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Biological Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

smooth muscles

A

control the digestive system and other organs

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2
Q

skeletal (striated) muscles

A

control movement of the body in relation to the environment

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3
Q

cardiac (heart) muscles

A

properties intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal muscles.

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4
Q

fast-twitch muscle fibers

A

fast contractions and rapid fatigue. Anaerobic- actions that do not require oxygen but need oxygen for recovery

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5
Q

slow-twitch muscle fibers

A

less vigorous contractions and no fatigue. Aerobic- use oxygen during their movements

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6
Q

proprioceptors

A

receptor that detects the position or movement of a muscle. They detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages that enable the spinal cord to send a reflexive signal to contract it.

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7
Q

ballistic movement

A

executed as a whole. Once initiated, it cannot be altered. Reflexes are ballistic.

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8
Q

non-ballistic movements

A

behaviors are subject to feedback correction (trial and error)

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9
Q

involuntary movements

A

reflexes; insensitive to reinforcements, punishments, and motivations.

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10
Q

motor program

A

a fixed sequence of movements from beginning to end (yawning)

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11
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disease in which the immune system forms antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions (Causes the progressive weakness and rapid fatigue of the skeletal muscles).

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12
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex, anterior to the central sulcus; elicits movements

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13
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

active during a delay before a movement, stores sensory information relevant to a movement

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14
Q

premotor cortex

A

active immediately before a movement, receives information about the target to which the body is directing its movements

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15
Q

supplementary motor cortex

A

important or planning and organizing a rapid sequence of movements; inhibiting a learned movement when you need to do something else

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16
Q

dorsolateral tract

A

set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, and the red nucleus to the spinal cord
Controls movement in peripheral areas (hands and feet)
Axons go to opposite sides of the spinal cord.

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17
Q

ventromedial tract

A

set of axons from many parts of the cortex, the reticular formation, midbrain tectum and vestibular nucleus
Axons to both sides of the spinal cord.

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

associated with balance and coordination. Damage causes trouble with rapid movement requiring aim and timing

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19
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain. The caudate nucleus tells the globus pallidus which movements to stop inhibiting.

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20
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

causes: gradual extensive brain damage in the basal ganglia, genetic-autosomal dominant gene, huntingtin- abnormal protein

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21
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

causes: genetics, exposure to toxins (MPTP), gradual progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra. Treatment: L-Dopa, antioxidants, dopamine receptor stimulants, glutamate blockers, stem cell transplants.

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22
Q

circadian rhythms

A

rhythms that last about a day. Zeitgeber- biological clock set by light. Useful for wakefulness and sleeping

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23
Q

How are the circadian rhythms regulated in humans, and what brain structures are involved?

A

In addition to waking and sleeping, it affects eating, drinking urination, secretion of hormones, and thermoregulation. Brain structures: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) above the optic chiasm controls circadian rhythm through a retinohypothalamic path.

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24
Q

melatonin

A

secreted by the pineal gland, increases 2-3 hours before bedtime and makes people sleepy.

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25
Q

What other hormones or neurotransmitters are implicated in sleep regulation?

A

Period- produce proteins called Per.
Timeless- produce proteins called Tim.
Per and Tim proteins increase the activity of neurons in the SCN that regulate sleep and waking.

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26
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

Theta Waves, irregular, breathing slows, light sleep, easily awakened, lasts about two minutes, may have sensory experience without stimulus

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27
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

About 20 minutes long
Characterized by sleep spindles and K Complexes
easily awakened but clearly asleep

28
Q

sleep spindles

A

12-14 Hz waves during a first that lasts at least half a second

29
Q

K-complex

A

sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing

30
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

A purely transitional stage

marked by 20-50% delta waves

31
Q

Stage 4 of sleep

A 
About 30 minutes long
hard to awaken
delta waves > 50% of the time
Walking or talking in sleep, wetting the bed, and night terrors can occur during this stage
still attend to external stimuli
32
Q

locus coeruleus

A

in the pons, emits burts of impulses in response to meaningful events

33
Q

basal forebrain

A

increases arousal, learning and attention

34
Q

adenosine and prostaglandins

A

inhibit arousal system, reduce temperature in the brain, decline during sleep

35
Q

insomnia

A

inadequate sleep caused by noise, uncomfortable temperatures, stress, pain, diet, and medication

36
Q

sleep apnea

A

impaired ability to breath while sleeping. Treatment: lose weight and avoid alcohol and tranquilizers, surgery to remove tissue that obstructs the trachea.

