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ecology test by maddie > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that can’t make their own food energy

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2
Q

autotroph

A

organism that make their own food

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3
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which energy from PAR is converted to sugars

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4
Q

Light reactions

A

process light energy it turned into chemical energy ( ATP, NADPH)

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5
Q

dark reactions

A

also called calvin Benson cycle. it uses ATP and NADPH to make sugars and regenerate ruBisco

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer layer of cells or skin which helps keep water in.

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7
Q

Mesophyll

A

Photosynthesis occurs, it is green since it has chlorophyll.

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8
Q

Stomata

A

Modified epidermis cells that allow gas exchange.

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9
Q

Vascular Bundle

A

Helps transfer nutrients and water. ( xylem and phloem)

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10
Q

Xylem

A

transport water

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11
Q

Phloem

A

transport nutrients

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12
Q

Rubisco

A

The enzyme that drives photosynthesis.

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13
Q

Aerobic

A

In the presence of O2 (Oxygen), it is the breaking down of glucose to harvest energy (ATP).

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14
Q

C3 pathway

A

Trade off between CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) and H2O (Water).

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15
Q

Light Compensation Point

A

Light level where photosynthesis rate equals respiration rate.

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16
Q

Carbon Balance

A

Balance between uptake of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) in photosynthesis and the release in respiration.

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17
Q

Shade Tolerance

A

Ability of a plant to maintain positive carbon balance in low light conditions

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18
Q

Herbivore

A

An animal that feeds on plants.

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

Relativity constant internal environment despite a varying external environment.

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20
Q

Feedback loop

A

Property of the control system to use its output as part of its input.

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21
Q

Endothermy

A

Internal heat production

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22
Q

Ectothermy

A

Obtain heat from sources outside of the body.

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23
Q

Homeothermy

A

Organism that use endothermy to regulate body temperature

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24
Q

Heterothermy

A

Organisms that endothermy and ectothermy to regulate body temperature such as hummingbirds.

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25
Q

Countercurrent Heat Exchange

A

Physical arrangement of arteries and veins to allow transfer of heat

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26
Q

Bergman’s Rule

A

Animals tend to have larger bodies sizes at higher latitude.

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27
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Shorter limbs or appendages in colder environment

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28
Q

Energetic Equivalence Rule

A

Energy used by a population does not vary with organisms size

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29
Q

life history

A

Growth, development, and reproduction of a species.

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30
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

birth of offspring in which the ovum develops without fertilization. type of asexual reproduction

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31
Q

Monogamy

A

Lasting pair bond between a male and a female.

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32
Q

Polygamy

A

Acquisition of two or more mates by one individual.

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33
Q

Polygyny

A

Male pairs with two or more females.

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34
Q

Polyandry

A

females have more than on e male

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35
Q

promiscuity

A

males and females mate without forming pair bonds

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36
Q

intrasexual selection

A

selection based on competition within one sex for the opportunity to mate

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37
Q

intersexual selection

A

differential attractiveness of individuals of one sex to individuals of the other sex( Mate choice

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38
Q

sperm competition

A

competition among sperm from more than one male to fertilize the off of one female

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39
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species

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40
Q

leks

A

a communal area where 2 or more males perform courtship displays

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41
Q

interoparous

A

organisms that have multiple reproductive events over a life span

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42
Q

semelparous

A

organisms that have a single reproductive event over a life span

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43
Q

cohort life table

A

follow a group of individual born in the same period

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44
Q

time specific life table

A

age distribution data from a cross section of the population at a particular time

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45
Q

survivorship curve

A

relationship between the probability of mortality and ages

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46
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

random changes in birth and death rates

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47
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

random environmental influences on birth and death rates

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48
Q

density independence

A

an effect that does not change with population size

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49
Q

where does biomass come from

A

CO2

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50
Q

whats the equation for photosynthesis

A

6 C02 + 6 H2O-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6h2o

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51
Q

how can you tell when a plant is healthy

A

when more photosynthesis is occurring than respiration

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52
Q

how do you know when a plant in unhealthy

A

when less C02 is being taken in

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53
Q

photoinhibition

A

light reduction of photosynthesis due to damage to photosynthesis machinery

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54
Q

why do some plants have larger leaves

A

larger in area the more sunlight

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55
Q

why are some plants thicker

A

it has multiple layers of mesophyll cells to get a higher max of photosynthesis

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56
Q

what effects the rate of photosynthesis

A 
amount of chrlophyl 
how big the leaves are
amount of rubisco
water
sunlight
temperature
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57
Q

cold environments have what type of leaves

A

wide

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58
Q

what are small leaves called

A

leafleats

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59
Q

why does surface area matter for leaves

A

because some leaves need to cool off faster

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60
Q

water effieciety

A

C02 uptake comes with H20 loss

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61
Q

what so great about the C3 pathway

A

it is less water efficient buy less complicated ( it does not need bundle sheath cells or additional enzymes

