Final 16,17,20 Flashcards
___ __ refers to defenses that are present at birth, which are always present and available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease
InNate immunity
___ ___ is based on a specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached to the Innate immunity defenses
Adaptive immunity
This system respond rapidly to invaders by detecting them and then attempting to eliminate them
Innate immune system
It has recently been learned that the responses of the inmate system are activated by protein receptors in the plasma membrane’s of defense cells; among these activators are _____
TLR (toll like receptors)
TLR attached to the various components commonly found on pathogens that are called _____
PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
____ also attached two components of fungi and parasites
TLR
Two of the defense of cells involved innate immunity are called ___ and ___ ___
Macro phages and dendritic cells
___ are proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses
Cytokines
The intact skin consist of the __, and inner, proportion composed of connective tissue, And the ___ and outer, thinner portion consisting of several layers of epithelial cells arranged and continuous sheets
Dermis/epidermis
The top layer of epidermal cells contains the protein ___
Keratin
___ __ line the body cavities that open to the exterior; these include the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tract
Mucous membranes
The first line of defense consist of
Skin and mucous membranes
Perspiration contains ____, an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. This enzyme is also found in saliva, tears, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids
Lysozyme
___ ___ is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, and zymes, and mucus, with and the city of pH 1.2 to 3
Gastric juice
The normal microbiota, by __ ___, can often preevent colonization by pathogens. Live bacterial cultures, also known as ___ are sometimes added, which are intended to exert a beneficial effect
Competitive exclusion/probiotics
Blood consist of fluid called
Plasma
Cells and cell fragments suspended and plasma are also known as
Formed elements
Of the formed elements, those that concern us at presents are the ___, or white blood cells
Leukocytes
Google sites are divided into two main categories based on their appearance under a light microscope: ____ and ___
Granulocytes/agranulocyte
_____ all of their names the presence of large granules in there cytoplasm that can be seen under a light microscope after staining
Granulocytes
These cells are differentiated into three types of cells on the basis of how the granules stain: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Granulocytes
The granules of ___ stain paled lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are commonly called ___ or polymorphs
PMN
____ have the ability to leave the blood, enter an infected tissue, and destroy microbes and foreign particles
Neutrophils
___ stained blue purple with the basic die methylene blue
Basophils
Basophils really substances such as ___, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses
Histamine
_____ stained red or orange with the acidic dye eosin
Eosinophils
_____ are somewhat Phagocytic and also have the ability to leave the blood. Their major function is to produce toxic proteins against certain parasites, such as helminths
Eosinophils
Monocytes, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes, are three different types of _____
Agranulocyte’s
____ are not actively Phagocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter blood tissues, amateur into macro phages
Monocytes
___ ___ are also believed to be derived from monocytes. They have long extensions that resembled the dendrites of nerve cells, thus their names
Dendritic cells
The function of ___ cells is to destroy microbes by Phagocytosis and to initiate adaptive immunity response
Dendritic
___ include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells
Lymphocytes
These cells are found in blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
Natural killer cells
___ cells have the ability to kill a large variety of infected body cells and tumor cells. They attack anybody sells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
Natural killer
Some granules containing protein called ____, which inserts into the plasma membrane of the target sell and creates channels into the membrane
Perforin
Perforin results in extracellular fluid flowing into target cells and the cell bursts, a process called ____
Cytolysis
_____ are protein digesting enzymes that and use the target sell to undergo apoptosis or self-destruction
Granzymes
Our vulnerability or lack of resistance is known as
Susceptibility
___ __ which are the sites of activation of T cells and B cells, which destroying microbes by immune response
Lymph nodes
______ or attachment between the cell membrane of the Phagocyte and the organism
Adherence
