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Pathophysiology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are RBC produced?

A

Red bone Marrow

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2
Q

What are RBC responsible for?

A

Contain Hemoglobin and are responsible for transporting Oxygen throughout the body

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3
Q

Where do platelets (thrombocytes) originate from?

A

Megakaryocytes in Red Bone Marrow

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4
Q

What is the normal range from complete red blood cell count:

A

4.2 – 5.9 million/mm3

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5
Q

What is the normal range from complete white blood cell count:

A

4,500 - 10,500/mm3

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6
Q

Normal hemoglobin ranges for an adult female are:

A

12-16 g/dl

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7
Q

Normal hemoglobin ranges for an adult male are:

A

13.5-18 g/dl

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8
Q

Normal Hemocrit ranges for an adult MALE:

A

45-52%

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9
Q

Normal Hemocrit ranges for an adult FEMALE:

A

37-48%

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10
Q

Decrease in the total Number or Quality of RBCs and/or a Decrease in Hemoglobin

A

Anemias

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11
Q

One of the most common Blood Diseases is ____________.

A

Anemias

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12
Q

Numbness
“Pins and Needles” sensation
is called ________

A

Paresthesia

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13
Q

Decreased regeneration of Epithelial Cells of the Digestive System cause ___________

A

Stomatitis (Ulcers)

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14
Q

Anemias are classified by

A

Color and Size

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15
Q

RBCs containing an unusually High concentration of Hemoglobin in the Cytoplasm is called:

A

Hyperchromic

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16
Q

RBC’s with normal amounts of Hemoglobin is called

A

Normochromic

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17
Q

RBCs containing an unusually Low concentration of Hemoglobin in the Cytoplasm is called

A

Hypochromic

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18
Q

Iron Deficit May Occur as a Result of:

A

Chronic Bleeding
Malignant lesion
Heavy menstrual flow
Bleeding ulcer: Slow GI bleed which loses Irons stores

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19
Q

Abnormal condition characterized by the absence of HCl Acid in the Gastric Juice

A

Achlorhydria

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20
Q

___________ interferes with the early digestion of protein in the Stomach and with the absorption of Iron

A

Achlorhydria

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21
Q

Can have a negative impact on both Iron absorption and iron storage
Associated protein deficit would further impede Hemoglobin synthesis

A

Severe Liver Disease

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22
Q

Ulcers in the oral mucosa are called ___________

A

Stomatitis

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23
Q

Inflammation of the tongue is called ___________

A

Glossitis

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24
Q

Diagnostic Tests for anemia are:

A

CBC
Transferrin Saturation
Serum Ferritin

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25
Q

Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia would be

A

Ferrous Sulfate

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26
Q

The Common form of Megaloblastic Anemia is:

A

Pernicious Anemia

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27
Q

Results from defective Gastric secretion of the Intrinsic Factor

A

Pernicious Anemia

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28
Q

Intrinsic Factor is produced by the

A

Parietal Cells

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29
Q

Pernicious Anemia may be Caused by

A

Chronic Gastritis
Seen with Alcoholics
Causes Atrophy of the Gastric Mucosa

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30
Q

S&S of Pernicious Anemia:

A

Tongue is typically enlarged, red, sore and shiny
Decrease in Gastric Acid leads to Digestive System discomfort
Nausea & Diarrhea

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31
Q

Diagnostic Tests
Decrease in RBC Counts
Decrease in Hematocrit due to decrease in RBCs

A

CBC

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32
Q

Diagnostic Tests
Definite Test for Pernicious Anemia
Utilize radioactive Vitamin B12 for GI absorption after an 8 hour fast

A

Schilling Test
(Indirectly check the absorption of Vitamin B12 by by measuring the excretion of it from the Kidneys
Collect a 24 hour Urine Specimen)

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33
Q

Treatment for Anemia would be: (Acute)

A

Blood transfusion if Hemoglobin falls below 5 g/dl

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34
Q

Reduction of RBCs due to excessive destruction (hemolysis) is called

A

Hemolytic Anemias

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35
Q

Sickle cell Anemia is what type of gene disorder:

A

Autosomal Recessive Gene Disorder

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36
Q

Results in Pulmonary Edema which predisposes the individual to Pneumonia

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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37
Q

Hemophilia A is what type of gene disorder

A

Sex-linked recessive gene disorder

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38
Q

Sickle cell is inherited in what type of individuals

A

Homozygous Individuals

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39
Q

Sickle cell trait is inherited in what type of individuals

A

Heterozygous Individuals

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40
Q

Blood clot forms on the inner wall of a Coronary Artery and causes the obstruction

A

Thrombus

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41
Q

Part of the Thrombus breaks off and flows through the Coronary Artery until it lodges into a smaller branch and results in an occlusion

A

Embolus

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42
Q

Most specific enzyme for MI

A

CK-MB

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43
Q

Variation or loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat

A

Cardiac Arrhythmias

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44
Q

(1) tPA (Tissue plasminogen activator)
(2) Streptokinase
(3) Urokinase
Would be considered?

