final exam Flashcards
Ecology investigates relationships between ___________ and _____________.
organisms; their environment
Which of the following is the correct ecological hierarchy (from smallest unit to largest
unit) of a daisy?
a. landscape, community, population, individual organism
b. individual organism, community, population, landscape
c. individual organism, population, community, landscape
d. landscape, population, community, individual organism
c. individual organism, population, community, landscape
Which of the following questions is most appropriate to investigate at the population level?
a. What is the effect of diminished resources on an individual’s life span?
b. What is the relationship between resource availability and birth rate?
c. What factors influence the distribution of tropical forests?
d. How long does it take for carbon to be cycled from the atmosphere into living
tissue?
b. What is the relationship between resource availability and birth rate?
The positive relationship between plant biomass and biodiversity
a. is a pattern observed in nature
b. can occur because of greater resource utilization in more diverse communities
c. can occur because more diverse communities have a greater chance of having
bigger species
d. all of the above
all of the above:
a. is a pattern observed in nature
b. can occur because of greater resource utilization in more diverse communities
c. can occur because more diverse communities have a greater chance of having
bigger species
an ecosystem
a. is the highest level of organization in the hierarchy of ecological systems
b. is comprised of all species living in one defined area
c. has both biotic and abiotic components
d. is a mathematical abstraction invented to understand biocomplexity
c. has both biotic and abiotic components
The abiotic components of a system can include
a. PAR
b. parasites
c. cyanobacteria
d. tadpoles
e. All of the above
a. PAR
In ecology, a hypothesis is
a. the first step of the scientific method
b. testable only with a field experiment
c. typically developed from observations of patterns in nature
d. the last step of the scientific method
typically developed from observations of patterns in nature
Habitats in the Northern Hemisphere that are positioned on north-facing slopes generally ________ than those habitats situated on south-facing slopes.
a. have a higher rate of evaporation
b. have greater soil moisture
c. experience higher air temperatures
d. experience greater fluxes in weather conditions
b. have greater soil moisture
The difference between climatic conditions on north versus south facing slopes reflect differences in
a. The rain shadow
b. Microclimate
c. Albedo
d. Seasons
b. microclimate
In the Northern Hemisphere, ________ occurs when solar rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer (23.4372° north of the Equator)
a. A drought
b. An equinox
c. A solstice
d. El nino
c. A solstice
The decrease in air temperature through expansion (like when air comes out a car tire),
rather than through heat loss to the surrounding atmosphere, is referred to as ________.
a. Adiabatic cooling
b. Condensation
c. Dew
d. Newton’s gas law
a. Adiabatic cooling
The sun emits ____________ radiation and the earth emits _____________ radiation
a. Nuclear; electromagnetic
b. Shortwave; longwave
c. Light; heat
d. Light; no
e. Constant; variable
Shortwave; longwave
As altitude increases,
a. atmospheric pressure and temperature decrease.
b. atmospheric pressure decreases and temperature increases.
c. atmospheric pressure increases and temperature decreases.
d. atmospheric pressure and temperature increase.
a. atmospheric pressure and temperature decrease.
systematic patterns of water movement are know as
a. circulations.
b. currents.
c. gyres.
d. trade winds.
b. currents
Relative humidity is the
a. amount of pressure at a given temperature at which water transforms from a liquid
to a gaseous state.
b. amount of pressure that water vapor exerts independent of the pressure of dry air.
c. temperature at which saturation vapor pressure is achieved.
d. amount of water vapor in the air relative to the saturation vapor pressure.
d. amount of water vapor in the air relative to the saturation vapor pressure
An organisms ability to see ultraviolet light can influence
a. mate choice
b. the greenhouse effect
c. night vision
d. mutations caused by harmful UV rays (wear sunscreen!)
a. mate choice
The subtropical high is caused by
a. Air warming and rising at the equator
b. The Coriolis effect
c. Air cooling and descending
d. Cannabis sativa from the subtropics
c. Air-cooling and descending
regional association of organisms are
a. Influenced by average temperature
b. Biomes
c. Influenced by average precipitation
d. All of the above
d. All of the above:
a. Influenced by average temperature
b. Biomes
c. Influenced by average precipitation
The wavelengths that make up the visible light spectrum are referred to as ________ radiation.
