Lecture 3-7

Question 1

Define absolute difference

Answer 1

absolute value of (x-y)

Question 2

Define adjusted disease/mortality rate

Answer 2

fictitious summary rate statistically adjusted to remove the effect of a variable; such as age or sex, to permit unbiased comparison between groups having different compositions with respect to these variables

Question 3

Define attack rate (incidence proportion)

Answer 3

Proportion of the population that develops illness during an outbreak

Question 4

Define case definitions

Answer 4

Set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance

Question 5

Define case fatality rate

Answer 5

proportion of persons with the disease that die form it (# of cause specific deaths/# of cases of disease)

Question 6

Define cause-specific morbidity rate

Answer 6

number of people with cause specific disease/total number in population

Question 7

define cause-specific mortality rate

Answer 7

mortality rate from a specific cause for a population (# of cause specific death/# of persons in population)

Question 8

define cause specific survival rate

Answer 8

of cause-specific cases alive/total number of cases of disease

Question 9

define CDC

Answer 9

Center for disease control and prevention tracks and investigates public health trends

Question 10

define cluster

Answer 10

aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known

Question 11

define common source outbreak

Answer 11

outbreak in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or toxin from the same source

Question 12

define crude morbidity rate

Answer 12

of those that were diseased with anything/total population

Question 13

define crude mortality rate

Answer 13

mortality rate from all causes of death in a population (# of deaths [all causes]/# of persons in population)

Question 14

define cumulative incidence

Answer 14

another name for incidence proportion, proportion of initially disease-free population that develops disease, becomes injured, or dies during a specified period of time

Question 15

Define disease registries

Answer 15

Tracks a person with disease over time and usually includes diagnostic, treatment, and outcome information

Question 16

define endemic

Answer 16

The constance presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas (ie: HIV in Africa)

Question 17

Define epidemic

Answer 17

Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

Question 18

define fertility rate

Answer 18

live births/1000 women of childbearing age (15-44)

Question 19

define fixed/dynamic population

Answer 19

fixed populations are those that remain relatively constant while dynamic fluctuate

Question 20

define frequency

Answer 20

not only the number of health events but also the relationship of that number to the size of the population

Question 21

define incidence

Answer 21

new cases of disease

Question 22

define incidence density

Answer 22

of new cases of disease/total person-time of population at risk for the disease

Question 23

define incidence rate

Answer 23

of new cases of disease/ person-time at risk for the disease

Question 24

Define incubation period

Answer 24

length of time between exposure and onset of symptoms

Question 25

define induction period

Answer 25

the period required for specific agent to produce a disease: the interval for the causes action of a factor to initiate disease

Question 26

define infant mortality rate

Answer 26

proportion of live births in a community that died before their first birthday (per 1000 births) (# of deaths in those less than one year of age/1000 live births)

Question 27

define infectivity

Answer 27

proportion of exposed persons who become infected (# infected/# susceptible

Question 28

define point source outbreak

Answer 28

if a group is exposed over a brief period, so that everyone who becomes ill will do so in one incubation period

Question 29

define postnatal mortality rate

Answer 29

proportion of deaths in neonates that died after 28 days of life but before their first birthday (per1000 births in that community) (# of deaths in those >28 days but

Question 30

define prevalence

Answer 30

existing cases of disease + new cases of disease (# of existing cases of disease/# of population)

Question 31

Define proportional mortality rate (PMR):

Answer 31

of cause-specific deaths/total # of deaths in a population

Question 32

define secondary attack rate

Answer 32

number of new cases among contacts/total number of contacts

Question 33

define active surveillance

Answer 33

public health officials go into community to search for new disease/condition cases

Question 34

define passive surveillance

Answer 34

relies on health care system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions

Question 35

define survival rate

Answer 35

alive that had disease/total number that had disease

Question 36

define virulence

Answer 36

synonymous with case-fatality rate. proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal (the ability to cause death) (# of deaths/# with infectious disease)

Question 37

Define WHO

Answer 37

World heath organization that is concerned with improving the health of the world’s people and preventing or controlling communicable diseases on a worldwide basis through various technical projects and programs

Question 38

Define live birth rate (natality)

Answer 38

population-based measures of birth (# live births/1000 people in population)

Question 39

Define maternal mortality rate

Answer 39

of female deaths related to pregnancy/100000 live births

Question 40

define MMWR

Answer 40

The morbidity and Mortality Weekly report, a weekly scientific publication prepared and published by the CDC

Question 41

define neonatal mortality rate

Answer 41

of deaths in those under 28 days of age/1000 live births

Question 42

define pandemic

Answer 42

an epidemic occurring over a very wide area involving a large number of people (many times multi-region or multi-national)

Question 43

Define pathogenicity

Answer 43

Proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease (ability to cause clinical disease) (# with clinical disease/# infected)

Question 44

Define National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS)

Answer 44

nation-wide collaboration that enables all levels of public health-local, state, territorial, federal and international, to share notifiable disease-related information

Question 45

What are the 3 factors necessary to appropriately compare disease frequencies in different populations

Answer 45

1. number of people affected/impacted (frequency)
2. size of the source population (from which disease cases or outcomes arose) or those at risk
3. Length of time the population (or individuals in the population) is/are followed