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Pharm Final Gold > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

4 characteristics of general anesthesia

A

Unconsciousness
Immobility
Muscle relaxation
Loss of sensation

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1
Q

4 classifications of anesthetic agents and adjuncts

A

Route of administration
Time of administration
Principal effect
Chemistry

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2
Q

Characteristics of sedation

A 
CNS depression
Drowsiness
Drug induced
Various levels
Unaware of surroundings
Aroused by noxious stimulation
Uses: minor procedure
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3
Q

Characteristics of tranquilization

A

Calmness
Reluctant to move
Aware of surroundings but doesn’t care

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4
Q

Characteristics of hypnosis

A

Drug induced
Sleep like state
Impaired ability to respond to stimuli
Can be aroused with sufficient stimulation

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5
Q

Characteristics of narcosis

A

Drug induced sleep

Not easily aroused

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6
Q

How opioids work

A

Prevent nerves from transmitting impulses
Prevent presynaptic release of neurotransmitters, particularly excitatory afferent
Decrease the perception of pain

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7
Q

Pharmacodynamics of opioid agonists

A

Bind to mu and kappa receptors

Best for moderate to severe pain

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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics of opioid partial agonists

A

For moderate pain

Lower efficacy

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9
Q

Pharmacodynamics of opioid agonist antagonists

A

Bind to delta, mu, and kappa receptors–but only stimulate kappa!!
Used as a reversal agent or for mild pain

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10
Q

Pharmacodynamics of opioid antagonists

A

Bind to but don’t stimulate mu, delta, and kappa

Used as reversal agents

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11
Q

Best option for severe pain

A

Pure opioid agonists

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12
Q

Only opioid that an cause tachycardia

A

Meperidine

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13
Q

Effects of oipiods

A 
CNS: sedation,narcosis, euphoria 
Analgesia
Bradycardia 
Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume
Cough suppression
Miosis
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14
Q

Adverse effects of opioids

A

Salivation and vomiting by stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)
Initial diarrhea! Vomiting, and flatulence followed by GI stasis and urine retention
Histamine release
Increased intraocular and intracranial pressure

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15
Q

Possible opioids and tranquilizers that can be combined to create neuroleptanalgesia

A

Opioids: morphine, buprenophine, butorphanol, hydromorphone
Tranquilizers: diazepam, midazolam, Thorazine

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16
Q

State of tranquil dreaming

A

Neuroleptanalgesia

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17
Q

MOA of Tramadol (ultram)

A

Opiate-like
Mu receptor agonist
Blocks serotonin release and reuptake of NE
Prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia

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18
Q

Side effects of Tramadol

A 
Agitation 
Muscle tremors
Sweating
Hyperthermia
Seizures
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19
Q

3 classes of injectable anesthetics

A

Barbiturates
Propofol
Etomidate

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20
Q

Subclasses of barbiturates

A

Based on duration of action: ultrashort, short, intermediate, long acting
Based on chemical structure: oxybarbiturates, thiobarbiturates

21
Q

Action of barbiturates

A

Mimic inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

22
Q

Effect of barbiturates on patients with hypoproteinemia

A

Normal drug dose may produce prolonged unconsciousness or death

23
Q

Long acting barbiturates

A

Phenobarbital

24
Q

Short acting barbiturates

A

Pentobarbital
Secobarbital
Amobarbital

25
Q

Ultra short acting barbiturates

A

Thiopental

26
Q

What must you ALWAYS do with barbiturates

A

Intubate

27
Q

Adverse affects of barbiturates

A

Feel like your body is on fire
Exaggerated potency in critically ill, hypoproteinemia, or acidodic patients
Tissue irritation and sloughs

28
Q

1 most used drug for anesthetic induction

A

Propofol

29
Q

Primary termination of propofol action

A

Redistribution

30
Q

Only legal dissociative anesthetic

A

Ketamine

31
Q

MOA of benzodiazepines

A

Target GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) receptors

32
Q

What can you never mix Diazepam (Valium) with?

A

Water soluble drugs

33
Q

DOC for symptomatic treatment of recreational overdose

A

Lorazepam (Ativan)

34
Q

Class of drugs used to cause anesthesia

A

Benzodiazepines

35
Q

Most commonly used halogenated organic compound

A

Isoflurane and sevoflurane

36
Q

Uptake of halogenated organic compounds depends on….

A

Concentration gradient
Lipid solubility
Blood supply
Partial pressure of the gas

37
Q

One of perfusionists most affective tools in changing BO and arterial pressure

A

Anesthetic vaporizer

38
Q

Important properties of inhaled anesthetics

A 
Vapor pressure
Partition coefficient 
Minimum alveolar concentration
Rubber solubility
CO dependent
39
Q

Characteristics of volatile agents

A

High vapor pressure
Delivered from precision vaporizer to control delivery concentration
Ex: Isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, and halothane

40
Q

Characteristics of nonvolatile agents

A

Low vapor pressure
Delivered from nonprecision vaporizer
Ex: methoxyflurane
NO LONGER USED

41
Q

Blood gas partition coefficient

A

Measure of solubility of inhalation anesthetic in blood as compared to alveolar/oxygenator gas
Indication of speed of induction and recovery for inhalation agent
Low blood gas partition coefficient: relatively less soluble in blood than alveolar gas–faster induction and recovery

42
Q

Minimum alveolar concentration

A

Concentration of anesthetic vapor in alveoli that is required to prevent a motor response in 50% of patients subjected to surgical pain stimuli

43
Q

Vaporizer setting of an agent required for surgical anesthesia

A

1-2x MAC

44
Q

Archetypical halogenated volatile anesthetic

A

Halothane

45
Q

Most commonly used inhalant agent in North America

A

Isoflurane

46
Q

Least potent inhalant agent

A

Desflurane

Called one breath anesthesia

47
Q

Max N2O that can be mixed with other gas anesthetics

A

80%

48
Q

Ranking g of blood gas partition coefficients for anesthetic gases

A

Halothane>Isoflurane>sevoflurane>nitrous oxide> desflurane

49
Q

Best and worst gas anesthetics for induction

A

Best: nitrous oxide
Worst: halothane

50
Q

Best and worst gas anesthetics for recovery

A

Best: halothane
Worst: nitrous oxide

Pharm Final Gold (12 decks)

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