test 3 Flashcards
Lotka-Volterra Model of competition
describes the relationship between two species using the same resource
Competitive exclusion principle
hypothesis that when two or more species coexist using the same resource, one must displace or exclude the other
fundamental niche
full range of conditions and resources under which an organism can survive and reproduce
realized niche
portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually uses due to interactions with other species ( this can change depending on spiciest interacts with)
character displacement
the principle that two species are more different when they occur together than when they were separated geographically
or
shift in morphology, behaviors or physiology due to competition
Zero Growth Isoclines
An isocline along which the net population growth rate is zero
exploitative (consumptive)
one ind consumes a resource and makes it unavailable for other species
chemical interactions (allelopathy)
one ind produces a chemical that inhibits the growth of other species
What an example of alleopathy
a tadpole can maintain certain algae in its stomach and this helps poison other tadpole so that they don’t grow
territorial competition
one ind maintains a specific space and resource in that space
this is direct interactions
whats an example of territorial competition
reef fish
encounter
where different species limit access to a resource for other species, but don’t maintain or defend that territory
preemption
aka priority affect- ind that gets to the resource first wins
overgrowth
one ind grows over the other and then limits access to the resource
R*rules
species that can persist at the lower lvl of limiting resource will drive the other species ( locally) exinct
examples of non resource factors
WEATHER
pH of soil and water
temporal environment variability
something that changes over time
spatial environmental variability
environments that change as we go across the states
gradient
from high t low or low to high, that varies across a space
normalized ecological performance
relative biomass of each species divided by the highest biomass at each lvl
resource partitioning
different resource used by difference species ( or the same resource at different times
whats an example of resource partitioning
the size of canines and relationship of prey size
Ghost of competition past
dea that competition occurred in the past leading to character displacement,
example of non resource factor influence
An example is a study done on how the pH of water affects the competition between two tadpole species ( Hyla gratiosa and Hyla femoralis.) In the study they compared competition at pH of 4.5 and 6. The study showed that interspecific interactions are low at pH of 4.5 and at pH of 6 the competition caused H.f’s survival rate to decrease an increase in larval period for H.g. The result is that H.g individuals got smaller.
what assumptions are used in the competitive exclusion principle
1) assumes that the competitors have exactly the same resource requirements, 2) the environmental conditions remain constant.
what scientific study supports competitive exclusion principle
A scientific study that supports this principle was done G.F Gause. In his study he examined competition between Paramecium aurelia ( P.a) and Paramecium caudatum ( P.c). P.a has a higher rate of population growth and can stand a higher population density than P.c. When both species were put in the same tube that contained bacteria food P.c died ( look at graph on powerpoint.)
paradox plankton
exclusion competitive principle
HSS model
herbivores negativity affect plants and predators neg affect herb therefore there is an overall positive effect on plants ( the world is green)
secondary compounds
chemicals that are not involved in the basic metabolism of plant cells. This is a defense mechanism
Lotka-Volterra predation model
the relationship between predator and prey populations
bayesian mimicry
the mimic evolves to look like a chemically defended or unpalatable species
mullein mimiry
different chemically defended or unpalatable ( bad tasting) species evolved to look similar 9 all have defenses or unpalatable)
aggressive mimicry
a predator evolves to look like its prey
functional repsonse
number of prey each predator is consuming as a function of prey
functional response type 1
linear relationship between prey density and number of prey consumed per predator
functional response type II
at high prey densities handling time leads to asymptotic response
functional response type III
dresses the switch between high and low predation based on relative abundance
numerical repsonse
number of predators births as a function of prey density
optimal foraging
strategy
predators will select prey sizes or patches of prey in a manner that maximizes caloric intake relative to energy expended to consume prey
Marginal value theorem
predators will make decisions for how long to forage in a patch bases off the patch quality, number of prey per patch, and distance between patches
coevolution
when two species affect the evolution of each eachother
Red Queen Hypothesis
Predator and prey are going to coevolve in a way that maintains the existence of both predator and prey.
Handling time
amount of time it takes for an pred to find, track, attack, subdue, consume prey.
why is Marginal value theorem not linear
they are starting reduce prey in patch, no energy gain in time since prey is all gone
what the relationship between patch quality and prey availability
if patch is lower quality then lower energy gain over time. So for example if it take the same time to go to two different patched then the predator will pick the patch with the higher prey .
example of red queen hypothesis
the water flea. they found some water flea eggs and they could see how the evolution of a water flea happened. when the number of fish increase the water flea produced a tail do that they could swim faster.
in the Hss model what happens if there are even trophic lvls
its a brown world. herb can eat the plants
if its a odd number of lvl for HSS model
green world
example of HSS
If the plant pop goes dow then then the hare will start losing energy and that when the preditors will start declining the prey population too, then if the prey population goes down then so does the preditors. If the plant pop goes up again then so with the prey then the preditors
example of aggressive mimicry
robber fly and bumblebee
example of bayesian mimicry
snakes- red on black is ok, red on yellow run
intraguild predation
is the killing and eating of potential competitors
What is the primary prediction of the basic Lotka-Volterra equations of predator-prey interactions
The primary prediction is that predator and prey influence the population of one another and can create a cycle
Is this prediction realistic
This is not truly realist because in observations made there was a correlation between predator and prey populations but there are other factors involved that can affect this relationship such as immigration, etc.
Describe several different types of prey defenses against predators and give an example of each.
Secondary Chemicals, Structures , Cryptic coloration, Object resemblance, Flashing coloration, Warning coloration,Bayesian mimicry, Mullein mimicry, Protective armor, Behavior defenses
Secondary Chemicals-
the Colorado frog whose skin excretes a chemical that causes hallucinations
Structures
In the powerpoint he has a plant that has spikes to keep herbivores away
Cryptic coloration-
which is just when animals are the color of the environment-
Object resemblance
think of a walking sticks (type of bug)
Flashing coloration
think of butterfly-animals use this to try to disorient the predator
Mullein mimicry example
hen unpalatable or venomous species share similar color patterns. Example of is that social wasp and caterpillars of cinnabar wasp have the same coloration so assume that yellow and black are dangerous.
Protective armor
clam
Behavior defenses
distinctive call to warn other that a predator is approaching
what assumptions are made about prediction and prey model
Pred is going to starve if there is no prey ( they could move or they could eat themselves or they could switch prey)
- Prey is only being affected by the pred not by competition
- If we remove the pred then prey would grow exponetntially
