Test 3 Flashcards
avoidance behavior
Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery
contrived reinforcers
reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting; also called artificial reinforcer
Discriminative Stimulus S^D
a stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; that is, a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement
Discriminative Stimulus for Extinction S^delta
a stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement
Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment S^DP
a stimulus that signals that a response will be punished
Escape Behavior
a behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus
Extrinsic Reinforcement
the reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic motivator
Generalized Reinforcer
a secondary the of reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers
Intrinsic Reinforcement
Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing
law of effect
as stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or stamped in by while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or stamped out
natural reinforcers
reinforcers that are naturally provided for certain behavior; that is they are a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting
negative punishment
the removal of a stimulus that (one that is considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to the a decrease in the future strength of that response
negative reinforcement
the removal of a stimulus (one that is considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response
operant behavior
a class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by it’s consequences
positive punishment
the presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response
positive reinforcement
the presentation of a stimulus ( one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response
primary reinforcer
an event that is innately reinforcing
punisher
an event that 1) follows a behavior and 2) decreases the future probability of that behavior
reinforcer
an event that 1)follows a behavior and 2)increases the future probability of that
secondary reinforcer
an event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer
shaping
the gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to the behavior
three-term contingency
the relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher
adjusting schedule
a schedule in which the response requirement changes as a function of the organism’s performance while responding for the previous reinforcer
behavioral bliss point approach
the theory that an organism with free access to alternative activities will distribute its behavior in such a way as to maximize overall reinforcement
chained schedule
a schedule consisting of a sequence of two or more simple schedules, each with it’s own S^D and the last of which results in a terminal reinforcer
complex schedule
a schedule consisting of a combination of two or more simple schedules
conjunctive schedule
a type of schedule in which the requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met before a reinforcer is delivered
continous reinforcement schedule
a schedule in which each specified response is reinforced
differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH)
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon emitting at least a certain number of responses in a certain period of time – or, more generally, reinforcement is provided for responding at a fast rate
differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)
a schedule in which a minimum amount of time must pass between each response before the reinforcer will be delivered – or, more generally, reinforcement is provided for responding at a slow rate
differential reinforcement of paced responding (DRP)
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon emitting a series of responses at a set rate – or, more generally, a reinforcement is provided for responding neither too fast nor too slow
drive reduction theory
according to this theory, an event is reinforcing to the extent that it is associated with a reduction in some type of psychological drive
Fixed Duration (FD) schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed, predictable period of time
Fixed Interval (FI) schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed, predictable period of time
fixed ratio (FR) schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses
Fixed time (FT) schedule
a schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered following a fixed, predictable period of time, regardless of the organism’s behavior
goal gradient effect
an increase in the strength and/or efficiency of responding as one draw nears to the goal
incentive motivation
motivation derived from some property of the reinforcer, as opposed to an internal drive state
intermittent (or partial) reinforcement schedule
a schedule in which only some of the responses are reinforced
noncontingent schedule of reinforcer
a schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered independently of any response
premack principle
the notion that a high-probability behavior can be used to reinforce a low-probability behavior
Ratio Strain
a disruption in responding due to an overly demanding response requirement
Response Deprivation Hypothesis
the notion that a behavior can serve as a reinforcer when: 1) access to the behavior is restricted and 2)it’s frequency falls below its preferred level of occurrence
Response-Rate Schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is directly contingent upon the organism’s rate of response
schedule of reinforcement
the response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement
variable duration (VD) schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon continuous performance of a behavior for a varying, unpredictable period of time
variable interval (VI) schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable period of time
variable ratio (VR) schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses
variable time (VT) schedule
a schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered following a varying, unpredictable period of time, regardless of the organism’s behavior
avoidance theory of punishment
punishment involving a type of avoidance conditioning in which the avoidance response consists of any behavior other than the behavior being punished
conditioned suppression theory of punishment
the assumption that punishment does not weaken a behavior, but instead produces an emotional response that interferes with the occurrence of the behavior
exposure and response prevention (ERP)
a method of treating obsessive-compulsive behavior that involves prolonged exposure to anxiety-arousing events while not engaging in the compulsive behavior pattern that reduces the anxiety
extrinsic punishment
punishment that is not an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished but that simply follows the behavior
generalized (or generalized secondary) punisher
an event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with many other punishers
intrinsic punishment
punishment that is an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished
learn helplessness
a decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events
Premark principle of punishment
a low-probability behavior (LPB) can be used to punish a high-probability behavior (HPB)
primary (or unconditioned) punisher
any event that is innately punishing
response cost
a form of negative punishment involving the removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a behavior
secondary (or conditioned) punisher
an event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with some punisher
time-out
a form of negative punishment involving the loss of access to positive reinforcers for brief period of time following the occurrence of a problem behavior
two-process theory of avoidance
the theory that avoidance behavior is the result of two distinct processes: 1)classical conditioning, in which a fear response comes to be elicited by a CS, and 2)operant conditioning, in which moving away from the CS is negatively reinforced by a reduction in fear
