laws
Summaries of observations that don't explain anything, uniform/constant fact of nature that describes what happens
33
Pseudoscience
Deceptive practice that uses the appearance/language of science to convince, confuse, or mislead people into thinking that something has scientific validity
34
Applied science
Research done because of the likely benefit it may have in helping address a societal problem
35
Basic science
Attempts to understand the natural world for its own sake
36
Characteristics of Life
- unique structural organization (emergent properties)
- metabolic process (chemical reactions)
- generative process (growth and reproduction)
- responsive process (irritability, individual adaptation, evolution)
- control process (homeostasis)
37
Induction
Process of developing general principles from the examination of many sets of specific facts
38
Deduction
Process of using general principles to predict the specific facts of a situation
39
Consilience
The principle that independent lines of evidence all pointing to the same conclusion allow scientists to claim increasing confidence in that conclusion
40
Control treatment
Treatments in which the independent variable is either eliminated or set to a standard value
41
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
42
Classification
Process of organizing things
43
Taxonomy
Science of classification
44
Nomenclature
Science of naming things
45
Taxon
A taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family or class
46
Species
A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
47
Genus
A principle taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family
48
Binomial
Two part format of the scientific name using Latin
49
Energy
Ability to do work
50
Artificial classification
Ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of non evolutionary features
51
Natural classification
Scientific classification according to features that are held to be objectively significant, rather than being selected for convenience
52
Evidence used to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms
- use lineage to determine common ancestors to help group species together based on possible evolutionary ties
- characteristics of organisms to determine the evolutionary pathway
53
5 Kingdoms
1) plantae-land plants, consists of terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis
2) animalia- consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
3) Protista- mostly unicellular eukaryotes and some relatively simple multicellular relatives
4) prokaryotae- includes all bacteria and some algae
5) mycetae- organisms that absorb nutrients from outside their bodies (fungi)
54
3 domains
1) eukarya- multicellular organisms, true nuclei, plants, animals, fungi
2) archaea- diverse group of prokaryotic organisms that inhabit a wide variety of environments, crenarcheotes
3) bacteria- prokaryotes that are currently known, proteobacteria
55
First and second laws of thermodynamics
1) energy cant be created or destroyed
| 2) energy must be "wasted"/released
56
Chemical energy
Energy stored in molecules, potential
57
Nuclear energy
Nucleus of an atom, arrangement of protons and neutrons, potential
58
Thermal energy
Constant atom motion, kinetic
59
Electromagnetic energy
Visible light, microwaves, UV rays, kinetic
60
population
same species
61
community
multiple species
62
ecosystems
multiple species with abiotic components
63
biotic
living things within the ecosystem
64
abiotic
nonliving things of the ecosystem (ex water or sunlight)
65
succession
process in which an ecosystem evolves over time
66
food chain
diagram that shows the levels of consumers starting at the bottom with primary producers with the simplest form of energy
67
hetero
- different, other, unlike
| - heterozygous
68
hom/homeo/homo
- same, similar, like
| - homogeneous, homeostasis
69
hydro/hydr
- pertaining to water
| - hydrolysis
70
hyper
- above, more, over
| - hyperactive, hypertonic
71
hypo
- below, less, under
| - hypotonic, hypothesis
72
iso
- equal, same
| - isomer, isotope
73
lyso
- loosening, separation, splitting into smaller units
| - lysosome
74
marco
- large, big, long
| - macromolecule
75
micro
- small
| - microorganism
76
mon/mono
- one, single
| - monosaccharide, monomer
77
myco
- fungus, mushroom
| - mycology
78
poly
- many
| - polymer, polysaccharide
79
pro
- before, on behalf of, giving rise to
| - prokaryote, prophase
80
pseudo
- false
| - pseudoscience
81
rhiz/rhizo
- pertaining to roots
| - rhizome, rhizoid
82
semi
- half
| - semipermeable, semicircle
83
sym/syn
- together, with
| - symbiosis, synthesis
84
tropho
- nourishment
| - trophic
85
primary productivity
amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by primary producers during a given time period (gross primary productivity)
86
net primary productivity
gross primary productivity minus the energy used by primary producers for respiration
87
secondary productivity
amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period (net secondary productivity)
88
production efficiency
percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration
89
trophic efficiency
percentage of productivity transferred from one trophic level to the next (typically around 10%)
90
primary producers
produces the simplest form of energy (light to chemical), are eaten by primary consumers
91
primary consumers
are eaten by secondary consumers
92
secondary consumers
are eaten by tertiary consumers
93
tertiary consumers
eaten by quaternary consumers
94
herbivores
an organism that eats plants
95
carnivores
an organism that eats animals
96
omnivores
an organism that eats both plants and animals
97
scavengers
an organism that eats dead animals
98
decomposers
an organism that eats detritus; nonliving organic material
99
interactions of populations
- predation (+/-)
- competition (-/-)
- commensalism (+/0)
- mutualism (+/+)
- parasitism (+/-)
100
major terrestrial ecosystems in Iowa
- tallgrass praire
- temperature deciduous forest
- savanna
101
homology
- characteristic that is shared by an organisms because they followed the same evolutionary pathway
- arm of a human
102
analogy
- characteristic that is shared by organisms that did not follow the same evolutionary pathway
- wings of a bird versus wings of an incest
103
monophyletic
a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially on not shared with any other group
104
paraphyletic
a group of organisms defended from a common ancestor
105
polyphyletic
group of organisms derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon
106
atomic number
number of protons in an atom of an element
107
mass number
sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
108
cation
positively charged ion
109
anion
negatively charged ion
110
acid
ionic compounds that release hydrogen ions in a solution
111
base
hydrogen ions are removed by with an additional electron
112
pH
measure of hydrogen ion concentration
