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ecology test by maddie > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Lotka-Volterra Model of competition

A

describes the relationship between two species using the same resource

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2
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

hypothesis that when two or more species coexist using the same resource, one must displace or exclude the other

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3
Q

fundamental niche

A

full range of conditions and resources under which an organism can survive and reproduce

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4
Q

realized niche

A

portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually uses due to interactions with other species ( this can change depending on spiciest interacts with)

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5
Q

character displacement

A

the principle that two species are more different when they occur together than when they were separated geographically
or
shift in morphology, behaviors or physiology due to competition

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6
Q

Zero Growth Isoclines

A

An isocline along which the net population growth rate is zero

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7
Q

exploitative (consumptive)

A

one ind consumes a resource and makes it unavailable for other species

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8
Q

chemical interactions (allelopathy)

A

one ind produces a chemical that inhibits the growth of other species

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9
Q

What an example of alleopathy

A

a tadpole can maintain certain algae in its stomach and this helps poison other tadpole so that they don’t grow

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10
Q

territorial competition

A

one ind maintains a specific space and resource in that space
this is direct interactions

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11
Q

whats an example of territorial competition

A

reef fish

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12
Q

encounter

A

where different species limit access to a resource for other species, but don’t maintain or defend that territory

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13
Q

preemption

A

aka priority affect- ind that gets to the resource first wins

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14
Q

overgrowth

A

one ind grows over the other and then limits access to the resource

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15
Q

R*rules

A

species that can persist at the lower lvl of limiting resource will drive the other species ( locally) exinct

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16
Q

examples of non resource factors

A

WEATHER

pH of soil and water

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17
Q

temporal environment variability

A

something that changes over time

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18
Q

spatial environmental variability

A

environments that change as we go across the states

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19
Q

gradient

A

from high t low or low to high, that varies across a space

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20
Q

normalized ecological performance

A

relative biomass of each species divided by the highest biomass at each lvl

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21
Q

resource partitioning

A

different resource used by difference species ( or the same resource at different times

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22
Q

whats an example of resource partitioning

A

the size of canines and relationship of prey size

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23
Q

Ghost of competition past

A

dea that competition occurred in the past leading to character displacement,

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24
Q

example of non resource factor influence

A

An example is a study done on how the pH of water affects the competition between two tadpole species ( Hyla gratiosa and Hyla femoralis.) In the study they compared competition at pH of 4.5 and 6. The study showed that interspecific interactions are low at pH of 4.5 and at pH of 6 the competition caused H.f’s survival rate to decrease an increase in larval period for H.g. The result is that H.g individuals got smaller.

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25
Q

what assumptions are used in the competitive exclusion principle

A

1) assumes that the competitors have exactly the same resource requirements, 2) the environmental conditions remain constant.

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26
Q

what scientific study supports competitive exclusion principle

A

A scientific study that supports this principle was done G.F Gause. In his study he examined competition between Paramecium aurelia ( P.a) and Paramecium caudatum ( P.c). P.a has a higher rate of population growth and can stand a higher population density than P.c. When both species were put in the same tube that contained bacteria food P.c died ( look at graph on powerpoint.)

27
Q

paradox plankton

A

exclusion competitive principle

28
Q

HSS model

A

herbivores negativity affect plants and predators neg affect herb therefore there is an overall positive effect on plants ( the world is green)

29
Q

secondary compounds

A

chemicals that are not involved in the basic metabolism of plant cells. This is a defense mechanism

30
Q

Lotka-Volterra predation model

A

the relationship between predator and prey populations

31
Q

bayesian mimicry

A

the mimic evolves to look like a chemically defended or unpalatable species

32
Q

mullein mimiry

A

different chemically defended or unpalatable ( bad tasting) species evolved to look similar 9 all have defenses or unpalatable)

33
Q

aggressive mimicry

A

a predator evolves to look like its prey

34
Q

functional repsonse

A

number of prey each predator is consuming as a function of prey

35
Q

functional response type 1

A

linear relationship between prey density and number of prey consumed per predator

36
Q

functional response type II

A

at high prey densities handling time leads to asymptotic response

37
Q

functional response type III

A

dresses the switch between high and low predation based on relative abundance

38
Q

numerical repsonse

A

number of predators births as a function of prey density

39
Q

optimal foraging

strategy

A

predators will select prey sizes or patches of prey in a manner that maximizes caloric intake relative to energy expended to consume prey

40
Q

Marginal value theorem

A

predators will make decisions for how long to forage in a patch bases off the patch quality, number of prey per patch, and distance between patches

41
Q

coevolution

A

when two species affect the evolution of each eachother

42
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

Predator and prey are going to coevolve in a way that maintains the existence of both predator and prey.

43
Q

Handling time

A

amount of time it takes for an pred to find, track, attack, subdue, consume prey.

44
Q

why is Marginal value theorem not linear

A

they are starting reduce prey in patch, no energy gain in time since prey is all gone

45
Q

what the relationship between patch quality and prey availability

A

if patch is lower quality then lower energy gain over time. So for example if it take the same time to go to two different patched then the predator will pick the patch with the higher prey .

46
Q

example of red queen hypothesis

A

the water flea. they found some water flea eggs and they could see how the evolution of a water flea happened. when the number of fish increase the water flea produced a tail do that they could swim faster.

47
Q

in the Hss model what happens if there are even trophic lvls

A

its a brown world. herb can eat the plants

48
Q

if its a odd number of lvl for HSS model

A

green world

49
Q

example of HSS

A

If the plant pop goes dow then then the hare will start losing energy and that when the preditors will start declining the prey population too, then if the prey population goes down then so does the preditors. If the plant pop goes up again then so with the prey then the preditors

50
Q

example of aggressive mimicry

A

robber fly and bumblebee

51
Q

example of bayesian mimicry

A

snakes- red on black is ok, red on yellow run

52
Q

intraguild predation

A

is the killing and eating of potential competitors

53
Q

What is the primary prediction of the basic Lotka-Volterra equations of predator-prey interactions

A

The primary prediction is that predator and prey influence the population of one another and can create a cycle

54
Q

Is this prediction realistic

A

This is not truly realist because in observations made there was a correlation between predator and prey populations but there are other factors involved that can affect this relationship such as immigration, etc.

55
Q

Describe several different types of prey defenses against predators and give an example of each.

A

Secondary Chemicals, Structures , Cryptic coloration, Object resemblance, Flashing coloration, Warning coloration,Bayesian mimicry, Mullein mimicry, Protective armor, Behavior defenses

56
Q

Secondary Chemicals-

A

the Colorado frog whose skin excretes a chemical that causes hallucinations

57
Q

Structures

A

In the powerpoint he has a plant that has spikes to keep herbivores away

58
Q

Cryptic coloration-

A

which is just when animals are the color of the environment-

59
Q

Object resemblance

A

think of a walking sticks (type of bug)

60
Q

Flashing coloration

A

think of butterfly-animals use this to try to disorient the predator

61
Q

Mullein mimicry example

A

hen unpalatable or venomous species share similar color patterns. Example of is that social wasp and caterpillars of cinnabar wasp have the same coloration so assume that yellow and black are dangerous.

62
Q

Protective armor

A

clam

63
Q

Behavior defenses

A

distinctive call to warn other that a predator is approaching

64
Q

what assumptions are made about prediction and prey model

A

Pred is going to starve if there is no prey ( they could move or they could eat themselves or they could switch prey)

  1. Prey is only being affected by the pred not by competition
  2. If we remove the pred then prey would grow exponetntially

ecology test by maddie (6 decks)

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