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Major's Bio > Quiz #1Test #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle

A
  • studied taxonomy and morphology
  • probably first
  • artificial system of classification
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2
Q

Linnaeus

A
  • artificial system of classification
  • credited with kingdom-species hierarchy
  • binomial nomenclature
  • two kingdoms; plantae and animalia
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3
Q

Haeckel

A

-three kingdoms; plantae, animalia, and Protista (algae)

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4
Q

Copeland

A

-four kingdoms; plantae, animalia,Protista, and prokaryotae

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5
Q

Whitaker

A

-five kingdoms; plantar, animalia, Protista, mycetae (fungi), prokaryotae

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6
Q

Woese

A
  • studied rRNA
  • more of a natural system
  • proposed domains archaea, bacteria, and eucarya
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7
Q

a/an

A
  • no, absence of, not, without, less

- anaerobic, abiotic

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8
Q

ant/anti

A
  • against, away, opposite, opposed to

- antibody, antigen

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9
Q

aster/Astro

A
  • star, star-shaped

- asteroid, astronomy

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10
Q

Auto

A
  • self, same, spontaneous, directed within

- autotrophic, autosome

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11
Q

Bi/di

A
  • twice, double

- binomial, bipolar, dihybrid

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12
Q

Eu

A
  • proper, true, good

- eukaryotic

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13
Q

Gymn/gymno

A
  • naked, bare

- gymnosperm

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14
Q

Reasons for studying biology

A
  • influences nearly every aspect of life

- can challenge beliefs

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15
Q

Animism

A

Spirits

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16
Q

Naturalism or speculative philosophy

A

Rules and regulation, all you need is logic which discounted experiments

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17
Q

Religious methods

A

Internal feeling of truth

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18
Q

Scholasticism

A

Combo of naturalism and religion, relied on authorities (like Aristotle or the Bible)

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19
Q

Science

A
  • Test ideas, use of logic

- process used to solve problems, develops understanding of repetitive knowledge

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20
Q

Processes of science

A

1) observation
2) formulating question
3) preliminary research
4) developing hypothesis
5) testing hypothesis
6) publishing

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21
Q

Assumption about the universe

A
  • Knowledge is available to everyone

- observations can be agreed upon by more than one person

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22
Q

Dependent variable

A

What the investigator measures or counts or observes in response to the experimental conditions

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that the investigator thinks will affect the dependent variable

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24
Q

Controlled variable

A

Factors or variables that are held constant

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25
Q

Official base units

A

Length=meter
Mass=kilogram
Time=second
Temperature= Kelvin

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26
Q

Official derived base units

A

Volume=cubic meter

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27
Q

Allowed base units

A

Temperature= Celsius

Volume=liter

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28
Q

Mass

A

Measure of inertia

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29
Q

Weight

A

Measure of the force of gravity on an object

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30
Q

Hypothesis

A

Possible answer to a question, can be tested, “if/then” statement, logical, simple, explains observations, can predict, and can be falsified

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31
Q

Theory

A

Widely accepted, plausible, general statements out fundamental concepts in science that explains why things happen

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32
Q

Laws

A

Summaries of observations that don’t explain anything, uniform/constant fact of nature that describes what happens

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33
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Deceptive practice that uses the appearance/language of science to convince, confuse, or mislead people into thinking that something has scientific validity

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34
Q

Applied science

A

Research done because of the likely benefit it may have in helping address a societal problem

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35
Q

Basic science

A

Attempts to understand the natural world for its own sake

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36
Q

Characteristics of Life

A
  • unique structural organization (emergent properties)
  • metabolic process (chemical reactions)
  • generative process (growth and reproduction)
  • responsive process (irritability, individual adaptation, evolution)
  • control process (homeostasis)
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37
Q

Induction

A

Process of developing general principles from the examination of many sets of specific facts

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38
Q

Deduction

A

Process of using general principles to predict the specific facts of a situation

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39
Q

Consilience

A

The principle that independent lines of evidence all pointing to the same conclusion allow scientists to claim increasing confidence in that conclusion

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40
Q

Control treatment

A

Treatments in which the independent variable is either eliminated or set to a standard value

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41
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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42
Q

Classification

A

Process of organizing things

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43
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of classification

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44
Q

Nomenclature

A

Science of naming things

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45
Q

Taxon

A

A taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family or class

46
Q

Species

A

A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

47
Q

Genus

A

A principle taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family

48
Q

Binomial

A

Two part format of the scientific name using Latin

49
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

50
Q

Artificial classification

A

Ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of non evolutionary features

51
Q

Natural classification

A

Scientific classification according to features that are held to be objectively significant, rather than being selected for convenience

52
Q

Evidence used to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms

A
  • use lineage to determine common ancestors to help group species together based on possible evolutionary ties
  • characteristics of organisms to determine the evolutionary pathway
53
Q

