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Pathophysiology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Test Visualization of the Lungs and Diaphragm during breathing

A

Fluoroscopy

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2
Q

PaO2 =

A

95-100 mm Hg

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3
Q

PaCO2 =

A

35-42 mm Hg

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4
Q

Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) affects ages:

A

2-12 months

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5
Q

80% of the cases it is caused by the

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

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6
Q

Refers to the clumps of cells and hence its name (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

A

Syncytia

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7
Q

Predisposing Factors of RSV are:

A

Familiar history of Asthma

Presence of cigarette smoke

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8
Q

Incubation period of Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) is:

A

1- 4 days

Onset: Gradual

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9
Q

Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection):Diagnostic Tests

A

Rapid assays utilizing antigen capture technology for the detection of RSV antigen
Utilize nasopharyngeal washes, aspirates, and/or swabs
Allow for quick diagnosis
90% sensitivity and specificity
Recommendation: If NEGATIVE RESULTS, confirm by Cell Culture

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10
Q

May be administered to reduce the severity of the infection

A

RSV-Immunoglobulin serum

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11
Q

Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) Sequelae/Complications:

A

Pneumonia, secondary to bacterial superinfections

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12
Q

Classification of Pneumonia * May be Classified in Three Ways:

A

Origin / Microbiology Etiology
Anatomical Location:
Type

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13
Q

Primary Pneumonia:

A

Results from inhalation of a Pathogen

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14
Q

Secondary Pneumonia:

A

Lung damage from a noxious chemical
Bloodborne Infection
Aspiration Pneumonia results from aspiration of foreign matter:
Vomitus (gastric juice damages the Respiratory Epithelium)
Nasopharyngeal secretions

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15
Q

. Lobar Pneumonia (Pneumococcal Pneumonia Causative Agent:

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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16
Q

Onset: Sudden and acute

A

Lobar Pneumonia

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17
Q

Antibiotics for lobar Pnemonia:

A

Penicillin used to be the drug of choice but its resistance is becoming a concern
Additional drugs: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromyocin or Vancomycin

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18
Q

Bronchopneumonia Causative Agent:

A

Multiple bacteria as a result of drainage from the Upper Respiratory Tract into the Lungs
Hazard in immobolized patients

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19
Q

Onset of Bronchopneumonia is:

A

Insidious

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20
Q

Signs and Symptoms with bronchopneumonia:

A

Mild fever
Productive cough with Yellow-Green Sputum
Dyspnea

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21
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP) is:

A

Viral: Influenza A or B virus

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22
Q

Most common agent causing PAP is:

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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23
Q

Onset of Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)

A

Variable

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24
Q

Signs and Symptoms of (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP):

A

Variable fever
Headache and aching muscles
Nonproductive hacking cough

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25
Q

Causative Agent for TB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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26
Q

At this stage, the individual does not have Active Disease

A

Primary Tuberculosis - Latent Infection

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27
Q

The entire Immune Response takes:

A

6-8 WEEKS

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28
Q

Consist of a clump of Bacilli (bacteria) surrounded by Inflammatory Cells

A

Tubercle

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29
Q

First lesion of Primary Tuberculosis

A

Ghon’s (Complexes) Lesion / Tubercle

Located in the Lung and Lymph Nodes

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30
Q

Reactivation May Occur with the:

A 
Immunocompromised
Elderly with poor nutritional status
Insulin-dependent diabetics
Long term corticosteroid therapy
Other debilitating diseases
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31
Q

Primary Tuberculosis

A

Asymptomatic

32
Q

Signs and Symptoms with Secondary / Reinfection (Active) Tuberculosis:

A

Fatigue, Anorexia and Weight loss
Low grade Fever and Night Sweats occur
Cough: Productive cough accompanies the more advanced stages

33
Q

Intradermal Injection using a Tuberculin syringe

A

Mantoux Test

34
Q

Multiple puncture test

A

Tine Test

35
Q

Positive Test

A

Will cause a localized thickening (Hard Spot) of the skin within 48-72 hours

36
Q

If erythema occurs without Induration the test is ________

A

Negative

37
Q

What Confirms the Diagnosis!!!

