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MUSIC 100 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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Ultimate Music Theory flashcards
1
Q

Rhythm

A

Set of durational (time) values assigned to notes or rests.

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2
Q

Accents

A

Points of emphasis.

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3
Q

Staccato

A

Detached.

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4
Q

Legato

A

Connected.

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5
Q

Interval

A

The space between two notes.

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6
Q

Flat

A

Half step lower.

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7
Q

Sharp

A

Half step higher.

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8
Q

Natural &

A

Cancels a flat or sharp.

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9
Q

4 Families of the Orchestra

A

1) Woodwind: Flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon.
2) Brass: French horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba.
3) Percussion
4) Strings: harp, violin, viola, cello, double bass.

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10
Q

Electronophone

A

Electrically-produced vibrations.

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11
Q

Aerophone

A

Column of air vibrates.

EX: Flute

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12
Q

Chordophone

A

Stretched string vibrates.

EX: Violin

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13
Q

Membranophone

A

Membrane or skin vibrates.

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14
Q

Idiophone

A

Body of the entire instrument vibrates.

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15
Q

Voice

A

Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass.
Most vocal ranges - 2 octaves.
The most natural of all instruments.

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16
Q

Bartolomeo Cristofori

A

Invented the piano.

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17
Q

Modulation

A

Changing keys within a song.

How to accomplish it.. a closely-related key, V7 chord, or a pivot chord.

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18
Q

Scale Degrees

A 
I. Tonic
II. Supertonic
III. Mediant
IV. Subdominant
V. Dominant
VI. Submediant
VII. Leading Tone
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19
Q

Concert Report

A

Harvard dictionary of music.

Printed program - should be studies before concert.

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20
Q

Dynamic Accent

A

Emphasized by being played longer.

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21
Q

Polyphony

A

Texture.

Two or more melodies at once.

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22
Q

Half-step

A

Smallest, most basic interval.

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23
Q

Whole step

A

Two half steps.

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24
Q

Major Scale

A

WWHWWWH

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25
Q

Homophony

A

One melody with chordal accompaniment.

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26
Q

Monophony

A

One melody alone.

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27
Q

MIDI

A

Musical Instrument Digital Interface.

Standard used for interfacing synthesizer equipment.

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28
Q

Pitched Percussion

A

Timpani, xylophone, chimes.

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29
Q

Ritardando

A

Gradual slowing-down of tempo.

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30
Q

Tempo

A

Rate of speed of the beat of the music.

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31
Q

Beat

A

Regular, recurrent pulsation.

Divides the music into equal units.

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32
Q

Adagio

A

Slow.

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33
Q

Allegro

A

Lively pace.

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34
Q

Adante

A

Moderately slow, or walking pace.

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35
Q

Downbeat

A

First beat of the measure.

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36
Q

Orchestral score

A

Top to bottom - woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings.

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37
Q

Adding a dot next to a note…

A

Increases the duration by half.

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38
Q

Rests

A

Silence.

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39
Q

Treble clef

A

Higher pitches

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40
Q

Bass clef

A

Lower pitches

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41
Q

Tonic/Tonality

A

Central tone around which the musical composition is organized.

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42
Q

Forte

A

Loud

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43
Q

Mezzo-piano

A

Moderately soft

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44
Q

Pianissimo

A

Very soft

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45
Q

Brass instruments…

A

Vibrate through the musician’s lips.

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46
Q

The smaller the vibrating element…

A

the higher the pitch.

47
Q

Harmony

A

The way chords are constructed and how they follow each other.
The vertical aspect of music.

48
Q

5 Mass Ordinary Movements

A 
Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Agnus Dei
49
Q

Pope Marcellus Mass

A

Worshiped God.

Written by Palestrina, who was a huge diplomatic composer of the Roman Catholic Church.

50
Q

Guillaume de Machaut

A

Outstanding 14th century French composer.

Composed Notre Dame Mass.

51
Q

Polyphonic music was used in…

A

medieval times, composing new melodic lines to be sung with known chants.