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62
Q

whats the advantage of c4

A

more water efficient and allows plants to persist in warmer environments

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63
Q

whats the disadvantage of C4

A

the c is concentrated in a specialized bundle sheath cells

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64
Q

secondary metabolites

A

chemicals produced by the plant that contribute to basic metabolic processes ( this is used for protection

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65
Q

what happens if a plant goes below the the saturation point

A

it dies

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66
Q

homeostatic Plateau

A

limited range of max and min physiological tolerances in which an organism can operate

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67
Q

what a good example of homeostatic plateu

A

japanese hornet

68
Q

negative feedback loop

A

deviation in the controlled quantity is counterbalanced by the control system, means that it stabilizes things

69
Q

positive feedback loop

A

destabilizes things

70
Q

poikilotherms

A

organisms that use ectothermy to regulate body heat

71
Q

whats the advantage of being an endotherm

A

activity isn’t dependent on environment

72
Q

whats the disadvantage of endotherms

A

you have to use your own energy

73
Q

advantage of ectotherm

A

don’t need to use much energy to generate heat

74
Q

disadvantage of ectotherm

A

activity is based on environment

75
Q

biological clock

A

internal mechanisms in organisms used to control periodicity of various functions or activity

76
Q

acclimation

A

adjust to the environment

77
Q

counter current heat exchange

A

physical arrangement of parties and veins to allow transfer of heat

78
Q

allometry

A

the study of the relationships b/w body size and shape, anatomy, physiology and behavior

79
Q

which organisms lose heat faster and are more efficient for gas exchange

A

smaller organisms

80
Q

energy equivalence rules

A

energy used by population does not vary with organisms size

81
Q

asexual reproduction

A

forming a genetically identical offspring, only one parent, no fertilization

82
Q

adv of asexual

A

its faster, no need to find or attract a mate aka no energy needed

83
Q

disadvantage asexual

A

little genetic variation in pop

84
Q

good example of asexual

A

bacteria and jellyfish

85
Q

good example of parthenogenesis

A

shark and fish

86
Q

kleptongensis

A

female steals sperm from male, its either used as energy or to stimulate parthenogenesis

87
Q

what an advantage of sexual reproduction

A

genetic variation

88
Q

disadvantage of sexual

A

requires energy

89
Q

dioecious

A

separate male and female plants

90
Q

wha an advantage of being dioecious

A

no self fertilization

91
Q

disadvantage of dioecious

A

they need something to take the pollen to the female

92
Q

is the stigma very pollen specific

A

yes it codes for certain pollen

93
Q

race for fertilization

A

selection in the style for the most fit pollen grain

94
Q

simultaneous herm

A

has both organs at the same time

95
Q

what the advantage of being a SH

A

reproduction can happen easier

96
Q

what are the two type son sequential hermp

A

protrandous

protogynous

97
Q

protrandous

A

its first male and then can develop into a female

think clown fish ( the more subordant one becomes the female

98
Q

protogynous

A

females first, it it gets big enough the it can change to male

99
Q

whats an advantage of being dominant female

A

you can stop fertilization in other females

100
Q

whats an example of intersexual election we talked about in class

A

sword tail fish, the bigger the sword the more mates

101
Q

cryptic choice

A

females “ select” male that fertilize her eggs post sex

102
Q

what the correlation between male territory and offspring fitness

A

as territory increases so does the offspring fitness. also if male as already mated then the offspring fitness will decrease

103
Q

whats an advantage of having babies at the same time

A

all pop can protect them
predators can get full
coincide with food

104
Q

demography

A

study of the size, structure, and distribution of pop and spatial and temporal response to birth, death, migration, and aging

105
Q

life tables

A

predicts the probability when things will die. (what the probability that something is going to die in different stages of life?)

106
Q

Lx

A

the probability at birth of surviving to a particular age

107
Q

Dx

A

the number of individuals that die during an inteval

108
Q

Qx

A

age specific mortality rate

109
Q

type 2 curve

A

when its equal

110
Q

type 1

A

low rates of initial mortality but higher mortality at later ages (humans)

111
Q

type 3

A

higher rate of mortality intillialy but lower rates after reaching a later stage ( Sea turtles)

112
Q

fecundity tables

A

reproductive capacity

113
Q

Bx

A

age specific birth rates

114
Q

R0

A

a net reproductive rate- the average number of females that will be produced by a female over her life time

115
Q

population projection table

A

tells you what you would expect that population to be in a certain time

116
Q

stable age distribution

A

proportion of individuals in each age class, doesn’t change over time since its constant

