Test 3 Flashcards
Beethoven stratled the classical and _________ periods.
Romantic
3 parts of Sonata Form:
- Exposition
- Development
- Recapitulation
Who was the father of the symphony and the string quartet?
F. Joseph Haydn.
What are two other names for sonata form?
- Sonata Allegro Form
2. First Movement Form
The most important genere of the classical period was the ___________.
Symphony
The most important form of the classical period was the __________.
Sonata Form.
The most important social contribution of the classical period was the ______________.
Public Concert
New traits of the classical period…
- Tuneful melodies
- Clear, balanced structures
- Four families of orchestra
What aspect was lost during the classical period?
Basso continuo.
Cadenza
Virtuoso solo passage toward the end of a movement.
Traits of the symphony:
Usually four movements; fast, slow, dance-related, fast.
First movement is in sonata form.
Last movement often sonata or sonata-rondo form - usually fast, always in tonic key.
Each movement is self-contained composition with its own themes.
Mozart
1756-1791.
Child prodigy.
Composed minuets, symphonies, keyboard and instrumental works as a very young age.
Played both the violin and keyboard, and performed with his sister Nannerl and his father Leopold all over Europe.
While traveling, Mozart met JC Bach, who influenced his compositions especially the ritornello formal schemes used in the keyboard concertos.
Excelled in opera - comic and serious.
Excelled in chamber music - string quartets and piano quartets.
The invention of opera
Occurred around the year 1600.
Early opera was called recitative, and developed from speech-like song.
Mozart’s 3 most popular operas:
- The Marriage of Figaro
- Don Giovanni
- The Magic Flute
Mozart’s output:
41 symphonies.
Over 20 piano concertos.
Operas.
Much chamber music - string quartets and quintets.
An emphasis on balance and clarity of structures may be found in the ___________ period.
Classical
One way in which music from the classical era differs from the Baroque is that…..
there is a fluctuation in mood.
Classical melodies sound balanced because…
they are made up of two phrases of the same length.
The piano began to be widely used by _______.
1775
In the classical orchestra, the ________ were considered the most important.
strings
A classical form written in 2-4 movements for one or two instruments is called a ________.
sonata
Joseph Haydn was content to spend most of his life…
serving a wealthy aristocratic family.
In the classical period, comic operas sometimes…
ridiculed the aristocracy.
Haydn’s contract of employment shows that he was considered a _______________.
skilled servant
Social mobility during the classical period was…
an important factor in the rise of the middle class.
Vienna in 1800…
was the 4th largest city in Europe, has a population of almost 250,000, and was the seat of the Holy Roman Empire.
In the classical period, serious composition was flavored by ________________.
folk and popular music
The prospering middle class in the classical period sought aristocratic luxuries such as _____________________.
Theater, literature, and music
Sonata form should be viewed as…
A set of principles that serve to shape and unify contrasts of theme and key.
In the exposition of a sonata form movement, the second theme is in _________.
a new key
Sonata form is used frequently as the form for the _____________________ movement of a multi-movement work.
first, slow, and final fast
In the recapitulation of a sonata form movement…
all the principle material is in the tonic key.
At the end of a classical exposition there usually is a ___________.
repeat sign
Symphony
A musical composition for orchestra (usually in 4 movements).
Fast-slow-moderately fast-slow
Sonata for orchestra.
Extended/ambitious composition exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics.
Genere composed for orchestra.
ABA form is typical of the minuet or scherzo movement and is also common in the _____________.
slow movement
A symphony is unified partly by the use of the same key in ___ of its movements.
3
Along with his symphonies, Haydn’s ___________ are considered his most important works.
string quartets
Haydn’s duties while in the service of the Esterhazys included…
composing all the music requested by his patron, conducting the orchestra, and coaching the singers for operatic performances.
Haydn’s music was…
Robust and direct, radiating a healthy optimism, reflects a love of nature, and has a fold flavor due to the influence of peasant tunes.
Haydn’s Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major is performed today by the ___________.
valve trumpet
The 3 Classical Masters
Haydn
Mozart
Beethoven
Franz Joseph Haydn
1732-1809.
Father of the symphony and string quartet.
Experimented with a number of movements, along with tempo and style.
Influenced by Handel.
Composed 68 string quartets and less than 100 symphonies.
Serious Opera
Start of the 18th century - influences from the Enlightenment.
AKA: Opera Seria
Pietro Metastasio was a librettist that established these traits…
Opera seria.
Poetry, 7- and 11-syllable lines without rhyme.
2 pairs of lovers.
Father (or other comic) figure who sings.
Da capo solo aria to conclude most scenes.
Ends with heroism or renunciation of love.
Comic Opera
AKA Opera buffa.
Originated in part from the comedia dell’arte, in the language of the locale.
Opera Reform
Chisrtoph WIllibald Gluck initiated reforms to a simpler, more unified operatic style for music and plot.
Extremes of both French “tragedie lyrique” by Lully and Rameau and Italian diva singers were gone.
Difference between “opera seria” and “opera buffa” minimized.
Sonata Form
Principles for contrasts of theme and key.
Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation.
Sonata
Multi-movement work.
Exposition
Can be preceded by a slow intro.
First theme in tonic key; bridge (=transition); second theme in another key, which ends in the exposition. Repeat of exposition.
