Test 3 Flashcards
Killing C. Botulinum endospores
Commercial sterilization
Removing pathogens
Disinfection
Removing pathogens from living tissue
antisepsis
Refers to microbial contamination
Sepsis
The absence of significant contamination. _____ surgery techniques prevent microbial contamination of wounds
Asepsis
Removing microbes from a limited area
Degerming
Lowering microbial counts on eating utensils
Sanitization
Killing microbes
Biocide/germicide
Inhibiting, not killing, microbes
Bacteriostasis
The lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 minutes
Thermal death point
Time during which all cells in a culture are killed
Thermal death time
Minutes to kill 90% of the population at a given temperature
Decimal reduction time
_____ heat denatures proteins
Moist
Steam under pressure
Autoclave
Steam must contact items surface
Steam sterilization
Reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens
Pasteurization
Equivalent treatment of pasteurization is at ____ C
63°C
High temperature for short time for pasteurization is at____C
72°C
Ultra high temperature pasteurization is at_____C
140°C
Removes microbes greater than 0.3 µm
HEPA
Removes microbes greater than 0.22 µm
Membrane filtration
True or false. Refrigeration, deep freezing, and Lyophilization inhibit microbial growth due to low temperature
True
True or false high-pressure denatures proteins
True
____ Prevents metabolism
Desiccation
True or false. Osmotic pressure causes plasmolysis
True
Dry heat, flaming, incineration, hot air sterilization are ways of dry heat sterilization; kills by ______
Oxidation
This type of dry heat sterilization has an equivalent treatment of 100°C for two hours
Hot air
This type of dry heat sterilization has an equivalent treatment of 121°C for 15 minutes
Autoclave
X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams are _____ type of radiation
IOnzing
This type of radiation ionizes water to release 0H+. Damages DNA
Ionizing radiation
This type of radiation has UV, 260 nm, and damages DNA
Non-ionizing radiation
This type of radiation kills by heat; not a specially antimicrobial
Microwaves
True or false. Phenol phenolics disrupt plasma membrane’s
True
Bisophenols (hexachlorophene and tricolsan) and Biguanides ( chlorhexidine) work by disrupting ___ ___
Plasma membrane’s
Ethanol, Isopropanol are are types of ____. These types of solutions denature proteins, and dissolve lipids. they also require water
Alcohols
True or false. 70% is the best concentration for alcohol to enter the cell
True
Iodine and Corine are types of ____
Halogens
___ ___ May be used to prevent gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum
Silver sulfadiazine
True or false. Copper sulfate is an algicide
True
The oligo dynamic action of heavy metals reacts by ____ ____
Denature proteins
True or false. Gaseous sterilants work by denaturizing proteins, and by use of heat sensitive material
True
True or false. Peroxygens work by oxidizing. They are used on contaminated surfaces
True
____ breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and hydrogen
Catalase
The removal or destruction of all living microorganisms
Sterilization
Subjects can food to only enough heat to destroy the endospores of clostridium botulinum
Commercial sterilization
The destruction of vegetative pathogens on the surface, usually with chemicals
Disinfection
True or false. Spores and viruses are completely killed and destroyed by disinfection
False
_____ is the chemical disinfection of living tissues, such as skin or mucous membranes
Antisepsis
_____ is the removal of transient microbes from skin by mechanical cleansing or by an anti-septic
Degerming
_____ is the reduction of microbial populations on objects to safe public-health levels
Sanitization
The suffix stat or stasis is used to indicate only what the substance _____
Inhibits
In general the suffix -cide indicates the ____ of a specified organism
Killer
The lowest temperature required to kill a liquid culture of a certain species of bacteria in 10 minutes
Thermal death point
The length of time required to kill all bacteria any liquid culture at a given temperature
Thermal death time
True or false. Chemicals may denature proteins by reacting, for example, with disulfide bonds which give proteins there three-dimensional active shape
True
True or false. Microbial control agents damage the plasma membrane by causing leakage of cellular contents and interferes with cell growth
True
____ at 100°C kills vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens, many viruses, and fungi within 10 minutes
Boiling
True or false endospores and some viruses completely die after the boiling process
False
_____ is mild heating that is sufficient to kill particular spoilage or disease organisms without seriously damaging the taste of the product
Pasteurization
_____ as in direct flaming, is efficient for limited purposes
Incineration
___ ____ apply to liquid suspension such as fruit juice can kill vegetative bacterial cells while preserving flavors, color, and nutrition values. Endospores are relatively resistant
High pressure
True or false microbes do not require water for growth and adequately desiccated foods will support their growth
False
True or false. Generally molds and yeast resist osmotic pressures better than bacteria
True
This method for evaluating a disinfectant uses a disc of filter paper that is soaked in the chemical agent, which is placed on in an inoculated surface of an agar plate. A clear zone around the disc indicates inhibition
Disk diffusion method
Also known as carbolic acid, is seldomly used today. Derivatives of the ____ molecule however, are widely used
