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epidemiology (WOODS) > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does NCT# stand for

A

national clinical trials number

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2
Q

what is an NCT#

A

a number assigned by clinical trials.gov once research protocol is submitted prior to study initiation

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the NCT#

A

reduce publication bias

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4
Q

who developed clinicaltrails.gov

A

National Institutes of Health (NIH), through its national library of medicine (NLM) developed site in collaboration with FDA

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5
Q

what is needed for readers to accurately assess a study

A

complete, clear and transparent information on its methodology and findings

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6
Q

what website can you go to to access all the checklists

A

equator network

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7
Q

what does CONSORT stand far and what is it used for

A

Interventional studies- randomized (clinical) trials
CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials
www. consort-statement.org

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8
Q

What does DOI stand for

A

digital object identifier

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9
Q

what do CONSORT checklist have extension documents for

A

Non-inferiority and equivalence trials
cluster trials
pragmatic trials

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10
Q

define pragmatic trials

A

randomized, controlled trial whose purpose is to inform decisions about clinical practice
*philosophy as a continuum, not a dichotomy

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11
Q

what does PRISMA stand for and what type of studies is it used for

A

interventional studies- systematic review of multiple randomized trials
Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic reviews and Meta-Analyses
www.prisma-statement.org

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12
Q

what does STROBE stand for and what kind of studies is it used for

A

Observational Studies (cohort, case-control. cross-sectional)
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology
www.strobe-statement.org

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13
Q

what does STROBE checklist have extensions for

A

Molecular Epidemiology Studies (STROBE-ME)

Genetic Association Studies (STREGA): Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association studies

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14
Q

what type of studies is TREND used for and what does it stand for

A

Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-randomized Designs
Non-randomized studies: reporting evaluations with non-randomized designs of behavioral and public health interventions
www. cdc.gov/trendstatement

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15
Q

what is REMARK used for and what does it stand for

A

Tumor Marker prognostic studies

REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies

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16
Q

what does GRIPS stand for and what is it used for

A

Genetic Risk Prediction Studies (used for this as well)

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17
Q

what is STARD used for and what does it stand for

A

STAndards for the Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy studies
used for diagnostic studies
www.stard-statement.org

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18
Q

what is QUADAS-2 used for and what does it stand for

A

Systematic reviews of multiple diagnostic studies

Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy in Systematic reviews

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19
Q

define population

A

all individuals

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20
Q

define sample

A

a subset or portion of the full population

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21
Q

define null hypothesis

A

a research perspective which states there will be no (true) difference between the groups being compared

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22
Q

what are the 2 key attributes of data measurement (variables)

A

magnitude (or dimensionality)
consistency of scale (or fixed interval) (equal, measurable spacing between units)
(rational/absolute zero)

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23
Q

define nominal data

A

Dichotomous/binary; non-ranked named categories

No magnitude/no consistency of scale/ no rational zero

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24
Q

define ordinal data

A

ranked categories; non-equal-distance

Yes magnitude/no consistency of scale/no rational zero

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25
Q

define interval data

A

order and magnitude and equal intervals of scale

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26
Q

what types of data is descrete

A

nominal and ordinal

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27
Q

what types of data is continuous

A

interval

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28
Q

define variance

A

difference in each individual measurement value and the groups mean

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29
Q

define standard deviation

A

square root of variance (restores units of mean)

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30
Q

define parametric

A

normally-distributed data

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31
Q

define positive skew

A

when mean is higher than the medial (tail pointing to the right)

32
Q

define negative skew

A

when mean is lower than median (tail pointing to the left)

33
Q

define skewness

A

measure of the asymmetry of distribution

34
Q

define kurtosis

A

measure of the extent to which observations cluster around the mean. for a normal distribution, the value of the kurtosis is zero

35
Q

what are the required assumptions of interval data

A

normally-distributed
equal variances
randomly-derived and independent

36
Q

what do you do if interval data is not normally distributed

A

transform data to a standardized value (Z-score or log)

use a stat test that DOES NOT require the data to be normally distributed (non-parametric)

37
Q

define power

A

(1-type 2 error)
the ability of a study design, its methodology, and the selected test statistic to detect a true difference if one truly exists between group comparisons, and therefore the level of accuracy in correctly accepting/rejecting the null hypothesis

38
Q

what is the single measurement value most likely to represent the true (yet unknown) difference or relationship between the groups being compared and what is the probability the difference has occurred by chance

A

p-value

39
Q

what is the plausible range of possible difference or relationship within which we believe the true difference or relationship may lie

