Chap 1-3 Flashcards
0
Q
ATom’s interact to form
A
Molecules
1
Q
This is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
A
Atom
2
Q
Atoms are composed of
A
Electrons protons and neutrons
3
Q
Negatively charged particles
A
Electrons
4
Q
Positively charged particles
A
Protons
5
Q
Uncharged particles
A
Neutrons
6
Q
Each chemical element has a different number of
A
Protons
7
Q
Isotopes of an element or Atoms with different numbers of
A
Neutrons
8
Q
The number of missing or extra electrons in the shell is known as the
A
Valance
9
Q
Molecules hold together because the valance electrons of the combining Atoms form attractive forces called
A
Chemical bonds
10
Q
The number of protons and electrons is equal in an atom with this type of bond
A
Ionic bond
11
Q
Charged Adams that have gained or lost electrons
A
Ions
12
Q
This type of bond is a compound that contains different kinds of Adams
A
Chemical bonds
13
Q
These type of bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge
A
Ionic bonds
14
Q
These type of bonds formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
A
Covalent bonds
15
Q
This type of bond forms when a hydrogen Adam that is covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen Adam is attracted to another nitrogen or oxygen Adam and another molecule
A
Hydrogen bonds
16
Q
This type of reaction occurs when Adams ions or molecules combined to form new larger molecules
A
Synthesis reactions
17
Q
This reaction is the synthesis of molecules in the cell
A
Anabolism
18
Q
These types of reactions are part synthesis and part decomposition
A
Exchange reactions
19
Q
This type of reaction involves the making or breaking of bonds between Adams
A
Chemical reactions
20
Q
A change in ____ ____occurs during a chemical reaction
A
Chemical energy
21
Q
Reactions that absorb energy
A
Endergonic
22
Q
Reactions that release energy
A
Exergonic
23
Q
This type of reaction occurs when a molecule is split into smaller molecules ions or Adams
A
Decomposition reactions
24
The decomposition reactions in a cell
Catabolism
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These types of reactions can readily go in either direction and each direction may need special conditions
Reversible reactions
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These compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen
Organic compounds
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These compounds typically lack of carbon
In organic compounds
28
Polar substances dissociates forming
Solutes
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These are substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen
Acids
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These are substances that dissociates into one or more OH-
Bases
31
These are substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
Salts
32
The chain of carbon Adams in an organic molecule is the
Carbon skeleton
33
Small organic molecules can combine into large
Macro molecules
34
______ are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules
Macromolecules
35
The smaller molecules found in organic compounds are called
Monomers
36
These are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides
37
These carbohydrates can be broken down by hydrolysis
Disaccharides
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These are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon Atoms
Monosaccharides
39
This carbohydrate consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
40
These carbohydrates consist of tens of hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
41
Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of _____ that are covalently bonded differently
Glucose
42
_____ is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times
chitin
43
Contains glycerol and fatty acids formed by dehydration synthesis
Fats
44
This simple lipid has no double bonds
Saturated fat
45
The simple lipid has one or more double bonds in the fatty acids
Unsaturated fat
46
In this simple lipid the H atom is found on the opposite side of the double bond
Trans fat
47
primarily consist of cell membranes
consist of C,H,O
Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
Lipids
48
These lipids contain C, H, and O +P, N, or S
Complex lipids
49
With these lipids the membranes are made of phospholipids
Complex lipids
50
Four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring; part of membranes
Steroids
51
____ are Essential in cell structure and function
Proteins
52
______ are proteins that speed chemical reactions
Enzymes
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______ _____ move chemicals across membranes
Transporter proteins
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Proteins consist of subunits called
Amino acids
55
______ bonds between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis
Peptide
56
The primary structure of protein is a
Polypeptide chain
57
These amino acids exists in either of two stereoisomers
D or L
58
L forms of amino acids are most often found in
Nature
59
The structure of protein occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats
Secondary structure
60
The structure of protein occurs when the helix fold in regularly, forming disulfide bridges,hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
Tertiary structure
61
The structure protein consist of two or more polypeptides
Quaternary structure
62
These proteins consist of amino acids and other organic molecules such as glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, and lipoproteins
Conjugated proteins
63
The structure exist as a double helix; A hydrogen bonds with T, C hydrogen bonds with G
DNA
64
Has ribose, is single-stranded, A hydrogen bonds with U, C hydrogen bonds with G
RNA
65
Has ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups
ATP
66
_____ is made by Dehydration synthesis and is broken by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cells
ATP
67
The destruction of the tertiary level of protein structure rendering it unusable is called
Denaturation
68
This source of infection is from within, the etiologic agent of the disease is often a member of the normal indigenous Flora
Endogenous infection
69
This source of infection is from without, usually, from another infected host or directly from the environment
Exogenous infection
70
A healthy human or animal host which is infected with the potential pathogen anybody region from which the pathogen can escape and be transmitted to other susceptible host
Healthy carrier
71
The larger organism plant or animal which is parasitized
Host
72
The entrance, growth or colonization, and multiplication of a parasite in any living host organism, regardless of the effect on the host
Infection
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The ability of a parasite to spread through host tissues
Invasiveness
74
Parasitic micro organisms which are normal residents of mucosal surfaces of practically all healthy individuals
Normal flora
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A parasitic or Saprophytic organism which ordinarily does not cause disease, but, under appropriate conditions, may produce damage in a compromised host
Opportunistic pathogen
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A small organism which lives within or upon a large organism of a different species, usually at the expense of the larger organism
Parasite
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The ability to cause disease in a susceptible host
Pathogenicity
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A form of an apparent infection following a clinical case in which the pathogen is not completely eliminated, but remains in the tissues after the host recovers. The host may be infectious
Persisting latent infection
79
The degree of disease producing power of a pathogen. A quantitative measure of pathogenicity