a. Longwave
b. Photosynthetically active
c. Nuclear
d. None of the above
b. Photosynthetically active
Which of the following is an adaptation that allows an organism to take advantage of the viscosity of water?
a. A swim bladder than can change the density of a fish
b. Accessory pigments in algae that allow for greater absorption of blue light
c. Flagella or cilia that can pull a microbe through water
d. All of the above
c. Flagella or cilia that can pull a microbe through water
The temperature, humidity, wind, cloudiness, and other atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place is
a. climate
b. weather
c. not important in determining carbon balance
d. unrelated to animal activity
b. weather
The total amount of evaporating water from the surfaces of the ground and vegetation is
called ________.
a. Interception
b. Relative humidity
c. Rain shadow
d. Evapotranspiration
d. Evapotranspiration
The tendency for water molecules to stick together due to hydrogen bonding generates
a. Surface tension
b. Thermoclines
c. Ozone
d. Cliques
a. Surface tension
as light enters water, the first wavelengths absorbed are
a. Utraviolet and infrared radiation.
b. Visible red light.
c. PAR.
d. Blue light.
b. visible red light
air has a higher specific heat than water
true or false
false
upwelling occurs
a. On the western side of continents
b. During El Nino
c. When vapor pressure exceeds saturation vapor pressure.
d. When ground water is obtained.
a. on the western side of continents
A trade off is
a. a negative correlation between two traits
b. an exchange of resources between two species
c. the opposite of a trade on
d. responsible for the trade winds
a. negative correlation between two traits
__________ have deeper soils than ____________ due to _____________
a. forests; prairies; parent material
b. forests; prairies; transpiration
c. prairies; forests; transpiration
d. prairies; forests; parent material
d. prairies; forests; parent material
Which of the below statements regarding the Jamaican dance study discussed in class is
false:
a. females and males rated the “dance ability” of symmetrical individuals higher
than asymmetric individuals
b. females showed a greater preference for symmetrical male dancers than males did
c. males and females did not significantly differ in preference of female dancers
d. males showed a greater preference for symmetrical male dancers than females did
d.males showed a greater preference for symmetrical male dancers than females did
An example of sexual conflict would be
a. A monogamous male and female bird that each watch for predators
b. A queen bee that protects other females in the hive
c. A male water strider that remains attached to the female for an extended period of
time after copulation
d. None of the above
c. A male water strider that remains attached to the female for an extended period of
time after copulation
A trait that is produced based on interactions among alleles at multiple genes is
a. Dominant
b. Recessive
c. Quantitative
d. Qualitative
c. Quantitative
You are studying a trait that is determined only by interactions among alleles at a single gene. One allele is dominant and one is recessive (i.e., no co-dominance). Mating between a ___________ male and a ____________ female will always produce offspring with the ________________
a. Homozygous; homozygous; homozygous genotype
b. Heterozygous; heterozygous; dominant trait
c. Homozygous dominant; homozygous recessive; dominant trait
d. Heterozygous; heterozygous; recessive trait
c. Homozygous dominant; homozygous recessive; dominant trait
An autosomal recessive disorder
a. Is a quantitative trait
b. Is a qualitative trait
c. Is influenced by the environment
d. None of the above
b. Is a qualitative trait
A distinct variant of a physical characteristic of an organism is a
a. Allele
b. Adaptation
c. “internal force”
d. trait
d. trait
A difference between Lamarck and Darwin’s mechanisms of evolution is
a. Darwin allowed for the inheritance of acquired characteristics, Lamarck did not
b. Darwin explicitly wrote about Mendel’s work with pea genetics, Lamarck did not
c. Darwin’s mechanism requires variation in the trait within a population, Lamarck’s
does not
d. All of the above
c. Darwin’s mechanism requires variation in the trait within a population, Lamarck’s
does not
Whether or not an adaptation increases the fitness of an individual can depend on abiotic conditions.
