Test 3 Flashcards
What do these refer to:
Defense Pt 1
Defense Pt 2
Defense Pt 3
Defense Pt 4
1 - Lifecycle on host
2 - shelter
3 - Breeding habitats
4 - Tx manure
Flies:
How to treat
Defense Pt 1
Defense Pt 2
Defense Pt 3
Defense Pt 4
1 - dust, spray, pour on
2 - bait, spray
3 - bait, spray
4 - feed through
when are fleas an issue in ruminants
when they’re penned up in stalls where cats are
calves, lambs, kids get anemic from flea infestation
What do these mean:
- Continuous ecto-parasites
- non-continuous ecto-parasites
Cont: entire Lifecycle on host, host specific
Non-cont: portion of LC off host
Continuous ecto-parasites of grazing ruminants:
- List them
Keds
Lice
Mites
Continuous ecto-parasites of grazing ruminants
- Keds
Keds
- melophagus ovis
- lipoptera (deer ked, louse fly)
Continuous ecto-parasite of grazing ruminants:
-Lice: name them
Bovicola (chewing)
- B. Limbatus (angora goat louse)
- B. Crassipes (goat louse)
- B. bovis (cattle biting)
- B. equi (horse chewing)
- B ovis (sheep chewing)
Haemotopinus asini (horse sucking louse)
- H. eurysterus (short nosed cattle louse) - body of cattle
- H. quadripertusus (cattle tail louse) - tail switch, eye lashes
Linognathus vituli (long nosed cattle louse) - body
- L. pedalis (foot louse, sheep)
- L. ovillus (face/body louse, sheep)
- L. stenopsis - goat sucking
Solenoptes Capillatus - little blue louse, face/body of cows
how to treat continuous ecto, lice on grazing ruminants
- what to treat
- what’s protected from tx
- tx how often
- treat host (all stages on host)
- egg is protected
- treat 2 week intervals/topical
Note: There is no feed through for prevention in poo
Continuous ecto-parasites of grazing ruminants
Mites:
- List
- Railleta Auris (cattle ear mite) - rare/otitis media;suckling calves
- Demodex equi, caballi, caprae (goat), bovis: rare, cull infected
- Chorioptes bovis - shared sheep/goat/cattle, REPORTABLE
- C. equi (leg, mange mite, horses) - Psoroptes Ovis - cattle, sheep scab (low frequ thx to ivermectin)
- P. cuniculi - ear mite (horses, rabbit, goat - Sarcoptes Scabei
non-continuous ecto parasites of grazers
List them
Myiasis flies (larva obligatory)
- Cochlyomyia hominivorax (primary screw worm)
- Hypoderma Bovis (N. cattle grub, not in TX)
- Hypoderma Lineatum (Common cattle grub, heel fly)
- Oestrus Ovis (sheep bot)
- Gasterophilus (horse bot fly)
Mosquitos
Biting midges
black flies
tabanids
Horn flies (always on host other than laying eggs)
facultative myiasis
List them
where do they breed
how to diagnose
Cochliomyia
Phormia
Lucilia
- breed in bad tissue, fecal/urine soaked hair, wool or under bandages
- Odor is diagnostic
Infection:
IN the host
Infestation:
ON the host
Parasitiasis
Presence of parasites
Parasitiosis
Disease
Is infection normal?
Infection is normal, disease is an imbalance
Clinical Parasitism
change in ruminants manifest by abnormal signs in dermal, GI, resp or cardiovascular system
Economic Parasitism
causes less than potential rate of grain, feed conversion, development, repro, meat, wool, etc.