37
Q

narcolepsy

A

frequent period of sleepiness during the day, occasional cataplexy (muscle weakness), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations. Treatment: stimulants

38
Q

periodic limb movement disorder

A

repeated involuntary movement of the legs and arms. Treatment: tranquilizers.

39
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

move around vigorously during REM sleep

40
Q

Night terrors

A

experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens scream in terror.

41
Q

Functions of sleep

A

energy conservation, restoration of the brain and body, memory consolidation.

42
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information. Spontaneous activity in the pons that activate some parts of the cortex and it synthesizes a story that make sense of the information

43
Q

clincoanatomical hypothesis

A

thinking under unusual circumstances. Stimuli combined with recent memories and sensory information

44
Q

homeostasis

A

temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range

45
Q

preoptic area

A

anterior hypothalamus, POA/AH, monitors body temperature by monitoring its own temperature

46
Q

osmotic thirst

A

thirst resulting from salty foods. OVLT, subfornical organ, PVN, and the lateral preoptic area controls drinking

47
Q

hypovolemic thirst

A

thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating. Angiotensin constricts the blood vessels

48
Q

What is the role of the OVLT in thirst regulation?

A

Detects osmotic pressure and sends information to the hypothalamus to direct drinking

49
Q

What factors in the mouth and in the stomach influence hunger and satiety?

A

Mouth: oral sensations
Stomach: Vagus nerve-transmits information on stomach distention
Splanchnic nerve-transmits information on nutrient content of food being consumed

50
Q

insulin

A

enables glucose to enter the cells (except for brain cells)

51
Q

glucagon

A

stimulates the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen to glucose to replenish low supplies in the blood

52
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

controls insulin secretion, alters taste responsiveness, and facilitates feeding in other ways

53
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

Associated with decreased release of CCK, increased release of ghrelin

54
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

Associated with a fear of becoming fat and not a disinterest in food. Unlikely associated with genetics

55
Q

organizing effects

A

occur mostly at sensitive stages of development.

Determine whether the brain and body will develop male or female characteristics

56
Q

activating effects

A

occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response.

57
Q

Mullerian systems

A

precursors to female internal structures

58
Q

Wolffian systems

A

precursors to male internal structures; seminal vesicles-stores semen and vas deferens- duct from testes to penis

59
Q

testosterone

A

the most widely known androgen, encourages development of muscles around the penis, masculinization,, also increases sexual desire in women

60
Q

What is the role of Dopamine in arousal and orgasm?

A

Male erection dependent on dopamine and testosterone. Both male and female orgasm dependent on dopamine.

61
Q

How do hormones activate sex behavior?

A

Testosterone results in male sexual behavior

Estrogen followed by progesterone results in female sexual behavior

62
Q

What hormones are responsible for the onset of puberty?

A

Onset occurs when the hypothalamus begins to release luteinizing hormone (LH) releasing hormone
LH and FSH stimulate the release of gender-specific hormones from the gonads
Sex Hormones stimulate growth and secondary sex characteristics

63
Q

What genetic and neurochemical factors determine or influence sexual identity?

A

XY males with mutated SRY genes resulting in poorly developed genitals or resulting in combinations of testes and/or ovaries
Fetal exposure to the wrong hormone or excess hormone
Reduced exposure to testosterone due to low levels of hormone or mutation of receptors
Exposure to toxic chemicals such as DDT

64
Q

What are intersexes?

A

Testicular Feminization/Androgen Insensitivity-a genetically male fetus develops as female
Hermaphrodites-genitals do not match the genetic sex
pseudohermaphrodites/intersexes-sexual development is ambiguous

65
Q

How intersexes come about?

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Overdevelopment of adrenal gland
Low production of cortisol causes high adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Results in high hormone secretion by adrenal glands including testosterone

66
Q

What are the possible causes of sexual orientation?

A

Possibly a gene carried on the X chromosome
Interstitial Nucleus (INAH-3)- connects to medial preoptic area and it is larger in men than women
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus-unclear role
anterior commissure-unclear role

Biological Psychology (7 decks)

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