true or false
true
the change in the genetic composition of a pop over time is
a. The gene pool
b. Fitness
c. Adaptations
d. Evolution
d. evolution
the outward appearance of an organism for a given characteristic is called its
a. Symmetry
b. Phenotype
c. Cover
d. Plasticity
b. phenotype
1) An organism that has low rates of mortality at younger ages, but high mortality at later ages, exhibits
a. Type I survivorship curve
b. Type II survivorship curve
c. Type III survivorship curve
d. r selection
Types 1 survivorship curve
To construct a life table, you need
a. lots of wires and a lightning storm
b. to follow a cohort of individuals through their entire life, and that’s the only way to get the data necessary for a life table
c. an estimate of the number of individuals in each age or stage class
d. to understand the mating system of the population
e. all of the above
an estimate of the number of ind in each age or stage class
A population projection table
a. Predicts how the numbers of individuals in each age class changes through time
b. Requires a constant lx
c. Is constructed from a life table and a fecundity table
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
a. Predicts how the numbers of individuals in each age class changes through time
b. Requires a constant lx
c. Is constructed from a life table and a fecundity table
A __________ life table follows the fate of a group of individuals born at the same time.
a. time specific
b. cohort
c. asexual
d. survivorship
cohort
Random effects on population size due to random fluctuations in birth rates
a. are demographic stochasticity
b. are environmental stochasticity
c. are incorporated into life tables
d. lead to extinction
are demographic stochasticity
1) A population that has reached a stable age distribution is no longer increasing in abundance
true or false
false
self-thinning
a. Is an intraspecific diet
b. Depends on density independent factors
c. Generates allee effects
d. Causes populations to converge on constant yield
causes pop to converge on constant yeild
An interaction where two individuals of the same species negatively affect each other is
a. Intraspecific competition
b. Interspecific competition
c. Intraguild predation
d. Constant yield
a. Intraspecific competition
Which of the following statements about stress is incorrect
a. hormonal changes due to stress can stimulate growth and increase the rate of reproduction and lead to stable populations
b. stress increases as population density increases
c. stress can occur even when food is not limiting
d. stress can change the social organization of populations (e.g., parental care)
a. hormonal changes due to stress can stimulate growth and increase the rate of reproduction and lead to stable populations
a density independent process
a. Does not depend on the size of the population
b. Can influence carrying capacity
c. May be influenced by weather
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
a. Does not depend on the size of the population
b. Can influence carrying capacity
c. May be influenced by weather
In exploitation competition, individuals interact indirectly through a shared resource.
true or false?
true
1) Modified cells on the leaf ______ are called _________ and when open allow ________
a. Chloroplast; chlorophyll, photosynthesis
b. Epidermis; stoma; gas exchange
c. Epidermis; stoma; H2O absorption
d. Epidermis; vascular bundle; transpiration
Epidermis; stoma; gas exchange
The rate of photosynthesis
a. increases linearly with temperature
b. exceeds the rate of respiration
c. is independent of water availability
d. can vary among species, even if the environmental conditions are identical
can vary among species, even if the environmental conditions are identical
Carbon balance focuses on the balance between
a. uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and loss of heat via evapotranspiration.
b. loss of CO2 through respiration and gain of nutrients.
c. loss of H2O and the gain of CO2 via transpiration.
d. uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and the loss of CO2 during respiration.
uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and the loss of CO2 during respiration.
Shade tolerance
a. Is the level of PAR where photosynthesis is at a minimum
b. Is positively related to a plants maximum growth rate
c. Describes a plants ability to persist in low light
d. Is highest in C4 plants and lowest in CAM plants
e. All of the above
Describes a plants ability to persist in low light
__________ is the enzyme used in ___________/
a. Rubisco; the electron transport chain
b. Chlorophyll; the electron transport chain
c. Rubisco; Calvin-Benson cycle
d. Chlorophyll; Calvin-Benson cycle
Rubisco; Calvin-Benson cycle
In the light dependent reactions, all of the following are produced except
a. ATP
b. C6H12O6
c. NADPH
d. All of the above are produced in the light dependent reactions
C6H12O6
The level of light where the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration is the
a. Light compensation point
b. Light saturation point
c. Light alleviation point
d. Light perspiration point
Light compensation point
Which of the following is an advantage for homeotherms?
a. high caloric intake
b. maximum allocation of energy to growth
c. activity regardless of external temperature
d. wide fluctuations in body temperature
activity regardless of external temperature
Secondary chemical compounds
a. Are the precursor to tertiary chemical compounds
b. Are made from primary chemical compounds
c. Are used in flower production
d. Are used to deter herbivores
Are used to deter herbivores
Smaller animals
a. Are found at higher latitudes
b. Are found at higher altitudes
c. Have higher energy demands per unit mass than larger animals (due to allometric scaling)
d. all of the above
Have higher energy demands per unit mass than larger animals (due to allometric scaling)
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment is called
a. osmoregulation.
b. diapause.
c. acclimatization.
d. homeostasis.
homeostasis.
