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epidemiology (WOODS) > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

what does NCT# stand for

A

national clinical trials number

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2
Q

what is an NCT#

A

a number assigned by clinical trials.gov once research protocol is submitted prior to study initiation

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the NCT#

A

reduce publication bias

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4
Q

who developed clinicaltrails.gov

A

National Institutes of Health (NIH), through its national library of medicine (NLM) developed site in collaboration with FDA

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5
Q

what is needed for readers to accurately assess a study

A

complete, clear and transparent information on its methodology and findings

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6
Q

what website can you go to to access all the checklists

A

equator network

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7
Q

what does CONSORT stand far and what is it used for

A

Interventional studies- randomized (clinical) trials
CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials
www. consort-statement.org

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8
Q

What does DOI stand for

A

digital object identifier

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9
Q

what do CONSORT checklist have extension documents for

A

Non-inferiority and equivalence trials
cluster trials
pragmatic trials

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10
Q

define pragmatic trials

A

randomized, controlled trial whose purpose is to inform decisions about clinical practice
*philosophy as a continuum, not a dichotomy

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11
Q

what does PRISMA stand for and what type of studies is it used for

A

interventional studies- systematic review of multiple randomized trials
Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic reviews and Meta-Analyses
www.prisma-statement.org

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12
Q

what does STROBE stand for and what kind of studies is it used for

A

Observational Studies (cohort, case-control. cross-sectional)
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology
www.strobe-statement.org

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13
Q

what does STROBE checklist have extensions for

A

Molecular Epidemiology Studies (STROBE-ME)

Genetic Association Studies (STREGA): Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association studies

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14
Q

what type of studies is TREND used for and what does it stand for

A

Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-randomized Designs
Non-randomized studies: reporting evaluations with non-randomized designs of behavioral and public health interventions
www. cdc.gov/trendstatement

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15
Q

what is REMARK used for and what does it stand for

A

Tumor Marker prognostic studies

REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies

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16
Q

what does GRIPS stand for and what is it used for

A

Genetic Risk Prediction Studies (used for this as well)

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17
Q

what is STARD used for and what does it stand for

A

STAndards for the Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy studies
used for diagnostic studies
www.stard-statement.org

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18
Q

what is QUADAS-2 used for and what does it stand for

A

Systematic reviews of multiple diagnostic studies

Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy in Systematic reviews

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19
Q

define population

A

all individuals

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20
Q

define sample

A

a subset or portion of the full population

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21
Q

define null hypothesis

A

a research perspective which states there will be no (true) difference between the groups being compared

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22
Q

what are the 2 key attributes of data measurement (variables)

A

magnitude (or dimensionality)
consistency of scale (or fixed interval) (equal, measurable spacing between units)
(rational/absolute zero)

