Test 1 Flashcards
Involves the study of the functional (physiological) changes in the body that result from disease processes
Pathophysiology
A deviation from the person’s normal state of health
Disease
Decrease in Size of cells is called?
Atrophy
Increase in cell size NOT number is called?
Hypertrophy
Increased in the number of cells resulting from an increase in Mitosis
Hyperplasia
Refers to Abnormal Changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells
Dysplasia
Refers to cells that are Undifferentiated and demonstrate a variation in nuclei and cell structure
Anaplasia
Commonly referred to as a Tumor and new growth
Neoplasia
Encompass the tendencies that promote the tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual.
Predisposing Factors
Designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease.
Prophylaxis
Refers to the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in tissue changes related to the specific disease process.
Pathogenesis
Occurring short term that develops very quickly with marked signs such as fever or pain.
Acute
Occurring long term and causes permanent tissue damage.
Chronic
Manifestations of disease are subside in ____________.
Remission
Signs increase in ___________.
Exacerbations
A condition that triggers an acute episode such as an seizure in an individual that has an seizure disorder.
Precipitating Factors
The science in tracking the pattern or occurrence of the disease.
Epidemiology
Indicates the number of new cases in a given population noted within a stated time period.
Incidence
The number of new and old or existing cases within a specific population and time period.
Prevalence
Predicted course and expected outcome
Probability for Recovery
Prognosis
Disease acquired from a Health Care environment
Nosocomial
Potential outcome of the Primary Disease
Long Term effects of Disease
Sequela
Secondary (new) changes / diseases that occur as a result of the Primary Disease
Complications
What can be done to cure a Disease or relieve the Signs and Symptoms is called?
Therapy / Treatment
Can’t see or measure; Felt by the patient is called __________.
Subjective
Can see or measure presence of Disease
Objective
Collection of Signs and Symptoms of a Disease that occur together; often affecting more than one organ
Syndrome
A disease caused by a treatment, a procedure, or an error
Examples:
Bladder infection following a catheterization
Bone marrow depression secondary to taking a prescribed medication
Latrogenic
Largest category of Etiology is called ____________.
Acquired Disease
Inability of the cell to maintain Homeostasis in the face of some type of injurious stimuli
Cellular Trauma
Produced by microorganisms such as Bacteria during an Infection
Biological Toxins
Invasion and multiplication of a Pathogen is called?
Infection
Interval of time between the Invasion by a pathogen and the first signs and symptoms of the disease is called?
Incubation Period
Time of first Non-specific / General signs and symptoms is called? ex. (Fever,headache)
Prodromal Period
During this period the child with Rubeola experiences:
Fever
Respiratory distress
Generalized weakness
Prodromal Period
High fever with or without chills may be a common sign during this period, Disease is at peak.
Acute (Acme) Period
Signs and symptoms begin to Subside
ex. The rash fades first from the face and then the body trunk as the period of decline takes place
Period of Decline
Regain strength and return to health
The body returns to normal
Period of Convalescence
Body’s reaction and interaction with substances that are perceived as foreign
Immunity
Foreign (nonself) substances that when encountered by the Immune System elicits a response
Antigen
An allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition
Inherited tendency to develop a certain type of an Allergy, but not the Allergy itself
Atopy
Antigen that triggers the reaction is called an ___________.
Allergen
A person with an allergy has an inherited ability to produce an abnormally large amount of ___ after an exposure to an Antigen
IgE
Mast cells release __________.
Histamine
Mitosis
Cells are multiplying and dividing
This is called ___________.
Proliferation
Process of Maturation is called _____________.
Differentiation
Most common in United States and is responsible for most worldwide HIV infection
HIV-1
Transmitted from one person to another by body fluids such as:
Blood or blood products
Semen and vaginal secretions
Transplacentally
Breast milk
What is the most common serious complication of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Kidney Failure
What is the first line of defense?
Healthy Skin
STDs cause lesions and breaks in the Skin; Allows easier access to _________________.
HIV-infected Lymphocytes
What is the second most frequent route of transmission of HIV in the US?
