test 2 Flashcards
heterotroph
organism that can’t make their own food energy
autotroph
organism that make their own food
photosynthesis
process by which energy from PAR is converted to sugars
Light reactions
process light energy it turned into chemical energy ( ATP, NADPH)
dark reactions
also called calvin Benson cycle. it uses ATP and NADPH to make sugars and regenerate ruBisco
Epidermis
The outer layer of cells or skin which helps keep water in.
Mesophyll
Photosynthesis occurs, it is green since it has chlorophyll.
Stomata
Modified epidermis cells that allow gas exchange.
Vascular Bundle
Helps transfer nutrients and water. ( xylem and phloem)
Xylem
transport water
Phloem
transport nutrients
Rubisco
The enzyme that drives photosynthesis.
Aerobic
In the presence of O2 (Oxygen), it is the breaking down of glucose to harvest energy (ATP).
C3 pathway
Trade off between CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) and H2O (Water).
Light Compensation Point
Light level where photosynthesis rate equals respiration rate.
Carbon Balance
Balance between uptake of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) in photosynthesis and the release in respiration.
Shade Tolerance
Ability of a plant to maintain positive carbon balance in low light conditions
Herbivore
An animal that feeds on plants.
Homeostasis
Relativity constant internal environment despite a varying external environment.
Feedback loop
Property of the control system to use its output as part of its input.
Endothermy
Internal heat production
Ectothermy
Obtain heat from sources outside of the body.
Homeothermy
Organism that use endothermy to regulate body temperature
Heterothermy
Organisms that endothermy and ectothermy to regulate body temperature such as hummingbirds.
Countercurrent Heat Exchange
Physical arrangement of arteries and veins to allow transfer of heat
Bergman’s Rule
Animals tend to have larger bodies sizes at higher latitude.
Allen’s Rule
Shorter limbs or appendages in colder environment
Energetic Equivalence Rule
Energy used by a population does not vary with organisms size
life history
Growth, development, and reproduction of a species.
Parthenogenesis
birth of offspring in which the ovum develops without fertilization. type of asexual reproduction
Monogamy
Lasting pair bond between a male and a female.
Polygamy
Acquisition of two or more mates by one individual.
Polygyny
Male pairs with two or more females.
Polyandry
females have more than on e male
promiscuity
males and females mate without forming pair bonds
intrasexual selection
selection based on competition within one sex for the opportunity to mate
intersexual selection
differential attractiveness of individuals of one sex to individuals of the other sex( Mate choice
sperm competition
competition among sperm from more than one male to fertilize the off of one female
sexual dimorphism
the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
leks
a communal area where 2 or more males perform courtship displays
interoparous
organisms that have multiple reproductive events over a life span
semelparous
organisms that have a single reproductive event over a life span
cohort life table
follow a group of individual born in the same period
time specific life table
age distribution data from a cross section of the population at a particular time
survivorship curve
relationship between the probability of mortality and ages
demographic stochasticity
random changes in birth and death rates
environmental stochasticity
random environmental influences on birth and death rates
density independence
an effect that does not change with population size
where does biomass come from
CO2
whats the equation for photosynthesis
6 C02 + 6 H2O-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6h2o
how can you tell when a plant is healthy
when more photosynthesis is occurring than respiration
how do you know when a plant in unhealthy
when less C02 is being taken in
photoinhibition
light reduction of photosynthesis due to damage to photosynthesis machinery
why do some plants have larger leaves
larger in area the more sunlight
why are some plants thicker
it has multiple layers of mesophyll cells to get a higher max of photosynthesis
what effects the rate of photosynthesis
amount of chrlophyl how big the leaves are amount of rubisco water sunlight temperature
cold environments have what type of leaves
wide
what are small leaves called
leafleats
why does surface area matter for leaves
because some leaves need to cool off faster
water effieciety
C02 uptake comes with H20 loss
what so great about the C3 pathway
it is less water efficient buy less complicated ( it does not need bundle sheath cells or additional enzymes
whats the advantage of c4
more water efficient and allows plants to persist in warmer environments
whats the disadvantage of C4
the c is concentrated in a specialized bundle sheath cells
secondary metabolites
chemicals produced by the plant that contribute to basic metabolic processes ( this is used for protection
what happens if a plant goes below the the saturation point
it dies
homeostatic Plateau
limited range of max and min physiological tolerances in which an organism can operate
what a good example of homeostatic plateu
japanese hornet
negative feedback loop
deviation in the controlled quantity is counterbalanced by the control system, means that it stabilizes things
positive feedback loop
destabilizes things
poikilotherms
organisms that use ectothermy to regulate body heat
whats the advantage of being an endotherm
activity isn’t dependent on environment
whats the disadvantage of endotherms
you have to use your own energy
advantage of ectotherm
don’t need to use much energy to generate heat
disadvantage of ectotherm
activity is based on environment
biological clock
internal mechanisms in organisms used to control periodicity of various functions or activity
acclimation
adjust to the environment
counter current heat exchange
physical arrangement of parties and veins to allow transfer of heat
allometry
the study of the relationships b/w body size and shape, anatomy, physiology and behavior
which organisms lose heat faster and are more efficient for gas exchange
smaller organisms
energy equivalence rules
energy used by population does not vary with organisms size
asexual reproduction
forming a genetically identical offspring, only one parent, no fertilization
adv of asexual
its faster, no need to find or attract a mate aka no energy needed
disadvantage asexual
little genetic variation in pop
good example of asexual
bacteria and jellyfish
good example of parthenogenesis
shark and fish
kleptongensis
female steals sperm from male, its either used as energy or to stimulate parthenogenesis
what an advantage of sexual reproduction
genetic variation
disadvantage of sexual
requires energy
dioecious
separate male and female plants
wha an advantage of being dioecious
no self fertilization
disadvantage of dioecious
they need something to take the pollen to the female
is the stigma very pollen specific
yes it codes for certain pollen
race for fertilization
selection in the style for the most fit pollen grain
simultaneous herm
has both organs at the same time
what the advantage of being a SH
reproduction can happen easier
what are the two type son sequential hermp
protrandous
protogynous
protrandous
its first male and then can develop into a female
think clown fish ( the more subordant one becomes the female
protogynous
females first, it it gets big enough the it can change to male
whats an advantage of being dominant female
you can stop fertilization in other females
whats an example of intersexual election we talked about in class
sword tail fish, the bigger the sword the more mates
cryptic choice
females “ select” male that fertilize her eggs post sex
what the correlation between male territory and offspring fitness
as territory increases so does the offspring fitness. also if male as already mated then the offspring fitness will decrease
whats an advantage of having babies at the same time
all pop can protect them
predators can get full
coincide with food
demography
study of the size, structure, and distribution of pop and spatial and temporal response to birth, death, migration, and aging
life tables
predicts the probability when things will die. (what the probability that something is going to die in different stages of life?)