Development
Typically numerous key changes along with harmonic and thematic workout.
Recapitulation
Themes restated in tonic.
Can ens with a coda.
Franz Schubert
Lived in Vienna.
First fully romantic composer.
Was widely acknowledged as a composer in his lifetime.
Composed more than 600 songs.
Motive =…
Fragment
Beethoven invented a new genere called _________.
Song cycle.
Ludwig Van Beethoven
Composed symphonies, piano sonatas, string quartets, mass, and opera.
Moved to Vienna at age 21.
Beethoven’s 3 creative periods…
- Childhood - 1802 = Limitation
- 1803 - 1812 = Independence
- 1813 - 1827 = Introspection/Isolation
New generes…
Song Cycle by Beethoven. Lied by Franz Schubert. Character Piece/Character Cycle by Robert Schumann. Symphonic Poem/Tone Poem by Franz Liszt. Program Symphony by Hector Berlioz. Music Drama by Richard Wagner.
Changes from one style to the next…
Changes were continuous (not abrupt).
Overlap existed between periods.
6 general periods
Middle Ages 450-1450 Renaissance 1450-1600 Baroque 1600-1750 Classical 1750-1820 Romantic 1820-1900
The specific trains of concerto first-movement form are…
A double exposition and a cadenza.
Lied
An art song for solo voice with piano accompaniment.
Theme and variations form may be schematically outlined as ____________________.
AA’A’‘A’'’A’’’’
Each successive variation in a theme with variations…
retains some elements of the theme.
The _____ movement of Haydn’s surprise symphony is in the theme-and-variations form.
2nd
The minuet is generally the ____ movement of a classical symphony.
3rd
The minuet as a whole may be outlined as _____.
ABA
In many of Beethoven’s works, there is a _______ movement instead of a minuet.
scherzo
The minuet first appeared around 1650 as a…
dance at the court of Louis XIV of France.
The character of the minuet is best described as _________ and ___________.
Stately, dignified
The scherzo differs from the minuet in that it…
moves more quickly.
As is typical classical music, the double bass part in Mozart’s “Eine Kleine Nachutmusic” …
sounds an octave lower than the cello part.
Because of its character, the rondo most often serves as a_______.
finale
The common rondo pattern is _________ or __________.
ABACA, ABACABA
The main theme of the rondo…
is usually in the tonic key.
The rondo was used…
as late as the 20th century.
A classical concerto is a 3-movement work for…
instrumental soloist and orchestra.
Cadenza
An unaccompanied showpiece for the concerto’s soloist.
Fermata
Used to indicate a pause in the score of a concerto.
The symphonic movement usually lacking in the concerto is the ________ or ________.
minuet, scherzo
The first movement of a classical concerto has ____ expositions.
2
Classical chamber music is designed…
for the intimate setting of a small room.
The classical string quarter is a musical composition for…
2 volins, viola, and cello.
The most important form in classical chamber music is the ____________.
string quartet
The piano trio is a musical composition for…
Violin, cello, and piano.
The usual order of movements in a classical string quartet is…
fast slow, minuet or scherzo, fast.
A major factor that distinguished chamber music from the symphony or concerto is that chamber music…
is performed by one player per part.
The minuet and trio movement of a classical symphony, string quartet, or other work, is in _____.
ABA
In his Opus 18, No. 4 String Quartet, instead of the expected slow 2nd movement, Beethoven inserted a ______ and ______ dance.
Scherzo, trio
Sonata form could be used as the form for the…
first, slow, and moderately fast movements.
Stylized dances including the minuet and scherzo were not meant to be danced to, only for…
listening and playing.
Christoph Gluck was a…
opera reformer.
Movites
short musical ideas or fragments of themes that are developed within a composition.
In the classical period, comic operas sometimes…
ridiculed the aristocracy.
By the age of 6, Mozart could…
play the harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues and write minuets, and read music perfectly at sight.
Don Giovanni, in Mozart’s opera of that name is…
the legendary Spanish lover.
Mozart was born in…
Salzburg, Austria.
The late 18th century fortepiano…
has a tone that was softer and lasted a shorter time than the modern piano, had thinner strings held by a frame of wood rather than metal, and had a smaller pitch range than the modern piano.
Beethoven’s late works, composed after he was totally deaf, include…
piano sonatas, string quartets, and the Ninth Symphony.
Beethoven greatly expanded the _________ section of the sonata-for and make it more dramatic.
development
Beethoven’s 16 ______________ are generally considered among the greatest music even composed.
string quartets
One of the most famous rhythmic ideas in music is the shot-short-short-long motive found in Beethoven’s ______________.
5th symphony
Instrumentation in the art song is usually a combination of ________ and ________.
voice, piano
Art song composers include…
Robert Schumann, Franz Schubert, and Johannes Brahms.
The structure of the art song can be…
strophic, through-composed, or modified strophic.
Songs in strophic form are easy to remember because…
the music is the same with every verse.
Scale Degrees
I Tonic II Supertonic III Mediant IV Subdominant V Dominant VI Submediant VII Leading Tone
In the exposition of sonata, the two main themes must be in two different ______.
keys
JC Bach inspired Mozart in _______________.
Ritornello concertos