Are most losses in cattle economical or clinical
Economical
Does potential for disease increase or decrease when livestock are concentrated in separate classes
increase
Gongylonema Pulchrum
Phylum:
Class:
Superfamily:
P: Nemathelminthes
C: Nematoda
SF: Spiruroidea
Genus: Gonglyonema
Gonglyonema Pulchrum
Clinical Signs:
Hosts:
Intermediate Hosts:
Note:
CS: Zig zag lesions in mucos of esophagus & tongue
H: WT deer, goats, sheep
IH: Beetles
Note: little economic trouble (strips mucosa from pickled lamb tongue)
Rumen Flukes
Phylum: Class: Order: Superfamily: Genus:
P: Platyhelminths C: Trematoda O: Digenea SF: Paramphistomatidae G: Paramphistomum, Cotylophoran
Rumen Flukes
Location
Eggs are similar to what other fluke
- attach to wall of rumen/reticulum
- similar to Fasciola Hepatica
Rumen reticular ciliates (obligate anaerobic commensals)
- what do they eat
- what do they make
- eat rumen bacteria
- make protein, VFA, butyric/propionic acid
GI nematodes
Phylum Class Order Superfamily: Trichostrongyloidea list the Genus'
P: Nemathelminthes C: Secernetea O: Strongylida SF: Trichostrongyloidea Genus: - Haemonchus - Ostertagia - Teladorsaiga - Trichostrongylus - Cooperia - Nematodirus
GI Nematodes
Superfamily: Strongyloidea
List the genus
Genus: Oesophagostomum
List where these are located:
- Haemonchus
- Ostertagia
- Teladorsaiga
- Trichostrongylus
- Cooperia
- Nematodirus
- Oesophagostomum
- Haemonchus: Abomasum
- Ostertagia: Abomasum
- Teladorsaiga: Abomasum
- Trichostrongylus: Abomosum/Sm. intestine
- Cooperia: Sm intestine
- Nematodirus: Sm. intestine
- Oesophagostomum: Lg intestine
Gastric Parasitism:
List some clinical signs:
Anorexia Hypertophy decreased digestion increased PH loss of plasma protein blood loss increase serum pepsinogen
Intestinal parasitsm
List some clinical signs
- decreased absortption and transport
- loss of water/electrolyte
- increased peristalsys
- loss of plasma protein
- foul smelling diarrhea
parasite transmission is best at what temps
how much precip is best
- above 50 and below 90, 2 inch precip/month
Genera of nematodes most likely to cause dz in N. America 2015
In Cattle
In small ruminants
What ages/types do each effect
Cattle:
- Ostertagia - calves, stockers, 1st time heifers most at risk
- Cooperia - young calves
- Haemonchus - stocker, replacement calves
Small Ruminants:
- Haemonchus - all ages
- trichostrongylus Colubriformis
Ostertagia Ostertagia
species and age when larva emerge Location of parasite on/in host Clinical signs Develop resistance?
- Species/age: cattle/ cows and calves
- emerge: fall in Tx
- Local: Abomasum
- CS: ANOREXIA, wt. loss, grn/brwn diarrhea, dehydration, hypoprot.
- resistance by 3-4 yrs
Ostertagia Ostertagia
- Lifecycle
- high or low egg producer
- how to test for it
- what happens to abomasol PH
LC: larva to gastric glands, molt to L4
- develop and emerge 10-14 days later, adult egg layers in 3 wks (TYPE I)
OR Hypobios (winter in N, Summer in South) (Pre type II), emerge in mass TYPE II, Disease w/L4 emergence from gastric glands (destroy gastric gland on emergence)
- Is a low egg producer
- test for increased pepsinogen, low serum protein and elevated serum gastrin
- abomasal PH rises (low ph changes pepsinogen to pepsin)
Teladorsaiga Circumcinta
What types of animals:
Small ruminants, not usually here but if it is, usually is in farmed WT deer
(Ostertagia version for sm rum.)
trichostrongylus Axei
- Hosts:
- Clinical signs:
- usually found along with what other helminth
- location in host
- is it a primary pathogen
- Hosts: horse, swine, sm. ruminants
- CS: Gastritis, wt. loss, anorexia
- Usually accompanies Ostertagia
- Local: abomasum/stomach
- not a primary pathogen, contributes to gastritis
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis
- Common Name
- Hosts
- Location in host
- usually seen with what other helminth
- clinical signs
- where does this locate in the host local
- CN: Black Scour worm or Bankrupt worm
- Hosts: goats/small rum.
- LIH: Small intestine
- Usually seen w/telodorsaiga circumcinta (abomasum)
- CS: Anorexia, diarrhea, weakness, ill thrift
- lodges in btwn villi and causes malabsorption
Cooperia
- what are the names for the diff. species
- what does it have to do w/calves
- Immunity info.
- Clinical signs
- location in host
- Species:
- C. Onchopora: cattle - cool weather
- C. Pectinata, Punctata: cattle - warm weather
- C. Curticei: Sheep
- MOST PREV. HELM PARASITE IN CALVES, most dominant fecal egg count unless has haemonchus
- stimulates immunity early (5-7 months)
- CS: diarrhea in calves
- Location: small intestine
Nematodirus
Common Name:
Species names:
immunity info:
life cycle tidbits:
- CN: Twisted Wire Worm
- SN: N. Helvetianus (cattle), N. Spathiger, abnormalis (sm. rum)
- N. Battus (lambs): devastating diarrhea in lambs, sheep ok, just don’t put lambs on same pasture 2 yrs in a row.