IV Drug Abuse
Infants of infected mothers can contract HIV disease during postpartum through __________.
Breastfeeding
In utero, transmission has occurred as early as _____________.
15 weeks gestation
What are the Prime Target of HIV?
CD4 T Helper Cells
Initially complain of Flu-like signs and symptoms which resolve completely in the primary phase is described as what phase?
Phase 1 Latent Phase
What Is Meant by the Window Period?
There is a Lag Time or Window before Antibodies to the Virus appear in the Blood
How long will it take for antibodies to the Virus appear in the Blood?
It may take anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months, but averages about 3 – 7 weeks
Earliest, 1 week after exposure, and 99% within 6 months
The point at which an infected person develops Antibodies to the Virus and they can be detected in the Blood
Seroconversion
No apparent signs and symptoms of the disease is at what phase?
Phase 2. Latent Phase
The latent phase can last how long?
Anywhere from 6 months to a median time of 11 years without antiretroviral drugs
Final Acute Stage of HIV Infection with rapid viral replication and very low CD4 T Helper Cell counts
Phase 3. AIDS
What is frequently the cause of death to AIDS patients?
Fungal infection caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (pneumonia)
What causes thrush of the tongue (Candidiasis)?
Candida albicans
HIV infected Monocytes become ___________ and release HIV
Macophages
Malignant disease involving the Endothelial Cells
Opportunistic Cancer
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Antibodies to HIV appear at variable rates anywhere from?
2 weeks to 6 months, but averages 3 – 7 weeks
(confirmation test)
More sensitive test that looks for Antibodies to specific HIV -1 antigens
Western Blot (WB) Test
A subjective response would be:
A symptom
A treatment or procedure that may cause a disease is called?
Lathrogenic
The term that refers to the cause of a disease is called?
Etiology
Signs and symptoms are presented in the disease during what period?
Acute (Acme) period
Has not invaded underlying tissue
Good prognosis with surgical removal
Pre-invasive Stage
Refers a malignant process or growth to spread into healthy tissues
Invasive Stage
Erythrocytes won’t mature anymore, won’t change anymore and they have very specific functions
This is the process of ______________
Differentiation
With continuous exposure to the Promoter it will cause malignant changes
Progression
An objective indication of disease that is obvious to an observer is referred to as a ___________.
Sign
A disease that originates or is produced in the body is called:
(Genetics)
Endogenous
Term used to identify a factor that triggers an acute episode?
Precipitating factor
What is the term that is used to refer to the period of recovery and the resulting return to a normal, healthy state following an illness
Convalescence
What is the term that indicates the probability of recovery or likelihood of other health outcomes?
Prognosis
The science of tracking the pattern and occurrence of disease is called?
Epidemiology
The number of new and old disease cases in a given population at a specific time is called?
Prevalence
_____________ is the number of new disease cases in a given population at a specific time.
Incidence
______ is the frequency with which a disease appears in a population
Morbidity
The manifestations of a disease are best defined as
Signs and symptoms of a disease
What are the three essential means whereby a cell can be injured?
- Cellular Deficiency
- Cellular Trauma
- Cellular Intoxication
Single most common cause of cellular injury is?
Hypoxic Injury
Extreme cold injures cells as a result of ice crystal formation in the water of the cytoplasm
Hypothermia
Disease usually involves changes at what level?
- Organ or System Level (Gross)
2. Cellular Level (Microscopic)
Invasion and multiplication of a Pathogen is called?
Microbiologic Injury
Produced by microorganisms such as Bacteria during an Infection?
Biological Toxins
Damaging Effect that results from exposure to a substance that the body cannot tolerate.
Nonbiological (Chemical) Toxins
Results when an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by Bacteria
Gangrene
Scientific method of determining and identifying a specific Disease is called an ___________.
Diagnosis
What is the definition of a sign?
Objective evidence of a Disease
Can be seen or measured
What is the definition of a symptom?
Subjective
Can’t be seen or measured
What are the 5 signs of inflammation?
Redness Swelling Heat (Warmth) Pain Loss of Function
Largest category of Etiology is ____________
Acquired Disease
The interval of time between the Invasion by a pathogen and the first signs and symptoms of the disease
Incubation period
What is the incubation period for Rubeola in children?
