Test 2 Flashcards
_________ composed “Notre Dame Mass” and used the 5 Mass Ordinary Movements. He was the foremost composer of the 14th century in France.
Guillaume de Machut
The 5 Mass Ordinary Movements are…
- Kyrie
- Gloria
- Credo
- Sanctus
- Agnus
Middle Ages time period was from…
450-1450 C.E.
The Fall of Rome occurred in _____. This is when spiritual and political power began to fall to the catholic church leaders at Rome.
452 C.E.
The Fall of Constantinople happened in _______.
1453 C.E.
Josquin des Prez was born in ________ and ushered the new period of the ____________.
1450 C.E.
Renaissance
____________ was the longest-lasting, most important monophonic style of music in the middle ages. It was a very important type of religious vocal music, and very prominent from the time of Pope Gregory I until the development of polyphony.
Gregorian Chant
The earliest documentation of polyphony during the 9th century was…..
Musica Enchiriadis and Scolia Enchiriadis.
The generes of the earliest polyphony were ________, _________, and __________. These were written by Leonin and Perotin during the middle ages.
Organum
Conductus
Motet
_________ made the numbers that represent mathematical ratios.
Pythagoras
__________ was the earliest music theorist.
Boethius
Diaphony
When two notes at once occur.
Leonin was known for his _______________, Perotin was known for his ________________.
2-voice organa
3-and 4-voice organa
Goliards
Latin poems by students in monasteries.
Jongleurs
Traveling minstrel musicians.
Lower class, fun tricks.
Troubadors
Poet musicians.
Southern France, spoke Provencale.
Bernart de Ventradorn.
Trouveres
Singers of Northern France.
D’oc was the language - modern french.
Minnesinger
Germany.
Meistersinger
Germany.
The church modes are like the major and minor scales in that they have…
7 tones and an 8th time that duplicates the 1st an octave higher.
Hildegard of Bingen….
Was the first woman composer to leave a large number of works that have survived.
Drone
One or more long, sustained notes that accompany a melody.
The notation of secular songs of the Middle Ages does not indicate ________. Most of the French Secular songs dealt with love.
Rhythm
Rebec
A bowed string instrument.
Played for the medieval estampie.
The center of the polyphonice music in Europe after 1150 was _______.
Paris
Cantus Firmus
The chant that is used as the basis for polyphony.
Organum
The additional melodic line/s added to a Gregorian Chant.
The texture of the Renaissance music is chiefly _________.
Polyphonic.
A dominant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was called __________.
Humanism
A capella refers to ____________________________.
Unaccompanied choral music.
Palestrina’s career centered in ___________.
Rome
An attempt to purify the Catholic Church music was a result of…
Deliberations of the council of Trent.
The Renaissance madrigal began around 1520 in _______.
Italy.
Lute
A versatile plucked instrument with a body shaped like half of a pear.
Popular in the Renaissance.
Passamezzo
A stately dance in duple meter similar to the pavanne.
Standard for of the Baroque dance suite movements was ________.
AABB
Outside the church, monophony prevailed among ______________.
Secular singers.
Country music originated from…
Anglo settlers who came to the Appalachian Mountains.
Bluegrass was developed from country, but adds…
A mandolin and banjo in addition to the bass and acoustic guitar.
Protestant Reformation
1517.
Started with Martin Luther.
Jean Calvin purged the church of _____________.
Polyphony
In renaissance instrumental music…
Genere of court dance was new.
Dance pair passamezzo (slow, duple) and galiard (fast, triple) was new.
___________ of Cleveland, Ohio - 1951 identified the new beat as “rock ‘n’ roll.”
Alan Freed
Most important texture of the Renaissance is ____________.
Polyphony
Most important texture of the Baroque is _____________.
Homophony
Dance Suite Movements of the Baroque
Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Gigue
Cori Spezzati
Separated choruses.
Used by Andrea Gabrieli and Giovanni Gabrieli in St. Mark’s Cathedral of Venice.
Maestro di Cappella
Choirmaster of St. Mark’s Cathedral - the most prestigious musical position in all of europe.
Monody
Refers to accompanied solo singing of all kinds in the early 17th century.
Claudo Monteverdi
Composer of opera.
Worked apart from camerata.
“Orfero” was claimed to be the first great opera.
Rock has…
Roots in R&B and country.
A hard beat, including a backbeat.
A mix of ethnicities.
Instruments, like the sitar of India.
The reformation was ____________, while the counter-reformation was _____________.
Protestant.
Catholic.
Josquin des Prez
Was a contemporary of Christopher Columbus.
Trained musically in Franco-Flemish lands.
Hired by the wealthy city-states of Italy.
Employed by the King of France.
Produced many quality motets.
Jean Calvin
Led the Protestant Reformation and removed polyphony from the church.
Psalms were only to be sung in…
Monophony and be unaccompanied.
Giovanni Luigi Palestrina
Produced “Pope Marcellus Mass,” a polyhonic song with crystal clear words.
Helped keep polyphony in the catholic church.
Orlando Di Lasso
Franco-Flemish.
Served Italian city-state patrons.
Taught composition to both of the Gabrielis.
One of the most revolutionary periods in music history was the _____________.
Early Baroque.
The Early Baroque was characterized by __________________.
Homophonic texture.
The Middle Baroque was characterized by…
Diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.
Clavichord
A popular keyboard instrument in which sound is produced by means of brass blades striking the strings.
Basso continuo was the most prominent feature of the ___________.
Baroque
Terraced dynamics refer to…
A sudden change between loud and soft.
Fredrick the Great
King of Prussia.
Flutist, composer, and general.
In Italy, music schools were often connected with ___________.
Orphanages.
A large court during the baroque period might employ about _____ performers.
80
A small group of soloists is pitted against a larger group of players in a _____________.