- Immunity: stimulates strong immunity
- larvae in egg until L3 (lg egg)
Oesophogostomum
Common name: SF: Local in Host: Species names: Life cycle: Clinical Signs:
- CN: Nodular worm
- SF: Strongyloidea
- Local: adults in cecum, larva in nodules of mucosa from pyloris to anus
- Species names:
O. radiatum: cattle
O. Columbianum, Venulosum: Sheep/goats - LC: skin penetration/Ingestion of L3
Larva in nodules up to 1yr (bact. can effect host) - Clinical signs: diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, poor repro
Bonustomum
Common name: Phylum: Class: Order: SF: Genus:
CN: Hookworm Phylum: Nemathelminthes Class: Sacernetea Order: strongylida SF: ANcylostomatoidea Genus: Bunostomomum
Bonustomum
Species names: Location in host: Mode of infection: Clinical Signs: present in what conditions:
- Species:
B. Phlebotamomum (Cattle)
B. Trigonocephalum (Sheep/goats) - Small intestine
- Mode of infection: skin pen/Ingestion of L3 - lymphatic tracheal
- CS: dark/tarry stool, anemia
- Conditions: present in wet, unsanitary conditions
Strongyloides papillosus
Phylum Class Order SF: Genus:
P: Nemathelminthes C: Secernetea O: Rhabditida SF: Rhabditoidea Genus: Strongyloides
Strongyloides papillosus
Hosts: location in host: what type of eggs how transmitted Clinical signs
- H: All ruminants
- location: adult female in small intestine; free livingproliferate in moist organic material, straw
- Eggs: larvated eggs in feces
- Trans: skin pen, ingestion, transmammary - skin tracheal
- CS: dermatitis, resp, cardiac signs
Toxocara Vitulorum
Phylum Class Order SF: Genus:
P: Nemathelminthes C: Secernetea O: Ascaridae SF: Ascaroidea Genus: Toxocara
Stomoxys Calcitrans
common name Which sex feeds sucking or sponging Where they breed transmit
- CN: Stable fly, biting house fly
- Both sexes feed
- piercing/sucking mouthparts
- Breed in poo, hay bails, spilled feed, etc.
Toxoplasma gondii-
Nomenclature:
Geographical location:
Zoonotic potential:
Nomenclature: Phylum Apicomplexa, Genus Toxoplasma
Geographical location: Cool moist climates
Zoonotic potential: Lg #s in placenta of aborting animals, Undercooked meat with cysts
Moniezia
- Common Name
- phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- CN: Broad Tapeworm
- P: Platyhelminths
- C: Cestoda
- O: Cyclophillidea
- F: Anoplocephalidae
- G: Moniezia
Moniezia
- Species of Moniezia (& what species they affect):
- local in host:
- IH
- Associated with other Bacteria
- Extras
- Species:
M. Bernedeni - cattle
M. Expansa - sm. ruminant - Local: Small intestine
- IH: Orbatid Mite
- Associated w: Clostridium Perfrengins Type D
- Extras: tx w/ high dose benzamidazoles, has 4 suckers, no hooks
Trichuris, Aoncotheca
- Phylum
- Class:
- Order:
- SF:
- Genus:
- Infective Stage:
- Phylum: Nemathelminthes
- Class: Adenophora
- Order: Enopliad
- SF: Trichuroidea
- Genus: Trichuris, Aoncotheca
- infective stage: L1
Neospora caninum- Species affected: Location in host: Clinical signs: Prevention/management:
Species affected: DH: Canines, IH: Cattle.
Location in host: all tissues.
Clinical signs:
- Acute infection: Abortions- usually mid gestation. Neonatal death, Dummy calves.
- Chronic infection: Sub clinically infected calves with dec immune system.
Prevention/management: Vaccinate in 1st trimester and 3-4 weeks after. Revaccinate every year. Questionable effectiveness.
Neospora caninum-
Life cycle:
Life cycle: similar to toxoplasma gondii
DH: canines.
- Ingests bradyzoites or tachyzoites from aborted placenta/fetus.
- Enteroepithelial cells: merogony, gamogony, and syngamy.
- Oocyst passed in feces
IH: cattle and sm rum
- Ingestion of sporulated oocyst.
- Sporozoites move into tissues and become tachyzoites which move through placenta to brain of fetus.
Respiratory system parasites of ruminants
Dictyocaulus viviparus, Dictyocaulus filarial, Protostrongylus rufescens, Mullerius capillaris, Oestrus ovis, Cephenemyia spp.