The attraction of micro organisms to chemicals is known as
Chemotaxis
_____ is the coding of a micro organism with plasma proteins such as anti-bodies and complement-promotes phagocytosis
Opsonization
Following adherence, projections of the cell membrane of the phagocyte (pseudopods) and golf the micro organism and then fold in word, forming a sack around it called a ____ or ___ ___
Phagesome or Phagocytic vesicle
With in the cell, enzyme containing phagoomes and lysosomes of the cell fuse to form a larger structure, the ___ with in which the bacteria are usually quickly killed
Phagolysosome
Enzymes in ____ include lysozyme, various hydrolytic enzymes, and Myeloperoxidases. Their action is a process called
Lysosomes / oxidative burst
So microbes evade adherence by phagocytes with structures such as M proteins or capsules. They produce ___ and other complexes that killed the phagocyte
Leukocidins
___ is a host response to tissue damage, characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling, and perhaps loss of function
Inflammation
___ ___ ___ are converted to active forms by inflammation and induce localized and systemic responses
Acute phase proteins
___ is often in response to the action of cytokines, which are small proteins release from human cells regulate immune response
Inflammation
___ is the first stage of information; it involves an increase in blood vessel diameters, and therefore much more bloodflow, and the injured area
Vasodilation
____ ___ allows defense substances in the blood to pass through the walls of the blood vessels
InCreased permeability
____ is also responsible for the redness, heat, edema, and pain of inflammation
Vasodilation
___ cause vasodilation and also increased permeability and attract phagocytes
Kinins
Supporting connective tissue
Stroma
The functioning part of tissue is known as
Parenchyma
The final stage of inflammation is
Tissue repair
The resulting release of endotoxins causes release of a cytokine called
Interleukin 1
___ refers to a very rapid fall in temperature
Crisis
The ____ controls body temperature bus the setting can be altered by ingestion of gram-negative bacteria my phagocytes
Hypothalamus
___ consist of a group of over 30 different proteins found in blood serum
Complements
__ __ is the liquid portion of blood that remains after it is drawn and clotting proteins form a clot with the formed elements
Blood serum
Complement participates in ____ of foreign cells, inflammation, and phagocytosis
Lysis
The complement proteins act in an order and sequence, or ____; one protein activates another
Cascade
In the ___ pathway, activity is initiated when antibody molecules bind to the antigen-a bacterial cell, for example.
Classical
In the ____ pathway, which does not involve antibodies, complement proteins, and proteins called factor B, D, and P, combined with certain microbial polysaccharides
Alternative
This pathway especially affects the Lipopolysaccharide cell wall portions of gram-negative bacteria
Alternative
In the ___ pathway, macro phages stimulate the lever to release lectins. These enhance opsonization by binding to sell carbohydrates
Lectin
The result of complement activation:
Cytolysis: complement proteins then binds to two adjacent antibodies and initiates a sequence known as the ___ __ __
Membrane attack complex
The results of complement activation:
Circular lesions called ____ channels are formed and cause the eventual lysis of the cell, to which the anti-bodies are attached
Transmembrane
The result of complement activation:
_____ also can develop from complement. Other complement proteins combined with mast cells and trigger the release of histamine, which increases blood vessel permeability
Inflammation
The result of a complement activation:
____, or immune adherence, promotes attachment of a phagocytes to the microbe. Complement involvement results with interaction with special receptors of the phagocytes
Opsonization
True or false. Interferon alpha and interferon beta cells are produced by virus infected host cells
True
True or false. Interferon gamma cells are produced by lymphocytes and kill bacteria
True
True or false. Interferon cell types alpha, beta, and gamma are proteins
True
_____ tends to interfere with viral multiplication by inducing the uninfected sell to manufacture mRNA for synthesis of antiviral proteins
Interferons
Oligoadenylate synthetase degrades
Viral mRNA
Protein kinase inhibits
Protein synthesis
Transferrin is found in
Blood and tissue fluids
Lactoferrin is found in
Milk, saliva, and mucus
____ is located in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
Ferritin
Free iron is scarce in the human body because most of it is bound to molecules such as transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, and hemoglobin, collectively called
Iron binding proteins
Pathogenic bacteria obtain iron by secreting proteins called
Siderophores
Penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, and vancomycin work by breaking down the peptidoglycan ___ __ of bacteria
Cell wall
Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracyclines and streptomycin interfere with protein synthesis by reacting with the _____ of bacteria
Ribosomes
___ and ____ act by interfering with the nucleic acid synthesis of microbial cells
Rifampin and quinolones
____ are enzymes that Cleave the B lactam ring of penicillins, causing resistance
Penicillinases
A large number of ___ ___ penicillins have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of natural penicillins
Semi synthetic
So I change of natural penicillins are removed and other sidechains added to extend their spectrum or make them resistant to ____
Penicillinases
The first semi synthetic penicillin designed to evade the action of penicillinases was ___
Methicillin
Eventually so many staphylococcal strains became resistant that the abbreviation ___ made its appearance
MRSA
What does MRSA stand for
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin are all __ ___ of activity compared to natural penicillin
Broad spectrum
Another approach to penicillinase resistance is to combine penicillins with potassium clavulanate, which is a noncompetitive inhibitor of penicillinase. An example of this combination of penicillin is called
Augmentin
The structural nucleus and mode of action of _____ resemble those of penicillins. Cephalothin, cefamandole, cefotaxime are examples of ____
Cephalosporins
This antibiotic is a polypeptide antibiotic, effective primarily against gram-positive bacteria. It inhibits the synthesis of cell walls and his use only topically
Bacitracin
___ is a member of the small glycopeptide group that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. It is used against penicillinase producing staphylococci that cause life-threatening infections.
Vancomycin
What does VRE stand for
Vancomycin resistant enterococci
Vancomycin is used in to treat ___ and has led to the selection of VRE
MRSA
____ used in treating tuberculosis, is believed to inhibit synthesis of mycolic acid, which are part of the cell wall of Mycobacteria
Isoniazid
____ is effective only against mycobacteria and is used in chemotherapeutic treatment of tuberculosis. It inhibits the incorporation of mycholic acid into the cell wall
Ethambutol
This broad-spectrum antibiotic affects protein synthesis. Structurally simple, it is often synthesize chemically. It is the drug of choice for typhoid fever and certain types of meningitis, For which the rest of its side effects is considered justified
Chloramphenicol
This is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is also effective against chlamydia is in rickettssias . They inhibit protein synthesis. They produce such side effects as tooth discoloration and liver damage.
Tetracyclines
____ our names for their macrocyclic lactone ring and are especially effective against gram-positive bacteria
Macrolides
_____ inhibits protein synthesis and is used in treating infections resistant to penicillin’s, as well as legionellosis and mycoplasmal pneumonia
Erythromycin
Azithromycin and Clarithromyosin are broad-spectrum antibiotics which fall under which category
Macrolides
_____ our new semi synthetic macrolides developed to combat microbial resistance
Ketolides
____ The best-known of the rifamycin familyis used in tuberculosis therapy. The drug inhibits the synthesis of mRNA
Rifampin
The first of the _____ group was nalidixic acid which selectively inhibits the enzyme DNA gyrase needed for DNA replication
Quinolone
Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin are most widely used _____
Flouroquinolones
_____Act by competitive inhibition of full of acid, a precursor of nucleic acid’s
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole our structural analogues that inhibit synthesis of DNA at different stages. These drugs are examples of
Sulfonamides
Among the nucleoside analogue, ____ is widely used for many herpes virus infections
Acyclovir
The resistance to antimicrobial drugs is often carried by the ____ such as resistance R factors, or transporons
Plasmids
True or false.Resistance to antimicrobial drugs arises from random mutations. These can spread horizontally by conjugation or transduction
True
Bacteria is resistant to large numbers of antibiotics or called
Superbugs
____ also called immunogens, mostly proteins or large polysaccharides. These may be part of micro organisms were antigen such as pollen, egg whites, blood cells, or transplant to tissues or organs
Antigens
____ usually recognize and interact with anti-genic determinants, or epitopes, on the antigen, rather than an entire antigen
Anti-bodies
___ are low molecular weight antigens that are not anti-genic unless first attached to a carrier molecule. Once the anti-body against the hapten has formed, the hapten will react independently of the carrier
Haptens
____ is a good example of a hapten
Penicillin
____ are proteins called immunoglobulins
Anti-bodies