117
Q

carrying capacity

A

birth and death rates are equal

118
Q

stable equilibrium

A

system returns to equilibrium after any deviation from equilibrium

119
Q

allee effect

A

reduction in reproduction of survival under low pop size

120
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition b/w individuals of the same species

121
Q

scramble

A

competition for a resource that is equally partitioned amount individuals

122
Q

contest

A

resource is partitioned unequal, clear winners and losers. THIS IS MORE STABLE

123
Q

exploitation

A

competition for a resource ( ind don’t interact directly)

124
Q

interference

A

competition in which access to a resource is limited by a competitor

125
Q

constant yield

A

self thinning causes pop to have the same biomass despite difference or ind size

126
Q

self thinning

A

decline in density and a corresponding increase in size in the remaining individuals

127
Q

behavior sink

A

social break down due to stress

128
Q

example from class about behavior sink

A

a scientist made the perfect mouse sanctuary . the mice got stressed out ad started to kill each other because there was to many of them

129
Q

example of density independent factor

A

the more snow the less birth rates in deer population

130
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

a layer of cells in plant leaves and stems that forms sheath surrounding the vascular bundles

131
Q

transpiration

A

the process by which moisture is carried through plants from the roots to small pores on the underside of leaves where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere

132
Q

Anaerobic cellar respiration

A

respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiration electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors

133
Q

C4

A

the alternative pathway of the calvin cycle (c3) taking place during the dark phase of photosynthesis
carbon is fixed twice
uses pep instead of rubisco

134
Q

light saturation point

A

At a particular light intensity, the rate of oxygen evolution levels off any further increase in the amount of light striking the leaf does not cause an increase in the rate of photosynthesis.

135
Q

temperature effect on photosynthesis

A

At low temperatures (50-68 degrees F) the enzymes that carry out photosynthesis do not work efficiently. At medium temperatures (68 degrees F) those enzymes are working optimally. At high temperatures much greater (104 degrees F) the enzymes are denatured and photosynthetic rate declines rapidly.

136
Q

water use efficiency

A

Refers to the ratio of water used in plant metabolism to water lost by the plant through transpiration.

137
Q

Net Photosynthesis

A

the photosynthesis in excess of the respiratory

138
Q

scaling

A

the process by which most morphological and physiological feature change as a function of body size in predictable way

139
Q

Body size constraints

A

the relationship between surface are and volume is a constraint because it affects O2, body heat, and metabolic process.

140
Q

exponential population growth

A

instantaneous rate of population growth, expressed as proportional increase per unit of time

141
Q

logistic growth

A

occurs when the growth rate decrease as the population reaches carrying capacity

142
Q

intrinsic rate of increase

A

the rate at which a pop increase in size if there are no density dependent forces regulating the pop

143
Q

life table

A

an age specific account mortality

144
Q

cohort

A

a group of ind born in the same period of time

145
Q

time specific life table

A

age distribution data from a cross section of the population at a particular time

146
Q

net reproductive rate

A

the average number of females that will be produce by a female in her life time

147
Q

generation time

A

is the average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages pop

148
Q

stable age distribution

A

proportion of individuals in each age class does not change over time

149
Q

density dependence

A

regulation of pop growth by mechanism controlled by size of the population; effect increase as pop size increase

150
Q

density- dependent mortality

A

increase in mortality rate in pop size

151
Q

DENSITY- DEPENDENT fecundty

A

decline in fecundity rate with increase pop size

152
Q

density dependent growth

A

an inverse relationship between pop density and ind growth

153
Q

infraspecific competition

A

selection based on competition within one sex for the opportunity to mate

154
Q

bundle sheath cells surround what

A

Vascular bundle

155
Q

what environments to c4 plants live in

A

C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to hot, dry environments, especially climates found in tropical regions

156
Q

C3 what environments

A

temperate environments

157
Q

CAM

A

more desert like environment

158
Q

what types of leaves are in cold environments

A

broader

159
Q

what type of leaves arena warm environments

A

thinner

160
Q

shade tolerance

A

plant’s ability to tolerate low light levels
lower light compensation and saturation points
thinner more SA

161
Q

shade intolerant

A

plants tolerate high light lvl

thicker and less SA

162
Q

Advantage of C4

A

when the stomate closes the gas the dark reactions happen. the pep can not be stopped by O2, while in C3 pathway th cycle can by stopped when CO2 is outcompete by O2 due to the fact the rubisco can take attach to them.

163
Q

how does the stomata effect respiration

A

this determine how much CO2 comes in

164
Q

how does the epidermis affect rate of phot

A

this helps the plant not get to much light

165
Q

how does the mesophyll affect the rate of photo

A

this helps moves gases around the plant

166
Q

how doe the chloroplast affect rate of phot

A

helps with photosynthesis

167
Q

how does the vascular bundle affect photo

A

helps the plant store the energy made through photosynthesis

ecology test by maddie (6 decks)

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