Concerto grosso
The structure of a concerto grosso most often consists of ____ movements. The second movement is most often the _________________.
3
Highest and most lyrical
In ritornello form, ______ and _____________ alternate.
Tutti
Solo sections
A polyphonic composition based on one main theme is known as a _______.
Fugue
In many fugues, the subject in one voice is accompanied by a ____________ in another voice.
Countersubject
Answer
When a second voice presents the subject on a different scale step.
In the stretto, the subject is…
Imitated before it is completed.
Libretto
The text of an opera.
Recitative
The vocal line in opera that imitates speech.
Overture
An instrumental composition that opens the opera and sets the dramatic mood.
The first opera house in Europe to offer entry to anyone with the price of admission opened in 1673 in________.
Venice
Secco recitative
Speech-like melody accompanied only by a basso continuo.
Dissonance
What Monteverdi used to achieve the intensity of expression.
To voke angry or war-like feelings in some of his texts, Monteverdi introduced new orchestral effects, like __________ and _______.
Pizzicato
Tremolo
Clavecin
The most important Baroque court keyboard.
Was a version of the harpsichord.
Francois Couperin
French keyboard player of the Baroque.
Maintained order of the 4 standard dance movements.
Elisabeth Claude de la Guerre
Illustrated the standard dance movements.
John Dunstable
Middle Ages.
Henry Purcell
Baroque.
Interested in Shakespearean & Elizabethan plays.
“Dido and Aeneas” was his only opera.
Created semi-opera, incidental music for plays, and masques when the British Prime Minister and the Parliment outlawed staged plays in England during the 17th century.
Buried in Westminster Abbey.
_______ was the new genere of the Baoque.
Concerto
Arcangelo Corelli
The most important violinist/composer of his generation.
From Italy.
The father of the modern violin technique.
Composed instrumental concertos and sonatas.
Antonia Vivaldi
The most important violinist/composer of his generation.
From Italy.
Venetian concerto master.
Was the teacher of J.S. Bach.
Composed program music - has an association with something outside of the music itself.
Most of his works are either solo concerto or concerto grosso.
Wrote approximately 450 concertos.
Wrote concertos for a great variety of instruments.
Bariolage
String crossings.
Fermatas
Movements of musical pauses.
English Oratorios
Vernicular (english) and filled with operatic style.
Handel.
Similarities between J.S. Bach and Handel
Born in Germany.
Concerto grosso style.
Solo concerto style.
Solo keyboard music.
Performed as organist and violinist.
Excelled in the use of counterpoint, but also homophony.
Composed fugues, the apex of contrapuntal prowess.
Bach’s distinction from Handel
Cantata
Oratorio
Solo unaccompanied suite - bariolage, fermata, and improvisation.
Acheives unity of mood in his compositions by using an insistent rhythmis drive.
Of his 20 children, 4 went on to become well-known composers.
His personal music style was drawn from Italian and German church music.
Handel’s distinction from Bach
Opera, english oratorio, keyboard suites
Spent a majority of his life in England.
Wrote a great deal of instrumental music, but the core of his huge output consists of English oratorios and Italian operas.
“The Fab Four”
Richard Starkey
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
George Harrison
Bob Wooler and Brian Epstein
The two managers of the Beatles.
In the 6 violin suites, the main difference between the sonatas and partitas is the ________________.
Movement titles
Backbeat describes R&B’s emphasis on beats __ & __.
2
4
Peri and Caccini
Used recitative, a speech-like style of singing. This serves as the basis for all future operas.
Solo concerto
Solo instrument with orchestra.
Concerto grosso
An entire ensemble plays solistically by sections.
Pre-Classical Period
1730-1760
Roccoco and Gillant.
Overlapped the Baroque and Classical periods.
Started in Italy.
Homophonic texture, clear/slow-changing chords that supported one melody.
Two main composers of this period were G.B. Sammartini and J.C. Bach.
Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach
The court composer and musician at Berlin, where Fredrick the Great, a flute player, was the King of Prussia.
Empfindsamer Stile.
Empfindsamer Stile
Sensitive style.
Very chordal.
Has a slower harmonic progression than the typical harmonic motion.
J.J. Quartz and Wilhelm Fridemann Bach.
Mannhiem School of Orchestral Playing
At mid-century in Mannhiem, Germany.
Johann Stamitz was the conductor/director of this school at the court of Elector Palatine.
Uniform bowings, dynamic extremes, and percision.
The “Camerata” was an academy of study at Florence, Italy that invented _______.
Opera
Handel wrote the following oratorios:
Messiah, Esther, and Israel in Egypt.
Which sons of J.S. Bach developed, respectively, “galant” and “emfindsamer stile”?
Johann Christian and Carp Phillip Emanuel.
A common variation form in the baroque is the ____________ or ______________.
Ground bass
Basso ostinato
“Dido and Aeneas” came from the idea of…
Virgil’s epic poem the “Aeneid.”
The Baroque trio sonatas usually involve ____ performers.
4
The sonata in the baroque period was a composition in several movements for _____ instruments.
1-8
Baroque suites frequently begin with a _____________.
French overture
Although the movements of a baroque suite are written in the same key, they differ in…
Meter, national origin, and tempo.
The various dances of the baroque suite are usually in ________ form.
AABB
The french has ___ sections.
2; slow-fast
Chorale prelude
An instrumental composition based on chorale.
Cantata
A sung piece or choral work with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment.
Oratorios first appeared in _______.
Italy
Chorus
An element of oratorio that is especially important and serves to comment on or participate in the drama.
Alberti base ________ the amount of time the harmony stays the same.
Increased
The “London Bach was _____________. He inspired Mozart with slower-moving melody in the contrasting theme (ritornello form).
J.C. Bach