Phenol
____ injure plasma membrane, inactivate enzymes, or denature proteins.
Phenolics
______ is the main ingredient in pHisoHex and is used in nurseries to control gram-positive skin bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci
Hexachlorophene
_____ is a widely use this bisphenol found in many household products. It has a broad spectrum of activity, especially against gram-positive bacteria. It is also affected begins gram-negative bacteria and fungi
Triclosan
____ is frequently use for surgical skin preparation and surgical and scrubs. Alexidine is similar but more rapid and actions
Clorahexidine
True or false iodine impairs protein synthesis
True
A____ is a solution of iodine in water
Tincture
____ is a strong oxidizing agent that inhibits enzymatic function
Chlorine
_____ Are a combination of chlorine and ammonia. They are more stable than other forms of Coreen and are used as a sanitizer and for disinfection in municipal water systems
Chloramines
True or false chlorine dioxide is a gas use for area disinfection, most notably to kill endospores of anthrax bacteria
True
______ Are bactericidal and fungicidal butts are not effective against endospores or non-envelope viruses
Alcohols
___ ___ is often used to destroy green algae and reservoirs or other waters
Copper sulfate
True or false zinc chloride is used in mouthwashes
True
Sure false. Mercuric chloride is highly bacteriocidal, but it is toxic and corrosive and is in activated by organic matter
True
_____ infectious proteins that cause neurological diseases such as mad cow disease, or difficult to render noninfectious
Prions
____ is the science of heredity; includes the study of what genes are, how they carry information, have a replicated and pass to subsequent generations of cells or pass between organisms, and how the expression of their information within an organism determines the particular characteristics of that organism
Genetics
The genetic information in a cell is called
Genome
Hey cells ___ includes it’s chromosomes and plasmids
Genomes
_____ are structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; the chromosomes contain the genes
Chromosomes
____ are segments of DNA (except in some viruses, in which they are made of RNA) that code for functional products
Genes
DNA is composed of repeating _____ containing the bases ATCG (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
Nucleotides
Strands of DNA are held together by ____ bonds between AT and CG
Hydrogen
An organism’s genetic makeup, the information that codes for all the characteristics and potential properties of the organism
Genotype
True or false the genotype is it’s Gene collection- its DNA
True
Refers to an organisms actual express properties, such as its ability to perform a chemical reaction
Phenotype
True or false the phenotype is the collection of enzymatic or structural proteins
True
DNA and chromosomes is the form of one long double _____
Helix
In _____, DNAs not found within a nuclear membrane.
Prokaryotes
True or false. DNA replication makes possible the flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
True
True or false. The DNA of cell replicates after cell division so that each offspring cell receives a chromosome opposite to the parents
False
The site where the synthesis of new strands of DNA begins
Replication fork
The removal of all microbial life
Sterilization
____ are obligatory intracellular parasites that require a living host cell in order to multiply
Viruses
Refers to the spectrum of host cells the virus can infect
Host range
Viruses that infect bacteria are called
Bacteriophages
A ____ is a fully developed complete viral particle
Virion
The protein coat is the _____; It is made up of protein subunits, the ______
Capsid/ capsomeres
The ____ May be covered by an envelope of some combination of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Capsid
Envelopes may be covered with ___, projecting from the surface
Spikes
Some viruses use these spikes to adhere to red blood cells, causing a clumping called _____
Hemagglutination
Resembles long rods, the capsids are hollow cylinder with a helical structure. Examples are the tobacco mosaic virus or bacteriophage M13
Helical viruses
Usually have a capsid in the shape of an icosahedron. Examples are the adenovirus and poliovirus
Polyhedral viruses
____ viruses have an envelope covering their capsid. They are roughly spherical but pleomorphic. A helical virus such as the influenza virus is referred to as ____ ____
Envelope/ envelope helical
A polyhedral virus such is herpes simplex, with a capsule, is an ____ ____ ____
Envelope polyhedral virus
____ ____ such as poxviruses, do not contain identifiable capsids. They may have several coats around the nucleic acid or, like many bacteriophages, have a polyhedral head and a helical tail
Complex viruses
A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche
Viral species
The suffix -virus is used for _____ name
Genus
Family names end in ____
-viridae
_____ require a specific host bacterium for growth. The growth medium for the host maybe liquid or solid, the solid media are used for detecting and counting viruses by the plaque method.