Intestinal Protozoa
List them:
including flukes
- Giardia Intestinalis
- Cryptosporidium Parvum
- Eimeria
- Fasciola Hepatica
- Fascioloides Magna
- Dirocoelium Dendriticum
- Thysanosoma Actiniosides
What non-pathogenic protozoa can contaminate cultures for tritrichomonas Faetus
Pentatrichomonas Hominis
What resembles balantidium coli but is non-pathogenic
Buxtonella spp
T/F
- Giardia intestinalis infection is common but disease is rare
True
Cryptosporidium
How common is infection
what age is diseased
what environment is this most prevalent in
- infection is common
- disease in young ruminants
- confinement situations
Giardia Intestinalis
Phylum
Class
Order
What other genus in the same P, C, O
P: Retortamonada
C: Fornicata
O: Diplomonadida
Other Genus: Hexamita
Giardia Intestinalis
What age affected:
is disease common or rare in nature:
- Young ruminants effected
- Rare in nature
Cryptosporidium Parvum
- Phylum
- Class
- What age/species
- Clinical signs
- P: Apicomplexa
- C: Cryptosporidium
- age/species: Neonate ruminants
- CS: Profuse, watery diarrhea
Cryptosporidium Parvum
what conditions is dz present: tx: Lifecycle: sporulated or unsporulated when passed: how transmitted:
- conditions: crowded/weaning
- Tx: supportive for hypothermia/dehydration
- LC: merogony, gamogony, syngamy, sporogony (in enviro, calves, lambs, people pups eat it)
- sporulated transmits
- transmitted: can be aerosolized on food, water or inhaled
Eimeria
Phylum:
Class:
Family:
- P: apicomplexa
- C: conoidasida
- F: Eimeriidae
Eimeria
Host specific? infection common? when most prevalent? Clinical signs: Lifecycle
- Host specific, each species has it’s specific host, cell type and local in cell
- common infection, rare disease
- most prev. when stressed (shipping, weaning)
- CS: thickened intestines, may have lesions, may have blood, mucous in stool
- Lifecycle: MUST undergo development in the environment (unlike crypto)
Eimeria Zuernii
- Common name
- local in host
- time of yr prevalent
- clinical signs
- lifecycle
- CN: Bovine Coccidiosis, Nervous coccidiosis (seizures)
- Local: ileum, cecum, colon, rectum
- TOY: winter time in calves
- CS: seizures, dysentery, brain swelling
- LC: calf ingests sporulated oocysts
- sporozoites enter lamina propria of SI, cecum colon, undergo morogony
- merogony occurs again in epithelial cells
- gamogony evades immune surveillance in cells
- Oocysts produced by syngomy in epithelial cells of cecum/colon
- un-sporulated oocysts passed in feces
- sporulation occurs in environment
Eimeria Bovis and Eimeria Auburnensis may cause WHAT in calves:
Dysentery in calves
What do ionophores do
they are coccidiostats and increase feed efficiency
small ruminant coccidiosis
- ages infected
- when is disease usually
- resistance info
- all ages infected
- disease usually seen in young, stressed
- earlier the infection, usually the better the resistance
Coccidiostats
- what do they do
- what role in resistance
- limits ability to reproduce at normal rate. Doesn’t kill but slows it down
- when used, selects for resistance
ways to help measure GI parasitism:
List them and what they indicate
- serum protein: (low) loss of protein, failure to resorb
- serum pepsinogen: (high) mechanical dmg to mucosa and leakage from gut
- serum gastrin: (high) level of anorexia
- PCV or hemoglobin: (low) level of anemia
ways to measure GI parasitism
Serum protein, pepsinogen, gastrin and PCV, what else do you have to consider:
Have to put it in context:
- worm eggs/cyst forming protozoa
- varies w/species of parasite
- varies w/species of host
- age of host
- tx history
- varies w/season and feed intake
Fasciola Hepatica
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
- P: platyhelminthes
- C: trematoda
- O: digenea
Fasciola Hepatica
- IH:
- hosts:
- anthelmintics work?
- when transmitted
- acute dz results:
- Chronic dz results:
- IH: rt. handed snails
- Hosts: wide host range, common in cattle
- anthelm. work against adults >12 wks
- transmitted: late autumn to winter, peaks in spring
- acute dz: migration in liver: anemia, bloody tracts in liver, death in 5-6 weeks post infection
- Chronic dz: biliary fibrosis, anemia, ill thrift, jaundice