Allen’s rule predicts
a. Surface area to volume ratios will not vary with organism size
b. The size and shape of appendages will vary with latitude
c. Shade leaves will have lower rates of respiration
d. The percentage of C4 grasses will decrease with increasing latitude
The size and shape of appendages will vary with latitude
The arrangement of blood vessels to allow the exchange of heat between arteries and veins is
a. A countercurrent heat exchange
b. Used by some animals to warm blood returning to the body from appendages
c. Use by some animals to cool blood
d. All of the above
All of the above
a. A countercurrent heat exchange
b. Used by some animals to warm blood returning to the body from appendages
c. Use by some animals to cool blood
Population sizes and individual resource requirements of different organisms scale
a. isometrically
b. In ways that cause equivalent energy use by populations despite differences in body sizes
c. As predicted by Bergmann’s rule
d. All of the above
In ways that cause equivalent energy use by populations despite differences in body sizes
The reproductive strategy in which relatively few young are produced at repeated intervals during an individual’s life is referred to as
a. semelparity.
b. iteroparity.
c. altricial.
d. Precocial.
iteroparity.
Demography is the study of
a. The structure of populations
b. The distribution of populations
c. The response of populations to changes in birth and death rates
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
All the above
a. The structure of populations
b. The distribution of populations
c. The response of populations to changes in birth and death rates
The preferential selection by a female of a male peacock with the longest tail feathers and the most eyespots on the tail feathers is an example of
a. polandry.
b. polygyny.
c. intrasexual selection.
d. intersexual selection.
intersexual selection
Sperm competition
a. Occurs post copulation
b. Does not influence evolution
c. Ensures self fertilization
d. All of the above
a. Occurs post copulation
Kleptogenesis occurs
a. In sexual reproduction
b. In parthenogenic organisms
c. When gametes are released externally
d. When the police force is reduced
a. In parthenogenic organisms
Leks are utilized by ____________ animals.
a. Non moving
b. Monogamous
c. Polygamous
d. Promiscuous
Promiscuous
Reproduction in dioecious plants ensures that offspring are genetically different than the parents
true or false
true
Sexual dimorphism
a. Is determined by fluctuating asymmetry
b. Scales allometrically
c. is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
d. all of the above
is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
Polyandry (where one female pairs with two or more males) does not occur in animals.
true or false
false
A realized niche
a. Is the full range of conditions and resources under which a species can survive and reproduce
b. Can change based on interspecific competition
c. Does not depend on tradeoffs
d. All of the above
Can change based in interspecific competition
Competition for multiple resources can allow species to coexist if
a. The species exhibit tradeoffs
b. One species is not the best competitor for all resources
c. Populations exhibit non equilibrium (i.e., chaotic) dynamics
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
All the above:
@the species exhibit tradeoffs
@One species is not the best competitor for all resources
@the species with the highest inartistic rate of increase dominates competition
The R* rule suggests
a. The species with the highest carrying capacity dominates competition
b. The species that persists at the lowest resource levels dominates competition
c. The species with the highest intrinsic rate of increase dominates competition
d. All of the above
b. The species that persists at the lowest resource levels dominates competition
When different species use different resources, it ___
a. Can lead to resource partitioning
b. Explains why only a few competing species can coexist
c. Generates the N-dimensional hypervolume
d. All of the above
a. Can lead to resource partitioning
The “Ghost of competition past” suggests that two species are not presently competing due to the Red Queen hypothesis.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
false
Spartina alterniflora occurs on the marsh edge. Spartina patens occurs next to S. alterniflora but at higher elevations. S. alterniflora does not affect the realized niche of S. patens.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
true
_____________ competition occurs when individuals compete for a shared resource and __________ competition occurs when individuals compete for the opportunity to acquire the resource.