Bacteriophage
For this method, a melted agar suspension of host cells and bacteriophage are poured in a thin layer over and agar surface on a Petri dish
Plaque method
The bacteria develop into a turbid lawn except where they are destroyed by proliferating phage, forming a circular clearing called a____
Plaque
___ can be cultured in suitable living animals, and some can be grown only in this way. Because signs of disease in the animal are often significant, this method can be used in diagnosis
Viruses
____ ___ can be inoculated by a hole drilled in the shell. Growth may be detected by death of the embryo or formation of pox or lesions on the membranes
Embryonated eggs
___ ___ has been the method of choice for viral cultivation
Cell culture
Cell infection by a virus causes observable death or damage known as ___ ____, which can be used much as plaques are for counting or detecting viruses
Cytopathic effects
These cell lines are derived directly from tissue and tend to die after a few generations, but a few specialized human cell lines may be cultivated for 100 generations or so
Primary cell lines
These cell lines are developed from embryonic human cells, are used to culture rabies virus for human diploid cell vaccines
Diploid cell lines
True or false. Continuous cell lines, often cancer cells such as hela cells can be maintained for an indefinite number of generations
True
The most common method of viral identification are _____. The virus is detected and identified by its reaction with anti-bodies, which are specific proteins produced by animals in response to the virus
Serological
What are the steps of the lytic cycle
Attachment Penetration Biosynthesis Maturation Release
Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell
Attachment
____is a highly specific reaction depending on a complementary receptor site
Attachment
The process of ____ occurs when the phage lysozyme opens cell wall; tail sheath contracts to Force the tail core and DNA into the cell. Then injects the DNA of the virus into the cytoplasm
Penetration
The viral DNA causes transcription RNA from viral DNA and thus commandeers the metabolic machinery of the host cell from its own biosynthesis. For several minutes following infection, complete phages cannot be found; this is called the _____ period
Eclipse
During the _____ period, the phage DNA and capsid, form separately, or assembled into virions
Maturation
Within the lytic cycle ___ causes lysis and death of host cells
Phage
Within the ____ cycle, prophage DNA Incorporates in host DNA, phage conversion, and specialized transduction all occurs
Lysogenic
In ____ ____ A lysogenic phage incorporate small amounts of host DNA along with its own DNA and can confer this DNA to a newly infected so
Specialized transduction
What is the process of animal virus multiplication
Attachment Penetration Uncoating Biosynthesis Maturation Release
In the process of animal virus multiplication attachment is defined as
Viruses attached to the cell membrane
In the process of animal virus multiplication the process of penetration occurs by
Endocytosis or fusion
In the process of animal virus multiplication uncoating happens by
Viral or host enzymes
In the process of animal virus multiplication biosynthesis is defined as
Production of nucleic acid and proteins
In the process of animal virus multiplication maturation occurs when
Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble
In the process of animal virus multiplication release happens by the process of
Budding or rupture
______ adenoviruses are the cause of some common cold; they are named after adenoids
Adenovirdae
____ pox viruses cause infection such as smallpox. Pox are pus filled sacs on the skin
Poxviridae
Multiplication of of DNA viruses may occur entirely in the _____
Cytoplasm
The DNA may be formed in the nucleus and the protein in the cytoplasm, with the final assembly taking place in the _____
Nucleus
RNA viruses multiply in the ____
Cytoplasm
True or false. Most cancers are caused by DNA or retroviruses because retroviruses can make a DNA copy of their RNA genome
True
True or false the DNA can go into the host cell genome and disrupt the workings of genes
True
Some retroviruses cause cancers, and one type is the cause of ___
Aids
When cells multiply in an uncontrolled way, the excess tissue is called a ____
Tumor
A malignant tumor is ___
Cancerous