52
Q

Organum

A

Gregorian chant with one or more additional melodi lines.

Books containing these helped revolutionize western music.

53
Q

Jongleurs

A

Traveling minstrel musicians.
Performed tricks.
Lowest level of society.

54
Q

Trouveres

A

From Northern France.

Sang in monophonic song in the language of d’oc - which became modern French used today.

55
Q

Gregorian Chant

A

Set to sacred Latin texts.
Monophonic texture.
Official music of the Roman Catholic Church for over a thousand years.

56
Q

Composers during the Baroque period…

A

were high-class servants with few rights.

57
Q

Concerto grosso

A

Most often had 3 movements.

58
Q

Opera

A

Play set to music.
Singing with orchestral accompaniment.
Scenery, costumes, action.

59
Q

Aria

A

Song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment.

60
Q

Jacopo Peri’s “Euridice”

A

Was the earliest opera preserved.

Orpheus goes to hades in hope of bringing Euridice back to life.

61
Q

Henry Purcell

A

Buried in Westminster Abbey - indicated that he had much respect from his peers.

62
Q

Italy

A

Leading music center in 16th Century Europe.

63
Q

Renaissance

A

1450-1600

64
Q

Camerata

A

Academy of study at Florence.
Invented opera.
Wanted to create a new vocal style based on music of the ancient Greek tragedies.

65
Q

Handel

A

Composed oratories where he focused on the chorus (Messiah, Isreal in Egypt, and Joshua).
Lived mostly in England.
Born in 1685, same as Johann Sebastian Bach,

66
Q

Oratorios

A

The first ones were based on stories from the bible.

Different from opera in that there is no acting, scenery, or costumes.

67
Q

Vivaldi

A

Wrote concertos, fugues, and sonatas.
Wrote concertos for various instruments.
His concertos typically have 3 movements.

68
Q

Classical Period

A

1760-1820

69
Q

3 classical masters

A

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.

They stressed balance and clarity of structure.

70
Q

Haydn

A

Befriended Mozart in Vienna.
Worked for aristocrats.
Happy to spend his life serving a wealthy family.
Considered a skilled servant.
Father of the symphony and the string quartet.
In his surprise symphony, the second movement was in theme-and-variations form.
His Symphony No. 93 in D Major was performed in London 1791, and scored with timpani’s trumpets.
Because of his Symphony No. 22 in E-flat Major, he was nicknamed “the philosopher.”

71
Q

Beethoven

A

Piano-man performing instrument.
Considered the greatest composer in all of history.
Usually has a scherzo instead of a minuet.
His last movement in symphony tended to be more triumphant and heroic.

72
Q

Schubert

A

Had more than 600 art songs - in which he name/invented.
Has an unfinished symphony due to only have two movements - the first movement’s second theme is in tonic key just like the first theme.

73
Q

Vienna, Austria

A

Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were active here.
4th largest city in Europe in 1800.
Birthplace of Schubert.

74
Q

Romanticism

A

1820-1900

75
Q

Haydn’s Piano Concerto No. 11 in D Major…

A

Had colorful harmonies.
The first movement was in sonata form.
The cadenza ends with a trill.

76
Q

Middle Class

A 
Composers took the middle class into account when  composing comic operas by poking fun at the aristocracy, adding folk/popular music to serious compositions, and wrote dance music for public balls.
Sought aristocratic luxuries - theater, literature, and music.
Political and economic power shifted from the aristocracy and the church to the middle class.
77
Q

Most important social contribution?

A

Public concert

78
Q

Symphony

A

Sonata for orchestra.

Usually 4 movements: fast, slow, dance-related, fast.

79
Q

Motives

A

Short musical ideas or fragments of themes that are developed within a composition.

80
Q

Sonata Form

A

Should be viewed as a set of principles that serve to shape and unify contrasts of theme and key.
Includes an exposition (repeated), development (multiple key changes), and recapitulation (all in tonic key).

81
Q

Coda

A

Concluding section after 3 main sections of sonata form.

