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Pharm Final Gold > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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0
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What a drug does to the critter

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the critter does to the drug

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics: LADME

A 
Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
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3
Q

Two categories of drug administration

A

Enteral

Parenteral

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4
Q

Additive interaction

A

1+1=2

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5
Q

Synergistic reaction

A

1+1=3

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6
Q

Potentiation reaction

A

1+0=3

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7
Q

4 types of receptors

A

Regulatory proteins
Enzymes
Transport proteins
Structural proteins

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8
Q

3 aspects of drug receptor function

A
  1. Receptors determine the nature and characteristics of the drug concentration response curve
  2. Receptors function as regulatory proteins and part of chemical signaling mechanisms that provide targets for drugs
  3. Receptors determine the therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs on a critter
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9
Q

4 transmembrane signaling mechanisms

A

Ligand gated ion channels
G protein coupled receptors
Enzyme linked receptors
Intracellular receptors

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10
Q

How can differences in potency be overcome?

A

Giving more drug

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11
Q

Which is more important, potency or efficacy?

A

Efficacy

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12
Q

Therapeutic index

A

TD50/ED50

Toxic effect in 50% of population vs. therapeutic effect in 50%

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13
Q

Dangerous therapeutic index

A

<2

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14
Q

Definition of bioavailability

A

Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation

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15
Q

First pass metabolism

A

Via portal circulation
Liver metabolizes drugs limiting their bioavailability
Drugs with high first pass metabolism must be given in high doses orally or parenteral lay

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16
Q

Solubility characteristics of drugs

A

Too lipopholic: poorly absorbed
Too hydrophilic: difficulty passing through cell membranes
MOST COMMONLY ADMINISTERED DRUGS ARE WEAKLY ALKALINIC OR ACIDIC

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17
Q

Factors affecting bioavailability

A

Chemical stability in the GI tract

Drug formulation

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18
Q

3 factors affecting volume of distribution

A

Blood flow
Water/fat solubility
Protein binding

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19
Q

Major factor affecting sieving coefficient

A

Degree of protein binding

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20
Q

Volume of distribution calculation

A

Vd=D/Co

Dose/concentration

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21
Q

5 main ways to eliminate drugs

A 
Urine
Bile
Hepatic metabolism
Lung/oxygenator expiration
Artificial filtration (hemoconcentrator)
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22
Q

Half life: 3.3, 4.3, and 4.3 years

A
  1. 3: 90%
  2. 3: 95%
  3. 3: 97.5%
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23
Q

Clearance rate equation

A

Cl= (0.693*Vd)/half life

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24
Loading dose equation
LD= (Vd*target plasma concentration)/bioavailability
25
Maintenance dose equation
MD= (Clearance rate *target plasma concentration)/bioavailability
26
Two phases of biotransformation
Phase 1: metabolizes drug into more polar form | Phase2: conjugates drug with a chemical (acetylation)
27
Complex Liver biotransformation drugs through
Cytochrome P450 complex
28
Somatic nervous system transmission
One junction system travels via single nerve axon | Neurotranmitter: ACh
29
Autonomic nervous system
Extensive use of feedback arcs | Uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters
30
Definition of ganglion
Nerve cell that lies outside the CNS
31
Preganglionic neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine for both PNS and SNS
32
3 divisions of the ANS
Parasympathetic Sympathetic Enteric
33
2 semiautonomous parts of the enteric division
``` Myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) Submucous plexus (plexus of Meissner) ```
34
3 organs only recieving specifically sympathetic stimulation
Pilorector muscles, sweat glands, adrenal medulla
35
Types of receptors for cholinergic neurons
Nicotinic or muscarinic
36
Receptors for adrenergic neurons
Alpha Beta Dopaminergic
37
#1 cardiovascular variable your body seeks to auto regulate
MAP
38
Net effect of Levophed
Increase SVR Decrease HR (Even though positive chronotrope)
39
Only location for muscarinic receptors
Effector postsynaptic cells of the PNS
40
Nicotinic receptor location
Neuromuscular junctions and ganglia of ANS
41
Rate limiting step for synthesis of ACh
Uptake of choline
42
Anesthetic adjuncts
Neuromuscular blockers
43
Antimuscarinic uses
Symptomatic bradycardia, pulseless electrical activity, AV block Other Clinical use: adjunct Parkinson's disease, motion sickness, eye exams, GI hyper motility, urinary incontinence
44
Side effects of antimuscarinics
Hot, dry, red, crazy | Tachycardia
45
Effects of Ganglionic blockers
Profound hypotension | Profound constipation
46
Major drug interactions for nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers
Antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Synergistic with Ca channel blockers Synergistic with halogenated hydrocarbon gas anesthetics
47
SUX side effect with psuedocholinesterase deficiency
Prolonged apnea | Most common in Persian Jews and Indian Hindu
48
Major SUX side effect
Hyperkalemia
49
Main SNS neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
50
Rate limiting step of adrenergic neurotransmission
Tyrosine transported intracellularly and hydroxylated into DOPA
51
Most common method to get rid of norepinephrine
Reabsorption by presynaptic membrane
52
Alpha1 receptors have a high affinity for
Norepinephrine
53
Alpha2 receptors have a high affinity for
Clonidine (Catapres)
54
Alpha1 works on...
Smooth muscle of noncardiac organs | Eyes, bladder, and prostate
55
Apha2 use in cardiac surgery
Sedative as part of multimodal anesthesia
56
Epinephrine effect on SBP and DBP
Increase SBP | decrease DBP
57
Norepinephrine effect on SBP and DBP
Increased SBP | Increase DBP
58
DOC for cardiogenic or septic shock
Dopamine
59
DOC for struggling to come off bypass
Dobutamine
60
Isoproteronol effect on SBP and DBP
Same SBP | Greatly decreased DBP
61
Phenylephrine effect on SBP and DBP
Increases SBP | Increases DBP
62
Drug very commonly used in adult perfusion to increase SVR / arterial pressure
Phenylephrine (Neo)
63
4 privileged sites
Brain Eye Testicle Fetus
64
Drug causing epinephrine reversal
Phentolamine
65
5 perfusion relevances for beta blockers
1. MI 2. Long term management of stable angina 3. Hypertension 4. Migraine headaches 5. Hyperthyroidism and thyroid storm
66
5 Beta blocker side effects
1. Bronchoconstriction 2. Arrhythmias 3. Hypoglycemia 4. Drowsiness 5. Sexual dysfunction

Pharm Final Gold (12 decks)

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