A

Thrombolytic Agents

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45
Q

Drugs that are Administered for Pain relief

A

Analgesics

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46
Q

condition in which the pumping ability of the Heart is progressively impaired to the point that it no longer meets the needs of the body

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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47
Q

Leading cause of CHF is called __________

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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48
Q

Increases the work load for the Right Ventricle and eventually Right Ventricle fails

A

Pulmonary Disease

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49
Q

S&S of Left-sided CHF are:

A

Dyspnea (SOB)
Orthopnea
Hemoptysis
Rales

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50
Q

S&S of Right-sided CHF are:

A

Swollen Legs
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Ascites

51
Q

Excess fluid in the Lungs leads to infections such as Pneumonia

A

Pulmonary Edema

52
Q

Results from a temporary, localized reduction of Blood flow to the Brain

A

Transient Ischemic Attacks(TIAs)

53
Q

All neurological signs and symptoms must be resolved in ______

A

24 hours

54
Q 
These are all cause by what?
Partial occlusion of an Artery by Atherosclerosis
Small embolus in an Artery
Vascular spasm (Artery)
Local loss of Autoregulation
A

TIAs

55
Q

True or False

TIAs Serve as a warning of an impending CVA (Stroke)

A

TRUE

56
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs) are you referred to as a _________

A

Stroke

57
Q

Disturbance in cerebral circulation causes a _________

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

58
Q

Onset: Gradual
May be preceded by a TIA
Typically occurs at Rest and is not associated with activity

A

Thrombotic Stroke

59
Q

Onset: Sudden
Typically, involves a larger area of damage
Usually a second Stroke follows at some point because the source of the emboli continues to exist

A

Embolic Stroke

60
Q

Stroke caused by a free floating clot

A

Embolic Stroke

61
Q

Usually caused by Rupture of a Cerebral Artery

Ruptured Aneurysm

A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

62
Q

Cerebral Edema concern is within what time frame?

A

48 – 72 hours

63
Q

May reduce the neurologic deficits or aid in the return of neurologic function after the stroke

A

Collateral Circulation

64
Q

Occurs initially

Weakening or loss of muscle tone, reduction of tendon reflexes

A

Flaccid paralysis

65
Q

Develops several weeks later as the Nervous System begins to recover
Characterized by excessive tone and spasticity of muscles, exaggeration of tendon reflexes

A

Spastic paralysis

66
Q

Loss of speech or comprehension (Aphasia) occurs where in the brain?

A

Werniekes area

67
Q

Impairment of speech

Difficulty in speaking occurs where in the brain?

A

Broca’s Area

68
Q

Patient can understand both spoken and written language but can’t speak/respond

A

Expressive Aphasia

69
Q

Can’t express self or comprehend other’s language

A

Global Aphasia

70
Q

Signs and symptoms of anemia include:

A

Pale Skin or Pallor (Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Nail Beds)
Brittle Nails
Stomatitis

71
Q

Diagnostic Test for Anemia include:

A 
CBC 
Bone Marrow 
Shilling Test
Transferrin Saturation 
Supplement of Iron 
Dietary adjustment
72
Q

Complications of Anemia include:

A

Tissue Hypoxia

73
Q

What type of Prognosis does Anemia have?

A

Good

74
Q

What is the common form of pernicious Anemia?

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

75
Q

Results from defective Gastric secretion of the Intrinsic Factor. _________

A

Pernicious Anemia

76
Q

What vitamin is needed for DNA Synthesis?

A

B12

77
Q

Neurologic affects of Anemia include:

A

Weakness in extremities
Ataxia
Sensory/Motor issues

78
Q

What is the definite test for Pernicious Anemia?

A

Schilling Test

79
Q

Hemolytic Anemias may be ____ or ____

A

Acquired or Inherited

80
Q

What type of gene disorder is Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Autosomal Recessive Gene Disorder

81
Q

Heterzygous individuals have what type of disorder?

A

Sickle Cell trait

82
Q

Signs and Symptoms of sickle cell don’t occur until what age?

A

4-6 months (HbF is replaced by HbF)

83
Q

Diangostic Test for Sickle Cell include?

