Test 3 Flashcards
Test Visualization of the Lungs and Diaphragm during breathing
Fluoroscopy
PaO2 =
95-100 mm Hg
PaCO2 =
35-42 mm Hg
Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) affects ages:
2-12 months
80% of the cases it is caused by the
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Refers to the clumps of cells and hence its name (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
Syncytia
Predisposing Factors of RSV are:
Familiar history of Asthma
Presence of cigarette smoke
Incubation period of Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) is:
1- 4 days
Onset: Gradual
Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection):Diagnostic Tests
Rapid assays utilizing antigen capture technology for the detection of RSV antigen
Utilize nasopharyngeal washes, aspirates, and/or swabs
Allow for quick diagnosis
90% sensitivity and specificity
Recommendation: If NEGATIVE RESULTS, confirm by Cell Culture
May be administered to reduce the severity of the infection
RSV-Immunoglobulin serum
Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection) Sequelae/Complications:
Pneumonia, secondary to bacterial superinfections
Classification of Pneumonia * May be Classified in Three Ways:
Origin / Microbiology Etiology
Anatomical Location:
Type
Primary Pneumonia:
Results from inhalation of a Pathogen
Secondary Pneumonia:
Lung damage from a noxious chemical
Bloodborne Infection
Aspiration Pneumonia results from aspiration of foreign matter:
Vomitus (gastric juice damages the Respiratory Epithelium)
Nasopharyngeal secretions
. Lobar Pneumonia (Pneumococcal Pneumonia Causative Agent:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Onset: Sudden and acute
Lobar Pneumonia
Antibiotics for lobar Pnemonia:
Penicillin used to be the drug of choice but its resistance is becoming a concern
Additional drugs: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromyocin or Vancomycin
Bronchopneumonia Causative Agent:
Multiple bacteria as a result of drainage from the Upper Respiratory Tract into the Lungs
Hazard in immobolized patients
Onset of Bronchopneumonia is:
Insidious
Signs and Symptoms with bronchopneumonia:
Mild fever
Productive cough with Yellow-Green Sputum
Dyspnea
Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP) is:
Viral: Influenza A or B virus
Most common agent causing PAP is:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Onset of Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)
Variable
Signs and Symptoms of (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP):
Variable fever
Headache and aching muscles
Nonproductive hacking cough
Causative Agent for TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
At this stage, the individual does not have Active Disease
Primary Tuberculosis - Latent Infection
The entire Immune Response takes:
6-8 WEEKS
Consist of a clump of Bacilli (bacteria) surrounded by Inflammatory Cells
Tubercle
First lesion of Primary Tuberculosis
Ghon’s (Complexes) Lesion / Tubercle
Located in the Lung and Lymph Nodes
Reactivation May Occur with the:
Immunocompromised Elderly with poor nutritional status Insulin-dependent diabetics Long term corticosteroid therapy Other debilitating diseases
Primary Tuberculosis
Asymptomatic
Signs and Symptoms with Secondary / Reinfection (Active) Tuberculosis:
Fatigue, Anorexia and Weight loss
Low grade Fever and Night Sweats occur
Cough: Productive cough accompanies the more advanced stages
Intradermal Injection using a Tuberculin syringe
Mantoux Test
Multiple puncture test
Tine Test
Positive Test
Will cause a localized thickening (Hard Spot) of the skin within 48-72 hours
If erythema occurs without Induration the test is ________
Negative
What Confirms the Diagnosis!!!
Sputum Culture
Treatment for Active TB is:
for 4 – 9 months if needed depending on sensitivity
Most common cause of Lung Cancer
Cigarette Smoking
Accounts for 30% of the Bronchogenic Carcinomas
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SLOW)
Constitute 20 - 25% of the Bronchogenic Carcinomas
Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma (WORST PROGNOSIS) (VERY FAST RATE OF GROWTH)
More common in women and nonsmokers
Adenocarcinoma (MODERATE RATE)
Constitute 10 - 15% of Bronchogenic Tumors
Large Cell Carcinoma (Undifferentiated) (FAST &EARLY)
Secondary Lung Cancer is usually:
Onset is usually Insidious giving little or no warning of its presence
PINK PUFFERS
POOR
BLUE BLOATERS
GUARDED
Type I Hypersensitivity triggered by Allergens
Inhale antigens such as dust or pollen …
IgE mediated
Involves previously
Extrinsic Asthma
Present when the patient suffers attacks without evidence of allergic response
Intrinsic Asthma
What type of virus is Influenza?
Myxovirus (RNA)
What type of influenza is the most prevalent?
Type A
Incubation period for influenza is?
1-4 days (Averages for 2 days)
Allows adherence
Attaches specifically to a receptor on the host’s cells
Hemagglutinin (H) Spike:
Enzyme that assists the entry and exit of Virus into the host’s cells
Neuraminidase (N) Spike
Functional projections located on the Envelope of Influenza A virus
Spikes
Antigenic changes/mutations which yield new strains of the virus are referred to as ___________
Antigenic Drift
An abrupt, major change in the Influenza A viruses, resulting in new Hemagglutinin and/or new Hemagglutinin & Neuraminidase spikes in influenza viruses that infect humans is referred to as:
Antigenic Shift
Incubation period for flu is ?
One to four days
Average: 2 Days
Signs and symptoms of flu
Fever: May be as high as 104* F Not everyone experiences a fever! Severe cough Nasal congestion Dry, scratchy Throat Sore Throat
What type of onset does lobar pneumonia have?
sudden and acute
What treatments would be used for lobar pneumonia?
Penicillin used to be the drug of choice but its resistance is becoming a concern
Additional drugs: Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromyocin or Vancomycin
Prevention for lobar pneumonia would include:
PCV13 Vaccine
Causative agent for bronchopneumonia is?
Multiple bacteria as a result of drainage from the Upper Respiratory Tract into the Lungs
The onset of bronchopneumonia is?
Insidious
This type of Pneumonia is characterized by patchy inflammatory changes in the Lungs
Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)
Causative agent for PAP (Primary Atypical Pneumonia) would be?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What type of pneumonia is referred to as walking pneumonia?
Interstitial Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia, PAP)
What type of onset does PAP have?
Variable
Signs and symptoms of PAP include:
Variable fever
Headache and aching muscles
Nonproductive hacking cough
A slowly developing Bacterial Lung Infection characterized by progressive Necrosis of Lung tissue
Tuberculosis (TB)
What is the causative agent for TB?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the generation time for slow-growing bacilli
18 hours
CB (Chronic Bronchitis- Blue bloaters)
Emphysema- Pink Puffers
.
Asthma that is IgE mediated
Triggered by an allergen
Extrinstic
How will acute attacks (Extrinsic) respond to bronchidilators?
Well
Some difficulty in exhaling air from the Lungs through the narrowed tubes in a partial obstruction
Expiratory wheezing
Occurs as the attack progresses and the bronchospasms intensify; more difficult to inspire air
Inspiratory wheezing