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23
Q

define nominal data

A

Dichotomous/binary; non-ranked named categories

No magnitude/no consistency of scale/ no rational zero

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24
Q

define ordinal data

A

ranked categories; non-equal-distance

Yes magnitude/no consistency of scale/no rational zero

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25
define interval data
order and magnitude and equal intervals of scale
26
what types of data is descrete
nominal and ordinal
27
what types of data is continuous
interval
28
define variance
difference in each individual measurement value and the groups mean
29
define standard deviation
square root of variance (restores units of mean)
30
define parametric
normally-distributed data
31
define positive skew
when mean is higher than the medial (tail pointing to the right)
32
define negative skew
when mean is lower than median (tail pointing to the left)
33
define skewness
measure of the asymmetry of distribution
34
define kurtosis
measure of the extent to which observations cluster around the mean. for a normal distribution, the value of the kurtosis is zero
35
what are the required assumptions of interval data
normally-distributed equal variances randomly-derived and independent
36
what do you do if interval data is not normally distributed
transform data to a standardized value (Z-score or log) | use a stat test that DOES NOT require the data to be normally distributed (non-parametric)
37
define power
(1-type 2 error) the ability of a study design, its methodology, and the selected test statistic to detect a true difference if one truly exists between group comparisons, and therefore the level of accuracy in correctly accepting/rejecting the null hypothesis
38
what is the single measurement value most likely to represent the true (yet unknown) difference or relationship between the groups being compared and what is the probability the difference has occurred by chance
p-value
39
what is the plausible range of possible difference or relationship within which we believe the true difference or relationship may lie
confidence interval
40
what are confidence intervals based on
variation in sample (V/SD) and sample size (N)
41
define correlation
provides a quantitative measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between variables (ranges from -1.0 to +1.0)
42
define partial correlation
correlation that controls for confounding variables
43
what is the correlation test for nominal data
contingency coefficient
44
what is the correlation test for ordinal data
spearman correlation
45
what is the correlation test for interval data
pearson correlation
46
define survival test
compares the proportion of, or time-to, event occurrences between groups
47
how are survival tests commonly represented
Kaplan-Meier curve
48
what is the survival test for each type of data
nominaL; log-rank test ordinal: cox-proportional hazards test interval: kaplan-meier test
49
define regressions
provide a measure of the relationship between variables by allowing the prediction about the dependent, or outcome, variable (DV) knowing the value/category of independent variables (IV's)
50
what are the regression tests for each type of data
nominal: logistic regression ordinal: multinomial logistic regression interval: linear regression
51
what are the 4 key questions to selecting the correct stat test
1. type of data (does it have magnitude and does the data have a fixed, measurable interval along the entire scale) 2. what type of comparison/assessment is desired 3. how many groups are being compared 4. is the data independent or related (paired)
52
what test is used for 2 groups of independent nominal data
Pearson's chi-square test
53
what test is used for 3+ groups of independent nominal data
chi-square test of independence
54
what test is used for 2-5 groups of independent nominal data
fisher's exact test
55
what does the bonferroni test of inequality test
adjusts the p-value for the number of comparisons being made
56
what test is used for 2 groups of paired nominal data
mcnemar test
57
what test is used for 3+ groups of paired nominal data
Cochran
58
what are the key words for paired data
before and after
59
what test is used for 2 groups of independent ordinal data
mann-whitney test
60
what test is used for 3+ groups of independent ordinal data
kruskal-wallis test
61
what test is used for 2 groups of paired ordinal data
wilcoxon signed rank test
62
what test is used for 3+ groups of paired ordinal data
friedman test
63
define the 3 post hoc test for ordinal data
student-newman-keul test: compares all pairwise comparisons possible and all groups are equal in size dunnett test: compares all pairwise comparisons against a single control (all groups must be equal in size) dunn test: compares all pairwise comparisons possible (groups do not need equal size)
64
what test is used for 2 groups of independent interval data
student t-test
65
what test is used for 3+ groups of independent interval data with 1 DV
ANOVA
66
what test is used for 3+ groups of independent interval data with 2+ DV
MANOVA
67
what are ANOVA and MANOVA comparing
the means of all groups
68
define ANCOVA
compares the means of all groups against a single DV while also controlling for co-variance of confounders (3+ groups of independent interval data with confounders)
69
define MANCOVA
compares the means of all groups against multiple DVs while also controlling for the co-variance of confounders (2+ DVs and 3+ groups of independent data with confounders)
70
when is a paired t test used and what does it do
2 groups of paired interval data | compares the mean values between groups that are related
71
when is a repeated measures ANOVA used
1 DV 3+ groups of paired interval data compares the means of all groups of related data against a single DV
72
when is a repeated measures MANOVA used
2+ DVs 3+ groups of paired interval data compares the means of all groups of related data against multiple DVs
73
what does repeated measures ANCOVA do
compares the means of all groups against a single DV while also controlling for the covariance of confounders 3+ groups of paired data with confounders
74
what does repeated measures MANCOVA do
compares the means of all groups against multiple DV while also controlling for the covariance of confounders 3+ groups of paired data with confounders
75
what are the post-hoc tests for interval data
``` student-newman-keul test dunnett test dunn test tukey/scheffe test bonferroni correction ```
76
define Tukey/Scheffe tests
compares all pairwise comparisons possible all groups must be of equal size tukey test is slightly more conservative than SNK scheffe test less affected by violations in normality and homogeneity of variances-most conservative
77
define kappa statistic
agreement between evaluators (consistency of decisions)

epidemiology (WOODS) (6 decks)

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