82
Q

Scherzo

A

Fast
ABA form
Faster than minuet

83
Q

Minuet

A 
First appeared as a dance at the court of Louis XIV of France.
Dance-like
Triple meter
Moderate tempo
ABA form
Third movement
Stately and dignified
84
Q

Rondo Form

A 
Used as late as the 20th century.
Often serves as the finale.
Liveliness, regularity, and buoyancy.
Main theme in tonic key - returns several times in alteration with other themes.
ABACABA or ABACA
85
Q

Sonata-Rondo Form

A

Commonly ABA.
Lively, pleaing, simple to remember theme.
ABACABA.

86
Q

Theme-and-variations Form

A

Each variation is unique, differing in mood and theme.
Widely used in the classical period, either as an independent piece or as a movement.
Basic musical idea is repeated over and over and changed each time.
AA’A’‘A’'’A’’’’
Each variation retains some elements of the theme.

87
Q

Concerto

A

Has 3 movements - fast, slow, fast.
Has a soloist accompanied by an orchestra.
Has a cadenza, which is a solo section designed to display the soloist’s ability.
Does not have a minuet or scherzo movements.
The first movement has two expositions.

88
Q

Serenade

A

Musical composition.
Light in mood.
Mean to evening entertainment.

89
Q

Chamber Music

A

Performed one player per part.

String quartet is the most important form.

90
Q

Art Song

A

Musical composition for solo voice and piano.
Mood set by brief piano intro.
Ended by a piano section called a coda.

91
Q

Lied

A

Romantic art song with German text.

92
Q

20th Century ad Beyond

A

1900 - current

93
Q

Beethoven

A

Most forward-looking works were string quartets.

Career was a model for romantic composers.

94
Q

Schumann

A

1840 - year of song

1841 - year of symphony

95
Q

Berlioz

A

Authored The Grand Treatsie of Instrumentation and Orchestration.

96
Q

Idee Fixe

A

Example of leitmotiv.

Uses the concept of thematic transformation.

97
Q

Paganini

A

Inspired Liszt.

Earned his money as a violin virtuoso.

98
Q

Music Drama

A

Creation of Richard Wagner.
Poetry and music.
Based on Nordic Mythology.

99
Q

Chopin

A

Composed miniatures and concertos.

100
Q

Brahms and Mendelsohn

A

Wrote sinfonias or serenades to warm up to composing symphonies.

101
Q

Debussy

A

Composed “Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun.”

102
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

Moved throughout the world.
Performed “The Rite of Spring” in Paris 1913.
Caused the most famous riot in music history.

103
Q

Scott Joplin

A

King of Ragtime.

104
Q

Beatles

A

Influenced American rock.
Caused “classical” instruments.
Electronic effects.
Unconventional scales, chord progressions, and rhythms.

105
Q

Nadia Boulanger

A

Very influential teacher of music composition in the 20th century.

106
Q

Impressionism movement

A

Originated in France.

107
Q

Romantic Period

A

Flourished from 1820-1900.
Schumann, Chopin, and Liszt.
Orchestra was larger and more varied in tone color than in classical period.

108
Q

St. Mark’s Cathedral

A

Center of music in Venice.

Noted for its two separated choir lofts.

109
Q

Catholic Church

A

Counter Reformation.

Tried to correct malpractices.

110
Q

Josquin des Prez

A

Spent a lot of his time in Italy.

111
Q

Baroque

A

Used terraced dynamics - sudden changes between loud and soft.
Two of the Baroque’s greatest composers were Handel and Bach.
Other major composers were Caudio Monteverdi, Antonio VIvaldi, and Arcangelo Corelli.
Basso continuo was widely used.

112
Q

Polychormal motet

A

Motet for two or more choirs.

Often includes groups of instruments.

113
Q

Rubato

A

Sligh slowing down or speeding up of the tempo.

Used a lot in romantic music.

114
Q

Lizst

A

Romantic composer.

Earned his money as a touring virtuoso.

MUSIC 100 (11 decks)

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