Lx
the probability at birth of surviving to a particular age
Dx
the number of individuals that die during an inteval
Qx
age specific mortality rate
type 2 curve
when its equal
type 1
low rates of initial mortality but higher mortality at later ages (humans)
type 3
higher rate of mortality intillialy but lower rates after reaching a later stage ( Sea turtles)
fecundity tables
reproductive capacity
Bx
age specific birth rates
R0
a net reproductive rate- the average number of females that will be produced by a female over her life time
population projection table
tells you what you would expect that population to be in a certain time
stable age distribution
proportion of individuals in each age class, doesn’t change over time since its constant
carrying capacity
birth and death rates are equal
stable equilibrium
system returns to equilibrium after any deviation from equilibrium
allee effect
reduction in reproduction of survival under low pop size
interspecific competition
competition b/w individuals of the same species
scramble
competition for a resource that is equally partitioned amount individuals
contest
resource is partitioned unequal, clear winners and losers. THIS IS MORE STABLE
exploitation
competition for a resource ( ind don’t interact directly)
interference
competition in which access to a resource is limited by a competitor
constant yield
self thinning causes pop to have the same biomass despite difference or ind size
self thinning
decline in density and a corresponding increase in size in the remaining individuals
behavior sink
social break down due to stress
example from class about behavior sink
a scientist made the perfect mouse sanctuary . the mice got stressed out ad started to kill each other because there was to many of them
example of density independent factor
the more snow the less birth rates in deer population
Bundle sheath cells
a layer of cells in plant leaves and stems that forms sheath surrounding the vascular bundles
transpiration
the process by which moisture is carried through plants from the roots to small pores on the underside of leaves where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere
Anaerobic cellar respiration
respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiration electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors
C4
the alternative pathway of the calvin cycle (c3) taking place during the dark phase of photosynthesis
carbon is fixed twice
uses pep instead of rubisco
light saturation point
At a particular light intensity, the rate of oxygen evolution levels off any further increase in the amount of light striking the leaf does not cause an increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
temperature effect on photosynthesis
At low temperatures (50-68 degrees F) the enzymes that carry out photosynthesis do not work efficiently. At medium temperatures (68 degrees F) those enzymes are working optimally. At high temperatures much greater (104 degrees F) the enzymes are denatured and photosynthetic rate declines rapidly.
water use efficiency
Refers to the ratio of water used in plant metabolism to water lost by the plant through transpiration.
Net Photosynthesis
the photosynthesis in excess of the respiratory
scaling
the process by which most morphological and physiological feature change as a function of body size in predictable way
Body size constraints
the relationship between surface are and volume is a constraint because it affects O2, body heat, and metabolic process.
exponential population growth
instantaneous rate of population growth, expressed as proportional increase per unit of time
logistic growth
occurs when the growth rate decrease as the population reaches carrying capacity
intrinsic rate of increase
the rate at which a pop increase in size if there are no density dependent forces regulating the pop
life table
an age specific account mortality
cohort
a group of ind born in the same period of time
time specific life table
age distribution data from a cross section of the population at a particular time
net reproductive rate
the average number of females that will be produce by a female in her life time
generation time
is the average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages pop
stable age distribution
proportion of individuals in each age class does not change over time
density dependence
regulation of pop growth by mechanism controlled by size of the population; effect increase as pop size increase
density- dependent mortality
increase in mortality rate in pop size
DENSITY- DEPENDENT fecundty
decline in fecundity rate with increase pop size
density dependent growth
an inverse relationship between pop density and ind growth
infraspecific competition
selection based on competition within one sex for the opportunity to mate
bundle sheath cells surround what
Vascular bundle
what environments to c4 plants live in
C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to hot, dry environments, especially climates found in tropical regions
C3 what environments
temperate environments
CAM
more desert like environment
what types of leaves are in cold environments
broader
what type of leaves arena warm environments
thinner
shade tolerance
plant’s ability to tolerate low light levels
lower light compensation and saturation points
thinner more SA
shade intolerant
plants tolerate high light lvl
thicker and less SA
Advantage of C4
when the stomate closes the gas the dark reactions happen. the pep can not be stopped by O2, while in C3 pathway th cycle can by stopped when CO2 is outcompete by O2 due to the fact the rubisco can take attach to them.
how does the stomata effect respiration
this determine how much CO2 comes in
how does the epidermis affect rate of phot
this helps the plant not get to much light
how does the mesophyll affect the rate of photo
this helps moves gases around the plant
how doe the chloroplast affect rate of phot
helps with photosynthesis
how does the vascular bundle affect photo
helps the plant store the energy made through photosynthesis