a. Intraspecific; interspecific
b. Contest; interference
c. Scramble; chemical
d. Exploitation; contest
a. Exploitation; contest
A normalized ecological performance is
a. how a species interacts under typical conditions
b. the difference between fundamental and realized niches
c. a measure of a species biomass production divided by the maximum production in a community
c. a measure of a species biomass production divided by the maximum production in a community
The paradox of the plankton
a. is based on the discrepancy between the competitive exclusion principle and observations of diverse natural systems
b. is based on the discrepancy between the competitive exclusion principle and optimal foraging theory
c. is predicted from Lotka-Volterra competition
d. suggests that “the world is green” hypothesis holds true for many ecosystems
e. was solved by Sherlock Holmes
a. is based on the discrepancy between the competitive exclusion principle and observations of diverse natural systems
A zero growth isocline
a. is the altitude where plant growth stops
b. defines where a population is zero
c. defines where a population’s growth rate is zero
d. does not depend on a species carrying capacity
defines where a population’s growth rate is zero
The formula for logistic growth is dn/dt=rN
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
false
Fill in the blank. When competing belowground, clover reduces skeleton weed by 35% biomass. When competing above ground, clover reduces skeleton weed biomass by 53%. When competing both above and below ground, clover _________ skeleton weed.
a. Reduces the biomass of
b. Coexists with
c. Is reduced by
d. Not enough information is given to fill in the blank.
a. Reduces the biomass of
Encounter competition requires that two individuals directly confront each other.
True or false
false
A tadpole harbors an endosymbiotic alga in its stomach. This alga produces a chemical that kills the tadpoles of other species in the pond. This is an example of
a. Intraspecific competition
b. Allelopathy
c. Exploitative competition
d. All of the above
Allelopathy
The coexistence of more species than limiting resources can occur if
a. The competing species show chaotic population dynamics
b. There is resource partitioning
c. Character displacement has occurred.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
All the above
a. The competing species show chaotic population dynamics
b. There is resource partitioning
c. Character displacement has occurred.
Which of the following statements is true:
a. A predator’s functional response is always linear while its numerical response may asymptote
b. A type III functional response suggests that predators can switch consumption from one prey to another
c. A type I numerical response suggests a linear relationship between prey consumed and prey density
d. Numerical responses have to be asymptotic
A type III functional response suggests that predators can switch consumption from one prey to another
Optimal foraging theory
a. Describes how animals select prey sizes that optimize caloric intake
b. Suggests intraguild predation should be common
c. Is not observed in nature (the paradox of the plankton)
d. Produces an asymptotic relationship between predation and prey density
Describes how animals select prey sizes that optimize caloric intake
Which of the following is not an assumption of Lotka-Volterra’s predator-prey model discussed in class?
a. prey would grow to infinity without predators
b. predators have a fixed carrying capacity
c. predators go extinct in the absence of prey
d. prey do not compete intraspecifically
prey do not compete intraspecifically
What is the basic prediction of the predator-prey model discussed in class?
a. Neutral oscillations
b. Equilibrium of predator and prey
c. Prey extinction
d. Predator extinction
e. None of the above
Neutral oscillations
A linear relationship between per capita prey consumption and prey density is
a. A numerical response
b. The cause of prey extinction
c. A type I functional response
d. A type II functional response
e. None of the above
A type I functional response
When different, unpalatable species share a color pattern, it is an example of
a. Symbioses
b. Aggressive mimicry
c. Mullerian mimicry
d. Batesian mimicry
Mullerian mimicry
Under the marginal value theorem, when patch quality is equal, what other factor is expected to influence the time a predator spends foraging in a patch?