A

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Prenatal Diagnosis
Blood Smear

84
Q

Treatment for sickle cell include:

A

Antibiotics
Blood Transfusion
Bone Marrow Transplants
Gene Therapy

85
Q

Hemophlia A is what type of disorder?

A

Sex-linked recessive gene disorder

86
Q

Hemophilia A defect is found on what chromosome?

A

X (Effects Males Mostly)

87
Q

A Clotting Factor is functionally Inactive

Platelets are normal

A

Factor VII

88
Q

Etiology of Leukemia is?

A

Idiopathic

89
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Leukemia?

A 
WBC counts over 150,000 mm3
Fever 
Swollen Lymph nodes 
Decrease in RBC and Platelets
Abnormal Bleeding
Pallor 
Splenomegaly/Hepatomegaly 
Weight Loss
Bone Pain
90
Q

Diagnostic Test for Leukemia are

A

CBC

Bone Marrow

91
Q

A marker especially for Chronic Myelogenous (Myeloblastic) Leukemia?

A

Philadelphia Chromosome

92
Q

Philadelphia Chromosome Translocation of a gene segment is on what chromosomes?

A

9 and #22

93
Q

The most common cause of Death in all forms of Leukemia is?

A

Overwhelming Infection

94
Q

Prognosis for Leukemia is?

A

Poor but Dependent on the type

95
Q

Most common Cancer in Children

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

96
Q

Etiology of MI

A

Occlusion of one or more of the Coronary Arteries

97
Q

Blood clot forms on the inner wall of a Coronary Artery and causes the obstruction

A

Thrombus

98
Q

Part of the Thrombus breaks off and flows through the Coronary Artery until it lodges into a smaller branch and results in an occlusion

A

Embolus

99
Q

Signs and symptoms of MI include:

A 
Crushing chest pain
substernal pain
Nausea 
Profuse sweating 
Hypotension 
Weak Pulse 
Low grade fever
100
Q

Most specific enzyme for MI

Most Available marker for MI

A

CK-MB

101
Q

Most common complication of MI is

A

Cardiac Arrhythmias

102
Q

May develop if the pumping capability of the Left Ventricle is greatly impaired

A

Cardiogenic Shock

103
Q

Treatment for MI

A 
Bedrest
Oxygen therapy
Anticoagulants (Heparin or Warfarin/Coumadin)
Thrombolytic Agents 
Anagesics (pain relief) 
Stool Softeners
104
Q

Leading cause of CHF is

A

Coronary Artery Disease

105
Q

Right sided CHF caused by pulmonary disease

A

Cor pumonale

106
Q

Signs of Left-sided Heart Failure:

A

Dyspnea (SOB)
Orthopnea
Rales
Hemopytsis

107
Q

Signs of Right-sided Heart Failure:

A

Edema in legs
Hepatomegaly/Splenomegaly
Ascities

108
Q

Diagnostic Procedures for CHF

A

H&P
Chest X-ray
EKG
Arterial Blood gases

109
Q

Treatment for CHF

A

Surgical replacement of defective Valves

Daily ASA or Warfarin

110
Q

Medications used for CHF

A

Digoxin (Causes heart to beat harder)

111
Q

A systemic Inflammatory Disease affecting the Joints, Heart, CNS (Basal Nuclei/Ganglia,Skin and other Body Tissues

A

Rheumatic Fever

112
Q

Treatment for Rheumatic Fever

A

Can’t be cured

Antibiotics treatment

113
Q

Which of the three heart layers are involved in the conduction system

A

Myocardium

114
Q

Type of stroke that has a gradual onset and typically occurs at rest is?

A

Thrombotic Stroke

115
Q

Free floating clot with a sudden onset

A

Embolic Stroke

116
Q

Occlusion of an artery by an Atheroma is the most common cause of what type of stroke?

A

Thrombotic Stroke

117
Q

Which layer of the heart may interfere with the Conduction System of the Heart and cause Arrhythmias

A

Myocardium

118
Q

Uncontrolled proliferation of Leukocytes causes ___________

A

Leukemia

119
Q

Type of leukemia that usually has an Abrupt onset

A

Acute

120
Q

Type of leukemia that is more common in older adults

A

Chronic

121
Q

Most frequently reported Secondary Cancer after high doses of chemotherapy

A

Acute Myelogenous (Myeloblastic) Leukemia (AML)

122
Q

Disease of Adulthood for Chronic Myelogenous (Myeloblastic) Leukemia is

A

30-50

123
Q

Most common Cancer in Children

Usually begins between ages 2 and 5 years of age

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

124
Q

Treatment for CLL includes what?

A

Monitor WBCs, RBCs and Platelets

Chemotherapy

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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