Arthropod info

Question 1

Metamorphosis definition

Answer 1

Change in form and usually habits of an animal

Question 2

Holometabolous definition

Answer 2

Pronounced change in form during debelopment. Different habitats and food sources for different stages.

Question 3

Developmental stages of holometabolous

Answer 3

Egg, larva, pupa, adult

Question 4

Hemimetabolous definition

Answer 4

Gradual change from immature to adult insect. Immature resembles adult. Share the same food source.

Question 5

Developmental stages hemimetabolous

Answer 5

Egg, larva (some don’t have larva stage), nymph, adult

Question 6

Ametabolous definition

Answer 6

Young are smaller in size but resemble adults in all but sexual maturation.

Question 7

Important adaptations of arthropods

Answer 7

Host location techniques, Morphological and anatomical adaptations, Immunosuppression, Blood meal feeding and digestion, Water balance, Host range adaptation

Question 8

Types of vertical transmission

Answer 8

Transtadial- between developmental stages
Transgenerational/transovarial- adult female to offspring
Venereal- male to female during mating
Co-feeding

Question 9

Types of horizontal transmission

Answer 9

Anterior-station: through infectious vector bite
Posterior-station or stecorarian: fecal contamination
Ingestion
Squeezing of infected vector
Ingestion of infected arthropod

Question 10

Mechanical transmission definition

Answer 10

Pathogen doesn’t need the arthropod vector to continue its life cycle

Question 11

Biological transmission definition

Answer 11

Pathogen requires an arthropod vector to complete its life cycle

Question 12

3 types of biological transmission

Answer 12

Multiplicative/ propagative: pathogen multiplies in the vector but does not change form
Developmental: Pathogen changes for in the vector but doesn’t multiply
Cyclodevelopmental: pathogen changes form and increases in number in the vector

Question 13

Number of walking legs on mite and tick larva, nymph, and adult

Answer 13

Larva: 3
Nymph: 4
Adult: 4

Question 14

Exceptions to tick feeding and development pattern

Answer 14

Ornithodoros moubata larvae do not take a blood meal before molting
Otobius megnini- the adult doesn’t take a blood meal

Question 15

Differences between hard and soft ticks

Answer 15

Hard: Scutum, mouth parts visible dorsally, lay eggs in 1 large batch, no coxal glands, 1 nymphal stage, long term blood feeders, 1, 2, or 3 host, non-nidicolous
Soft: no scutum, mouthparts are ventral, coxal organs, eggs laid in small batches, 4-5 nymphal stages, short term blood feeder, 6 host, nidicolous

Question 16

Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus
# hosts
Parasitic period
Indirect effects
Direct effects

Answer 16

1 host tick
3-4 week parasite
Transmitts: Babesia bigemina (transovarial), Babesia bovis(transovarial), Anaplasma marginale
Stress reduces productivity and damage to hides

Question 17

Rhipicephalus (B.) annulatus
# hosts
Indirect effects
Direct effects

Answer 17

1 host tick
Transmits: Babesia bigemina (transovarial), Babesia bovis(transovarial), Anaplasma marginale
Stress reduces productivity and damage to hides

Question 18

Rhipicephalus (B.) decolaratus
Endemic area
Indirect effects

Answer 18

Southern Africa to Sahara

Babesia bigemina

Question 19

Rhipicephalus sanguineous
# hosts
Indirect effects
Direct effects

Answer 19

3 host tick (dogs)
Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia rickettsii
Skin irritation and damage

Question 20

Amblyomma spp.
# hosts
Direct effects

Answer 20

3 host ticks

Damage to skin, predisposes to secondary bacteria infections and myiasis, tick worry, reduced productivity

Question 21

Amblyomma americanum
Distribution
Host
Direct
Indirect

Answer 21

OK, TX, KS, MO
Wide host range
Tick worry, skin damage, tick paralysis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Francisella tularensis, Cytauxzoon felis, Southern tick-associated rash illness

Question 22

Amblyomma maculatum
Distribution
# and type of host
Attachment preference
Direct
Indirect

Answer 22

Gulf Coast to Kansas
3 host, small birds, small and medium animals, large animals
Pinna of ear
Gotch ear, 2nd screwworm infestations, extreme pain, tick worry, weight loss with 200 or more ticks
Hepatozoon americanum, possible to carry Ehrlichia ruminantium

Question 23

Amblyomma cajennense
Distribution
# and type of host
Direct
Indirect

Answer 23

South TX to South America
3 host, birds, coyotes, humans, large animals
Tick worry
Possible to carry Ehrlichia ruminantium, thought to carry Theileria equi

Question 24

Amblyomma imitator

Distribution

Answer 24

South TX to Guatemala

Question 25

Amblyomma variegatum
Distribution
Indirect

Answer 25

Africa, South America, Caribbean islands

Ehrlichia ruminatium, Dermatophilus congolensis

Question 26

Ixodes spp.
# host
Length of developmental cycle

Answer 26

3 host ticks

2 years

Question 27

Ixodes scapularis
Distribution
Season of activity
Direct
Indirect

Answer 27

N America
Winter and spring
Damage to skin and predisposition to 2nd infections, tick worry
Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme dz), granulocytic anaplasmosis, Babesi microti

Question 28

Ixodes pacificus
Distribution
Indirect

Answer 28

Western US
Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme dz)

Question 29

Ixodes ricinus

Distribution

Answer 29

Europe, W asia

Question 30

Ixodes persulcaltus

Distribution

Answer 30

NE Europe, N Asia

Question 31

Ixodes holocyclus
Distribution
Direct

Answer 31

Australia

tick paralysis in humans and pets