9-11 days
What is the incubation period for Rubeola in Adults?
21 days
What are the 4 factors that influence the incubation period?
Dose Generation Time Virulence Level of Host resistance Location of Entry
The disease is at peak during which period?
Acute (Acme) Period
Period of Regaining strength and returning to normal health.
Period of Convalescence
Disease is one in which the signs and symptoms are apparent
Clinical Disease
Does not cause ANY apparent signs or symptoms, although it may persist over long periods of time
Subclinical Disease
What is the Etiology of SLE (Lupus)
Idiopathic
Diagnostic procedures for the SLE include:
Urinalysis H&P ANA CBC ESR
The most common serious complication of SLE is ______________.
Kidney Failure
Treatment for SLE include:
Corticosteroids
NSAIDs
What is the major killer of AIDS victims?
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
Prime target of HIV is?
CD4 T Helper Cells
Fungal infection caused by
Pneumocystis jiroveci
How is HIV Diagnosed?
ELISA / EIA screen
T2: Western Blot Test
Multispot
p24
HIV antibody test are:
ELISA.
EIA
Western Blot
Term used to describe a Cell that no longer maintains its Terminally Differentiated state
Transformation
Mass of new Cells that grow in haphazard fashion
Neoplasm
Cells reproduce at an abnormal rate
Malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
Malignant tumor of connective tissue
Sarcoma
Tumor cells resemble the cell of origin
Retains some specialized functions
-Well differentiated
Grade I
Tumor Cells have some of the characteristics of the Cell of origin, but they are starting to become more Different
-Modernly Differentiated
Grade II
Tumor Cells are less like the Cell of origin
Very rapid growth
-Poorly Differentiated
Grade III
Very Poorly Differentiated
Tumor Cells have no resemblance to the Cells of origin
Great Variation in size and shape
Grade IV
Second most common cause of death in the United States
Cardiovascular Disease
First common cause of death in US
CVA
Seven Warning “Signals” of Cancer are:
CAUTION
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump in Breast or elsewhere (often painless)
- Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
- Obvious change in a wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
A male can only inherit a Y Chromosome from the _________
Father
Specific Site on a Chromosome for a specific function or trait such as Eye color, Hair color, or Hair type is called _______
Allele
Disease that impairs the function of the Exocrine Glands and most importantly involves the Pancreas, Intestine and Bronchi
Cystic Fibrosis
A person with Sickle cell Anemia is __________ for the defective Gene
Homozygous
Transmission of Genetic Disorders is usually located ____________
On X Chromosome
Tumor that is slow growing
Encapsulated with well defined edges
Benign
Non-invasive
Remain localized & do NOT Metastasize
Benign
Tumor that is Differentiated
Resembles original tissue structure
Benign
Tumors that are undifferentiated and fast growing
Malignant
In the formation of Sperm and Ovum this number is reduced by half and they contain how many chromosomes?
23
Which type of tumor can obstruct the lumen of an organ?
Both (Malignant and Benign)
Secondary causes of pain in malignant tumors would be:
Infection
Ischemia
Bleeding
Systemic effects of malignant tumors include
Generalized weakness / fatigue Anorexia Weight loss Cachexia Anemia
Diagnostic test for malignant tumors?
CBC Tumor Markers (Confirms Diagnosis)
Genes that promote normal growth of Cells are referred to as _____________.
Proto-Oncogenes
Genes that Inhibit proliferation of Cells in a Tumor
Tumor Suppressor Genes (Anti-oncogenes)
p53 gene is located where?
Chromosome #17
What is the process of how cancer is formed in a multi-step process?
1. Initiation (DNA Damage) Exposed to an carcinogen Irreversible step! 2. Promotion Initiated cells become cancerous Loses growth regulation Promoters are reversible (ex. Stopping the act of smoking) 3. Progression Continuous exposure of the promoter Growth rate increases and metastasis occurs
Treatment of cancer includes
Surgery Radiation therapy Chemo Immunotherapy Palliative Treatment