a. handling time of prey
b. time spent traveling to the patch
c. the predator’s functional response
d. a trophic cascade
time spent traveling to the patch
The red queen hypothesis depends on
a. Coevolution
b. Character displacement
c. Neutral oscillations
d. All of the above
Coevolution
The resemblance of a non-poisonous scarlet king snake to a poisonous coral snake is
a. A mutualism
b. Aggressive mimicry
c. Batesian mimicry
d. Mullerian mimicry
Batesian mimicry
Plants can limit herbivory through the use of
a. secondary chemical compounds
b. defensive structures (spines)
c. mutualists
d. all of the above
All above
a. secondary chemical compounds
b. defensive structures (spines)
c. mutualists
A predator that can’t consume a prey because the prey is too large is
a. Gape limited
b. Going extinct
c. Red queened
d. An intra-guild predator
Gape limited
Both Plants and animals can exhibit chemical defenses
true or false
true
predator behavior is incorporated into
a. Optimal foraging
b. A type III functional response
c. Marginal value theorem
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
optimal foraging
type III functional response
Marginal value theorem
When the number of predators exceeds the prey’s intrinsics rate of increase divided by the consumption rate of the prey by the predator, the prey pop will
a. Decrease
b. Increase
c. Go extinct
d. Go to infinity
decrease
Course goals include all of the following except
a. explaining how interactions among species determines how communities function
b. using quantitative tools to describe patterns in nature
c. predicting how ecological communities will respond to habitat alterations
d. evaluating proposed legislature on sea level rise in North Carolina
e. All of the above are course goals
evaluating proposed legislature on sea level rise in North Carolina
An ecological principle is
a. The administrator in charge of the school of ecology
b. An accepted tenet or rule that applies to numerous taxa
c. A mathematical theory
d. A null model
An accepted tenet or rule that applies to numerous taxa
Over the last century, ____________ has increased.
a. the rate of extinctions
b. parasites in frogs
c. fish kills attributable to fertilizer runoff
d. all of the above
a. the rate of extinctions
b. parasites in frogs
c. fish kills attributable to fertilizer runoff
d. all of the above
In ecology, observations of patterns give rise to investigating _________ that generate the patterns.
a. Hypotheses
b. Mechanisms
c. Abiotic factors
Mechanisms
A positive relationship between plant diversity and biomass production can occur because of greater resource utilization in more diverse communities and more diverse communities have a greater chance of having bigger species.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
true
Albedo measures
a. An organisms reproductive capacity
b. The Coriolis effect
c. The greenhouse effect
d. The proportion of light reflected from a surface
potion of light
12) The Coriolis effect
a. Explains why the water on the US Atlantic (east) coast is typically warmer than the water on the US Pacific (west) coast
b. Explains the equatorial low
c. Causes adiabatic cooling on the western sides of the continents
d. All of the above
Explains why the water on the US Atlantic (east) coast is typically warmer than the water on the US Pacific (west) coast
14) During winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
a. sits directly over the equator.
b. is shifted into the northern latitudes.
c. is shifted into the southern latitudes.
d. does not exist.
is shifted into the southern latitudes.
In the Northern Hemisphere, ________ occurs when solar rays fall directly on the equator.
a. A drought
b. An equinox
c. A solstice
d. El nino
equinox
If water vapor content exceeds ____________, then __________ occurs.
a. The wilting point; saturation
b. Saturation vapor pressure; condensation
c. Vapor pressure; evaporation
Saturation vapor pressure; condensation
During El Nino events
a. ocean surface temperatures on the west coast of South America (e.g., Peru) are warmer than normal
b. floods, droughts, and weather disturbances occur in many regions of the world
c. the typical ocean current (gyre) breaks down
d. all of the above
all the above
The amount of water retained by the soil between field capacity and wilting point is the
a. Available water capacity
b. Saturation point
c. Intercepted water
d. Organic water
water capacity
A scientist measures the temperature of a lake at various depths and finds very little variation between temperatures at the surface and at the bottom of the lake. The temperature measurements were most likely taken in a
a. Lake in Wisconsin in the summer.
b. Lake in Wisconsin in the late fall.
c. Lake in Maine in the summer.
d. Any of the above lakes.
late fall
Under which of the following conditions would genetic drift exert the greatest influence?
a. a population with a large range
b. a very small population
c. a very large population
d. a population that has access to sufficient resources
small pop
Natural selection requires
a. Differential survival and / or reproduction of individuals
b. Variation among individuals in a physical character that can influence survival and reproduction
c. Traits that can be passed from parents to offspring
d. All of the above
all the above
A(n) ________ is any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection.
a. Genotype
b. Phenotype
c. Allele
d. Adaptation
adaptation
A _________ is a gradual change in the genetic composition of populations of the same species over a large geographic range, while a(n) __________ is a change in the genetic composition of populations over a smaller range.
a. Cline; ring species
b. Ring species; subspecies
c. Drift; subspecies
d. Cline; ecotype
cline, ecotype
