Arthropod info Flashcards
Metamorphosis definition
Change in form and usually habits of an animal
Holometabolous definition
Pronounced change in form during debelopment. Different habitats and food sources for different stages.
Developmental stages of holometabolous
Egg, larva, pupa, adult
Hemimetabolous definition
Gradual change from immature to adult insect. Immature resembles adult. Share the same food source.
Developmental stages hemimetabolous
Egg, larva (some don’t have larva stage), nymph, adult
Ametabolous definition
Young are smaller in size but resemble adults in all but sexual maturation.
Important adaptations of arthropods
Host location techniques, Morphological and anatomical adaptations, Immunosuppression, Blood meal feeding and digestion, Water balance, Host range adaptation
Types of vertical transmission
Transtadial- between developmental stages
Transgenerational/transovarial- adult female to offspring
Venereal- male to female during mating
Co-feeding
Types of horizontal transmission
Anterior-station: through infectious vector bite
Posterior-station or stecorarian: fecal contamination
Ingestion
Squeezing of infected vector
Ingestion of infected arthropod
Mechanical transmission definition
Pathogen doesn’t need the arthropod vector to continue its life cycle
Biological transmission definition
Pathogen requires an arthropod vector to complete its life cycle
3 types of biological transmission
Multiplicative/ propagative: pathogen multiplies in the vector but does not change form
Developmental: Pathogen changes for in the vector but doesn’t multiply
Cyclodevelopmental: pathogen changes form and increases in number in the vector
Number of walking legs on mite and tick larva, nymph, and adult
Larva: 3
Nymph: 4
Adult: 4
Exceptions to tick feeding and development pattern
Ornithodoros moubata larvae do not take a blood meal before molting
Otobius megnini- the adult doesn’t take a blood meal
Differences between hard and soft ticks
Hard: Scutum, mouth parts visible dorsally, lay eggs in 1 large batch, no coxal glands, 1 nymphal stage, long term blood feeders, 1, 2, or 3 host, non-nidicolous
Soft: no scutum, mouthparts are ventral, coxal organs, eggs laid in small batches, 4-5 nymphal stages, short term blood feeder, 6 host, nidicolous
Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus # hosts Parasitic period Indirect effects Direct effects
1 host tick
3-4 week parasite
Transmitts: Babesia bigemina (transovarial), Babesia bovis(transovarial), Anaplasma marginale
Stress reduces productivity and damage to hides
Rhipicephalus (B.) annulatus
# hosts
Indirect effects
Direct effects
1 host tick
Transmits: Babesia bigemina (transovarial), Babesia bovis(transovarial), Anaplasma marginale
Stress reduces productivity and damage to hides
Rhipicephalus (B.) decolaratus
Endemic area
Indirect effects
Southern Africa to Sahara
Babesia bigemina
Rhipicephalus sanguineous
# hosts
Indirect effects
Direct effects
3 host tick (dogs)
Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia rickettsii
Skin irritation and damage
Amblyomma spp.
# hosts
Direct effects
3 host ticks
Damage to skin, predisposes to secondary bacteria infections and myiasis, tick worry, reduced productivity
Amblyomma americanum Distribution Host Direct Indirect
OK, TX, KS, MO
Wide host range
Tick worry, skin damage, tick paralysis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Francisella tularensis, Cytauxzoon felis, Southern tick-associated rash illness
Amblyomma maculatum Distribution # and type of host Attachment preference Direct Indirect
Gulf Coast to Kansas
3 host, small birds, small and medium animals, large animals
Pinna of ear
Gotch ear, 2nd screwworm infestations, extreme pain, tick worry, weight loss with 200 or more ticks
Hepatozoon americanum, possible to carry Ehrlichia ruminantium
Amblyomma cajennense Distribution # and type of host Direct Indirect
South TX to South America
3 host, birds, coyotes, humans, large animals
Tick worry
Possible to carry Ehrlichia ruminantium, thought to carry Theileria equi
Amblyomma imitator
Distribution
South TX to Guatemala
Amblyomma variegatum
Distribution
Indirect
Africa, South America, Caribbean islands
Ehrlichia ruminatium, Dermatophilus congolensis
Ixodes spp.
# host
Length of developmental cycle
3 host ticks
2 years
Ixodes scapularis Distribution Season of activity Direct Indirect
N America
Winter and spring
Damage to skin and predisposition to 2nd infections, tick worry
Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme dz), granulocytic anaplasmosis, Babesi microti
Ixodes pacificus
Distribution
Indirect
Western US Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme dz)
Ixodes ricinus
Distribution
Europe, W asia
Ixodes persulcaltus
Distribution
NE Europe, N Asia
Ixodes holocyclus
Distribution
Direct
Australia
tick paralysis in humans and pets