Virulence
80
The study of bacteria
Bacteriology
81
The study of fungi
Mycology
82
The study of algae
Phycology
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The study of protozoa
Protozoology
84
The study of viruses; RNA or DNA never both
Virology
85
Prokaryotes that do not have a membrane, enclosed nuclei
Bacteria
86
Eucaryotes that have cell walls, are non-motile, and are unable to photosynthesize
Fungi
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Photosynthetic Eucaryotes
Algae
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Uni cellular and eukaryotes that are motile, are unable to photosynthesize, and generally lack cell walls
Protozoa
89
Acellular submicroscopic particles that consist primarily of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat
Viruses
90
What is the size of bacteria
0.1 to 2 µm
91
What is the size of Archaea
0.1-2 µm
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What are the size of algae
100 µm
93
What are the size of fungi
100 µm
94
What are the size of protozoa
0.1-1 mm
95
What are the size of viruses
1.5-300 nanometers
96
____ established the system of scientific nomenclature
Linnaeus
97
Refers to a rapidly growing cell
Germ
98
Describes the clustered spherical cells, describes the gold colored colonies
Staphylococcus aureus
99
Who made the first observations and describe live micro organisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
100
___ ___ reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or cells
Robert Hook
101
Theory that all living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells
Cell theory
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___ ____ said cells arise from pre-existing cells
Rudolph Virchow
103
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a vital force forms life
Spontaneous generation
104
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from pre-existing life
Biogenesis
105
_____ show that microbes are responsible for fermentation
Pasteur
106
The conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
Fermentation
107
____ ____ demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
Louis Pasteur
108
Demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol and wine
Pasteur
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The application of a high heat for a short time
Pasteurization
110
___ ___ used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
111
He performed surgery under anti-septic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
112
_____ ____ proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps called Koch's postulates
Robert Koch
113
He inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox
Edward Jenner
114
He established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease
Robert Koch
115
He speculated about a magic bullet that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
Paul Ehrlich
116
He developed a synthetic arsenic drunk, Salvarsan, to treat syphilis
Ehrlich
117
He discovered the first antibiotic
Alexander Fleming
118
He observed that the Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed Staphylococcus aureus
Fleming
119
Bacteria degrade organic matter and sewage
Bioremediation
120
Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
Bio remediation
121
Microbes attached to solid surfaces and grow into masses. They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants
Biofilms
122
New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
Emerging infectious diseases
123
When a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance, disease results
Infectious disease
124
This virus is found primarily in waterfowl and poultry. Sustained human to human transmission has not occurred yet.
Avian influenza A
125
Evian influenza A is also known as
H5N1 or bird flu
126
Caused by west Nile virus. First diagnosed in the west Nile region of Uganda in 1937. Appeared in New York City in 1999.
West Nile encephalitis
127
West Nile encephalitis is also known as
H1N1
128
This disease is caused by a prion. Also further causes Creutzfeldt Jacob disease.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
129
A new variant in Creutzfeldt Jacob disease in humans is related to cattle that have been fed sheep offal for protein
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
130
Ebola virus. Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting. First identified near Ebola River, Congo. Outbreaks every few years
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
131
First identified in 1981, sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females. Caused by human immunodeficiency virus
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
132
Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenner's vaccination process
Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity
133
Classification of organisms into three domains is based on
Cellular organization
134
Who is credited with the first observing micro organisms
Anton van Leeiwenhoek
135
The term used to describe a disease causing microorganisms is
Pathogen
136
Which of the following is not associated with viruses
Organelles
137
The use of phenol as a disinfectant was first practice by
Lister
138
The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally just disproved by
Louis Pasteur
139
Molecular biology is the study of
The structure and function of macromolecules essential to life
140
The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as
Fermentation
141
Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe except
Mushroom
142
The prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components except
A nucleus
143
Fungal infections are studied by
Mycologist
144
The first step for directly linking a microbe to a specific disease according to Kochis postulates is to
Obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal
145
Which of the following statements about biofilms is false
Compared to free living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics
146
Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea
Have diverse cell wall compositions
147
Protozoan motility structures include
Cilia, flagella, and pseudopods
148
Robert Koch identify the cause of
Anthrax
149
In the name Staphylococcus aureus , Aureus is the
Specific name
150
Who is credited with first observing cells
Robert Hook
151
Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by
Koch
152
Who was the first scientist to pursue a magic bullet that could be used to treat infectious disease is
Ehrlich
153
In which of the following situations with Kochis postulates be utilized
Determination of the cause of the patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
154
Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following except
Use of genetically modified foods
155
What physician is first associated with vaccination
Jenner
156
Biogenesis refers to the
Development of life forms from pre-existing lifeforms
157
The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by
Carrelis Linnaeus
158
If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment
Using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to micro organisms
159
True or false. Some viruses can contain both DNA and are in a
False
160
True or false. Bovine spongiform encephalitis is caused by a virus
False
161
True or false. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first microbiologist to use a microscope to examine it environmental samples for the presence of micro organisms
True
162
True or false. The process of pasteurization to reduce food spoilage utilizes high heat to kill all bacteria present
False
163
Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water
Hydrogen bond
164
What type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen Adams in the H2O molecule
Covalent bond