A

Sputum Culture

38
Q

Treatment for Active TB is:

A

for 4 – 9 months if needed depending on sensitivity

39
Q

Most common cause of Lung Cancer

A

Cigarette Smoking

40
Q

Accounts for 30% of the Bronchogenic Carcinomas

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SLOW)

41
Q

Constitute 20 - 25% of the Bronchogenic Carcinomas

A 
Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma (WORST PROGNOSIS)
(VERY FAST RATE OF GROWTH)
42
Q

More common in women and nonsmokers

A

Adenocarcinoma (MODERATE RATE)

43
Q

Constitute 10 - 15% of Bronchogenic Tumors

A

Large Cell Carcinoma (Undifferentiated) (FAST &EARLY)

44
Q

Secondary Lung Cancer is usually:

A

Onset is usually Insidious giving little or no warning of its presence

45
Q

PINK PUFFERS

A

POOR

46
Q

BLUE BLOATERS

A

GUARDED

47
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity triggered by Allergens
Inhale antigens such as dust or pollen …
IgE mediated
Involves previously

A

Extrinsic Asthma

48
Q

Present when the patient suffers attacks without evidence of allergic response

A

Intrinsic Asthma

49
Q

What type of virus is Influenza?

A

Myxovirus (RNA)

50
Q

What type of influenza is the most prevalent?

A

Type A

51
Q

Incubation period for influenza is?

A

1-4 days (Averages for 2 days)

52
Q

Allows adherence

Attaches specifically to a receptor on the host’s cells

A

Hemagglutinin (H) Spike:

53
Q

Enzyme that assists the entry and exit of Virus into the host’s cells

A

Neuraminidase (N) Spike

54
Q

Functional projections located on the Envelope of Influenza A virus

A

Spikes

55
Q

Antigenic changes/mutations which yield new strains of the virus are referred to as ___________

A

Antigenic Drift

56
Q

An abrupt, major change in the Influenza A viruses, resulting in new Hemagglutinin and/or new Hemagglutinin & Neuraminidase spikes in influenza viruses that infect humans is referred to as:

A

Antigenic Shift

57
Q

Incubation period for flu is ?

A

One to four days

Average: 2 Days

58
Q

Signs and symptoms of flu

A 
Fever:  May be as high as 104* F
Not everyone experiences a fever!
Severe cough
Nasal congestion
Dry, scratchy Throat
Sore Throat
59
Q

What type of onset does lobar pneumonia have?

A

sudden and acute

60
Q

What treatments would be used for lobar pneumonia?

A

Penicillin used to be the drug of choice but its resistance is becoming a concern
Additional drugs: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromyocin or Vancomycin

61
Q

Prevention for lobar pneumonia would include:

A

PCV13 Vaccine

62
Q

Causative agent for bronchopneumonia is?

A

Multiple bacteria as a result of drainage from the Upper Respiratory Tract into the Lungs

63
Q

The onset of bronchopneumonia is?

A

Insidious

64
Q

This type of Pneumonia is characterized by patchy inflammatory changes in the Lungs

A

Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)

65
Q

Causative agent for PAP (Primary Atypical Pneumonia) would be?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

66
Q

What type of pneumonia is referred to as walking pneumonia?

A

Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)

67
Q

What type of onset does PAP have?

A

Variable

68
Q

Signs and symptoms of PAP include:

A

Variable fever
Headache and aching muscles
Nonproductive hacking cough

69
Q

A slowly developing Bacterial Lung Infection characterized by progressive Necrosis of Lung tissue

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

70
Q

What is the causative agent for TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

71
Q

What is the generation time for slow-growing bacilli

A

18 hours

72
Q

CB (Chronic Bronchitis- Blue bloaters)

Emphysema- Pink Puffers

A

.

73
Q

Asthma that is IgE mediated

Triggered by an allergen

A

Extrinstic

74
Q

How will acute attacks (Extrinsic) respond to bronchidilators?

A

Well

75
Q

Some difficulty in exhaling air from the Lungs through the narrowed tubes in a partial obstruction

A

Expiratory wheezing

76
Q

Occurs as the attack progresses and the bronchospasms intensify; more difficult to inspire air

A

Inspiratory wheezing

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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