5 Kingdoms

A

1) plantae-land plants, consists of terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis
2) animalia- consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
3) Protista- mostly unicellular eukaryotes and some relatively simple multicellular relatives
4) prokaryotae- includes all bacteria and some algae
5) mycetae- organisms that absorb nutrients from outside their bodies (fungi)

54
Q

3 domains

A

1) eukarya- multicellular organisms, true nuclei, plants, animals, fungi
2) archaea- diverse group of prokaryotic organisms that inhabit a wide variety of environments, crenarcheotes
3) bacteria- prokaryotes that are currently known, proteobacteria

55
Q

First and second laws of thermodynamics

A

1) energy cant be created or destroyed

2) energy must be “wasted”/released

56
Q

Chemical energy

A

Energy stored in molecules, potential

57
Q

Nuclear energy

A

Nucleus of an atom, arrangement of protons and neutrons, potential

58
Q

Thermal energy

A

Constant atom motion, kinetic

59
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

Visible light, microwaves, UV rays, kinetic

60
Q

population

A

same species

61
Q

community

A

multiple species

62
Q

ecosystems

A

multiple species with abiotic components

63
Q

biotic

A

living things within the ecosystem

64
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving things of the ecosystem (ex water or sunlight)

65
Q

succession

A

process in which an ecosystem evolves over time

66
Q

food chain

A

diagram that shows the levels of consumers starting at the bottom with primary producers with the simplest form of energy

67
Q

hetero

A
  • different, other, unlike

- heterozygous

68
Q

hom/homeo/homo

A
  • same, similar, like

- homogeneous, homeostasis

69
Q

hydro/hydr

A
  • pertaining to water

- hydrolysis

70
Q

hyper

A
  • above, more, over

- hyperactive, hypertonic

71
Q

hypo

A
  • below, less, under

- hypotonic, hypothesis

72
Q

iso

A
  • equal, same

- isomer, isotope

73
Q

lyso

A
  • loosening, separation, splitting into smaller units

- lysosome

74
Q

marco

A
  • large, big, long

- macromolecule

75
Q

micro

A
  • small

- microorganism

76
Q

mon/mono

A
  • one, single

- monosaccharide, monomer

77
Q

myco

A
  • fungus, mushroom

- mycology

78
Q

poly

A
  • many

- polymer, polysaccharide

79
Q

pro

A
  • before, on behalf of, giving rise to

- prokaryote, prophase

80
Q

pseudo

A
  • false

- pseudoscience

81
Q

rhiz/rhizo

A
  • pertaining to roots

- rhizome, rhizoid

82
Q

semi

A
  • half

- semipermeable, semicircle

83
Q

sym/syn

A
  • together, with

- symbiosis, synthesis

84
Q

tropho

A
  • nourishment

- trophic

85
Q

primary productivity

A

amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by primary producers during a given time period (gross primary productivity)

86
Q

net primary productivity

A

gross primary productivity minus the energy used by primary producers for respiration

87
Q

secondary productivity

A

amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period (net secondary productivity)

88
Q

production efficiency

A

percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration

89
Q

trophic efficiency

A

percentage of productivity transferred from one trophic level to the next (typically around 10%)

90
Q

primary producers

A

produces the simplest form of energy (light to chemical), are eaten by primary consumers

91
Q

primary consumers

A

are eaten by secondary consumers

92
Q

secondary consumers

A

are eaten by tertiary consumers

93
Q

tertiary consumers

A

eaten by quaternary consumers

94
Q

herbivores

A

an organism that eats plants

95
Q

carnivores

A

an organism that eats animals

96
Q

omnivores

A

an organism that eats both plants and animals

97
Q

scavengers

A

an organism that eats dead animals

98
Q

decomposers

A

an organism that eats detritus; nonliving organic material

99
Q

interactions of populations

A
  • predation (+/-)
  • competition (-/-)
  • commensalism (+/0)
  • mutualism (+/+)
  • parasitism (+/-)
100
Q

major terrestrial ecosystems in Iowa

A
  • tallgrass praire
  • temperature deciduous forest
  • savanna
101
Q

homology

A
  • characteristic that is shared by an organisms because they followed the same evolutionary pathway
  • arm of a human
102
Q

analogy

A
  • characteristic that is shared by organisms that did not follow the same evolutionary pathway
  • wings of a bird versus wings of an incest
103
Q

monophyletic

A

a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially on not shared with any other group

104
Q

paraphyletic

A

a group of organisms defended from a common ancestor

105
Q

polyphyletic

A

group of organisms derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon

106
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom of an element

107
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

108
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

109
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

110
Q

acid

A

ionic compounds that release hydrogen ions in a solution

111
Q

base

A

hydrogen ions are removed by with an additional electron

112
Q

pH

A

measure of hydrogen ion concentration

Major's Bio (4 decks)

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