exam 4 new stuff Flashcards
Symbiosis
Protracted association of two different species.
Parasitism
Benefits the parasite, but negatively affects the host; + -
Microparasites
Parasites that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Macroparasites
Parasite is visible by the naked eye.
Ectoparasite
Parasite on the outside of the host organism.
Endoparasite
Parasite on the inside of the host organism (salmonella or hookworm).
Direct Transmission
Parasite moves directly from one host to another (ex: hookworm).
Indirect Transmission
Parasite requires an intermediate host to reach the definitive host where sexual reproduction can occur (ex: malaria- intermediate: mosquito definitive: human)
Definitive
When the parasite reaches sexual maturity in the host.
Intermediate hosts
Intermediate hosts - Increased chance of mortality due to modification of their phenotype that makes them more susceptible to predation.
Dilution effect
Dilution effect - In species with poor communities, each larval tick cohort tends to encounter many mice, which are high-quality hosts and highly competent reservoirs. By definition, the ticks encounter few alternative hosts, which tend to be poorer-quality hosts and poor reservoirs. The result is a high abundance and infection prevalence in the resulting nymphal cohort.
Commensalism
- Parasite benefits, but host is not affected; + 0
Mutualism
Mutualism - Both the parasite and the host benefit; + +
Endo symbiont
Endo symbiont - Attach on the inside of host organism (ex: hookworm)
Ecto symbiont
Ecto symbiont - Attach on the outside of host organism (ex:lamprey, head lice)
Food web
Food web: interlocking pattern formed by a series of interconnecting food chains
food chain
food chain: the movement of energy and nutrients from one feeding group of organisms to another in a series that begins with plants and ends with carnivores, detrital feeders, and decomposers
trophic level
trophic level: functional classification of organisms in an ecosystem according to feeding relationships, ranging from first level autotrophs through succeeding levels of herbivores and carnivores.
what are the three lvl for food web
basal, intermediate, and top
Basal
Basal: feed on no other species but are fed on by others
Intermediate
Intermediate: feed on other species and they are prey of other species
tropic lvl Top
Top: not subject to predators; they prey on intermediate and basal species
food chain length
food chain length: the length of any given food chain within the food web is measured as the number of links between a top predator and the base of the web
species richness
species richness: the number of species
As species richness increase what happens to link density and mean chain length?
they increase
Linkage density (L/S)
Linkage density (L/S): a measure of the average number of links per species in the food web
Dominance
Dominance: when a single or a few species predominate within a community
species evenness
species evenness: distribution of relative abundances of different species
what are the two types of diversity indices
Simpsons
shannon
Simpsons
constrained between 0 and 1 but 1 will be more diverse (1-D)
shannon
0 lower bound but upper bound is determined by richness
Guilds
Guilds: groups of species that exploit a common resource in a similar fashion
functional type
functional type: defines a group of species based on their common response to the environment, life history characteristics, or role within the community
zonation
zonation: patterns of spatial variation in community structure along an environmental gradient
Explain how ecologists define species diversity. What data must be collected to determine the diversity of a community?
Species diverstiy is defined by species richness and evenness. It considers both the number and relative abundance of species within the community.
What is the difference between a dominant species and a keystone species?
A dominant species predominates within a community and are often numerically abundant. A keystone species is one that functions in a unique and significant manner, and their effect on the community is disproportionate to their numerical abundance. Their removal initiates changes in community structure and often results in a significant loss of diversity.
What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain is the movement of energy and nutrients from one feeding group of organisms to another, while food web is an interlocking series of interconnecting food chains
What is zonation? And if it occurs why can it be difficult to define the boundaries of a community?
Zonation is patterns of spatial variation in community structure along an environmental gradient. It can be difficult to define the boundaries of a community if zonation occurs because the changes are along a gradient and if the changes in species composition and patterns of dominance are subtle and gradual then the community boundary can be hard to define.
Edge effect
Response of organisms to different environmental conditions found on borders between habitats
Species area curve
Species area curve - Species richness relative to area
Island biogeography
Island biogeography - the number of species established on an island represents a dynamic equilibrium between the immigration of new colonizing species and the extinction of previously established ones
Ecosystem functioning
Ecosystem functioning - is the technical term used in the Framework to define the biological, geochemical and physical processes and components that take place or occur within an ecosystem.
Gross primary productivity
Gross primary productivity - Energy fixed per unit area by photosynthetic activity of pants before respiration
Net primary productivity
Net primary productivity - rate of energy stored as organic matter after respiration
Secondary productivity
Secondary productivity - Rate at which heterotrophs produce biomass per unit area per time unit
Standing crop biomass
Standing crop biomass - total amount of biomass per unit area at a given time
Compensation depth
Compensation depth - the depth of the water column at which light intensity reaching plants is just sufficient for the rate of photosynthesis to balance the rate of respiration
Assimilation efficiency
Assimilation efficiency - The efficiency at which the consumer extracts energy from its food
Production efficiency
Production efficiency - How efficient the organism is at making biomass out of what it assimilates
Trophic efficiency
Trophic efficiency - Ratio of productivity in a given trophic level with the trophic level on which it feeds
Biomass / energy pyramid -
idk
Biogeochemical cycles
Biogeochemical cycles - Flows of a substance (water, carbon, nitrogen) between living and nonliving reservoirs
carbon cycle
idk
nitrogen cycle
idk
Retranslocation
Retranslocation - recycling of nutrients within a plant
Water cycle
Water cycle - movement of water between atmosphere and Earth by way of precipitation and evaporation
Ammonification
Ammonification - Breakdown of proteins and amino acids, especially by fungi and bacteria, with ammonia as the excretory by-product
Nitrification
Nitrification - Breakdown of nitrogen-containing organic compounds into nitrates and nitrites
Denitrification
Denitrification - bacteria that return nitrogen to the atmosphere
Maximum sustainable yield
Maximum sustainable yield - the maximum rate at which individuals can be harvested from a population without reducing its size; recruitment balances harvesting
Fishing down the food chain -
Fishing down the food chain - the bigger fish population is declining and so you go to a smaller fish population ect
Bycatch
Bycatch - unintended catch
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation - The fragmentation of larger continuous tracts of habitats, such as forest, shrubland, or grassland into a mosaic of smaller, often isolated patches
Invasive species
Invasive species - A species that is not native to that ecosystem (non-native or alien species
Endemic species
Endemic species - a species that is unique to a defined location
rank abundance curve
rank abundance curve: species are ranked by relative abundance (most abundance is #1, next most is #2), then graph relative abundances by describing order