A

confidence interval

40
Q

what are confidence intervals based on

A

variation in sample (V/SD) and sample size (N)

41
Q

define correlation

A

provides a quantitative measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between variables (ranges from -1.0 to +1.0)

42
Q

define partial correlation

A

correlation that controls for confounding variables

43
Q

what is the correlation test for nominal data

A

contingency coefficient

44
Q

what is the correlation test for ordinal data

A

spearman correlation

45
Q

what is the correlation test for interval data

A

pearson correlation

46
Q

define survival test

A

compares the proportion of, or time-to, event occurrences between groups

47
Q

how are survival tests commonly represented

A

Kaplan-Meier curve

48
Q

what is the survival test for each type of data

A

nominaL; log-rank test

ordinal: cox-proportional hazards test
interval: kaplan-meier test

49
Q

define regressions

A

provide a measure of the relationship between variables by allowing the prediction about the dependent, or outcome, variable (DV) knowing the value/category of independent variables (IV’s)

50
Q

what are the regression tests for each type of data

A

nominal: logistic regression
ordinal: multinomial logistic regression
interval: linear regression

51
Q

what are the 4 key questions to selecting the correct stat test

A
  1. type of data (does it have magnitude and does the data have a fixed, measurable interval along the entire scale)
  2. what type of comparison/assessment is desired
  3. how many groups are being compared
  4. is the data independent or related (paired)
52
Q

what test is used for 2 groups of independent nominal data

A

Pearson’s chi-square test

53
Q

what test is used for 3+ groups of independent nominal data

A

chi-square test of independence

54
Q

what test is used for 2-5 groups of independent nominal data

A

fisher’s exact test

55
Q

what does the bonferroni test of inequality test

A

adjusts the p-value for the number of comparisons being made

56
Q

what test is used for 2 groups of paired nominal data

A

mcnemar test

57
Q

what test is used for 3+ groups of paired nominal data

A

Cochran

58
Q

what are the key words for paired data

A

before and after

59
Q

what test is used for 2 groups of independent ordinal data

A

mann-whitney test

60
Q

what test is used for 3+ groups of independent ordinal data

A

kruskal-wallis test

61
Q

what test is used for 2 groups of paired ordinal data

A

wilcoxon signed rank test

62
Q

what test is used for 3+ groups of paired ordinal data

A

friedman test

63
Q

define the 3 post hoc test for ordinal data

A

student-newman-keul test: compares all pairwise comparisons possible and all groups are equal in size
dunnett test: compares all pairwise comparisons against a single control (all groups must be equal in size)
dunn test: compares all pairwise comparisons possible (groups do not need equal size)

64
Q

what test is used for 2 groups of independent interval data

A

student t-test

65
Q

what test is used for 3+ groups of independent interval data with 1 DV

A

ANOVA

66
Q

what test is used for 3+ groups of independent interval data with 2+ DV

A

MANOVA

67
Q

what are ANOVA and MANOVA comparing

A

the means of all groups

68
Q

define ANCOVA

A

compares the means of all groups against a single DV while also controlling for co-variance of confounders (3+ groups of independent interval data with confounders)

69
Q

define MANCOVA

A

compares the means of all groups against multiple DVs while also controlling for the co-variance of confounders (2+ DVs and 3+ groups of independent data with confounders)

70
Q

when is a paired t test used and what does it do

A

2 groups of paired interval data

compares the mean values between groups that are related

71
Q

when is a repeated measures ANOVA used

A

1 DV
3+ groups of paired interval data
compares the means of all groups of related data against a single DV

72
Q

when is a repeated measures MANOVA used

A

2+ DVs
3+ groups of paired interval data
compares the means of all groups of related data against multiple DVs

73
Q

what does repeated measures ANCOVA do

A

compares the means of all groups against a single DV while also controlling for the covariance of confounders
3+ groups of paired data with confounders

74
Q

what does repeated measures MANCOVA do

A

compares the means of all groups against multiple DV while also controlling for the covariance of confounders
3+ groups of paired data with confounders

75
Q

what are the post-hoc tests for interval data

A 
student-newman-keul test
dunnett test
dunn test
tukey/scheffe test
bonferroni correction
76
Q

define Tukey/Scheffe tests

A

compares all pairwise comparisons possible
all groups must be of equal size
tukey test is slightly more conservative than SNK
scheffe test less affected by violations in normality and homogeneity of variances-most conservative

77
Q

define kappa statistic

A

agreement between evaluators (consistency of decisions)

epidemiology (WOODS) (6 decks)

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