Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biological Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscles

A

control the digestive system and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

skeletal (striated) muscles

A

control movement of the body in relation to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cardiac (heart) muscles

A

properties intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fast-twitch muscle fibers

A

fast contractions and rapid fatigue. Anaerobic- actions that do not require oxygen but need oxygen for recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

slow-twitch muscle fibers

A

less vigorous contractions and no fatigue. Aerobic- use oxygen during their movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

proprioceptors

A

receptor that detects the position or movement of a muscle. They detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages that enable the spinal cord to send a reflexive signal to contract it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ballistic movement

A

executed as a whole. Once initiated, it cannot be altered. Reflexes are ballistic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

non-ballistic movements

A

behaviors are subject to feedback correction (trial and error)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

involuntary movements

A

reflexes; insensitive to reinforcements, punishments, and motivations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

motor program

A

a fixed sequence of movements from beginning to end (yawning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disease in which the immune system forms antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions (Causes the progressive weakness and rapid fatigue of the skeletal muscles).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex, anterior to the central sulcus; elicits movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

active during a delay before a movement, stores sensory information relevant to a movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

premotor cortex

A

active immediately before a movement, receives information about the target to which the body is directing its movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

supplementary motor cortex

A

important or planning and organizing a rapid sequence of movements; inhibiting a learned movement when you need to do something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

dorsolateral tract

A

set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, and the red nucleus to the spinal cord
Controls movement in peripheral areas (hands and feet)
Axons go to opposite sides of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ventromedial tract

A

set of axons from many parts of the cortex, the reticular formation, midbrain tectum and vestibular nucleus
Axons to both sides of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cerebellum

A

associated with balance and coordination. Damage causes trouble with rapid movement requiring aim and timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain. The caudate nucleus tells the globus pallidus which movements to stop inhibiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

causes: gradual extensive brain damage in the basal ganglia, genetic-autosomal dominant gene, huntingtin- abnormal protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

causes: genetics, exposure to toxins (MPTP), gradual progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra. Treatment: L-Dopa, antioxidants, dopamine receptor stimulants, glutamate blockers, stem cell transplants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

circadian rhythms

A

rhythms that last about a day. Zeitgeber- biological clock set by light. Useful for wakefulness and sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are the circadian rhythms regulated in humans, and what brain structures are involved?

A

In addition to waking and sleeping, it affects eating, drinking urination, secretion of hormones, and thermoregulation. Brain structures: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) above the optic chiasm controls circadian rhythm through a retinohypothalamic path.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

melatonin

A

secreted by the pineal gland, increases 2-3 hours before bedtime and makes people sleepy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What other hormones or neurotransmitters are implicated in sleep regulation?
Period- produce proteins called Per. Timeless- produce proteins called Tim. Per and Tim proteins increase the activity of neurons in the SCN that regulate sleep and waking.
26
Stage 1 of sleep
Theta Waves, irregular, breathing slows, light sleep, easily awakened, lasts about two minutes, may have sensory experience without stimulus
27
Stage 2 of sleep
About 20 minutes long Characterized by sleep spindles and K Complexes easily awakened but clearly asleep
28
sleep spindles
12-14 Hz waves during a first that lasts at least half a second
29
K-complex
sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing
30
Stage 3 of sleep
A purely transitional stage | marked by 20-50% delta waves
31
Stage 4 of sleep
``` About 30 minutes long hard to awaken delta waves > 50% of the time Walking or talking in sleep, wetting the bed, and night terrors can occur during this stage still attend to external stimuli ```
32
locus coeruleus
in the pons, emits burts of impulses in response to meaningful events
33
basal forebrain
increases arousal, learning and attention
34
adenosine and prostaglandins
inhibit arousal system, reduce temperature in the brain, decline during sleep
35
insomnia
inadequate sleep caused by noise, uncomfortable temperatures, stress, pain, diet, and medication
36
sleep apnea
impaired ability to breath while sleeping. Treatment: lose weight and avoid alcohol and tranquilizers, surgery to remove tissue that obstructs the trachea.
37
narcolepsy
frequent period of sleepiness during the day, occasional cataplexy (muscle weakness), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations. Treatment: stimulants
38
periodic limb movement disorder
repeated involuntary movement of the legs and arms. Treatment: tranquilizers.
39
REM behavior disorder
move around vigorously during REM sleep
40
Night terrors
experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens scream in terror.
41
Functions of sleep
energy conservation, restoration of the brain and body, memory consolidation.
42
activation-synthesis hypothesis
the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information. Spontaneous activity in the pons that activate some parts of the cortex and it synthesizes a story that make sense of the information
43
clincoanatomical hypothesis
thinking under unusual circumstances. Stimuli combined with recent memories and sensory information
44
homeostasis
temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range
45
preoptic area
anterior hypothalamus, POA/AH, monitors body temperature by monitoring its own temperature
46
osmotic thirst
thirst resulting from salty foods. OVLT, subfornical organ, PVN, and the lateral preoptic area controls drinking
47
hypovolemic thirst
thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating. Angiotensin constricts the blood vessels
48
What is the role of the OVLT in thirst regulation?
Detects osmotic pressure and sends information to the hypothalamus to direct drinking
49
What factors in the mouth and in the stomach influence hunger and satiety?
Mouth: oral sensations Stomach: Vagus nerve-transmits information on stomach distention Splanchnic nerve-transmits information on nutrient content of food being consumed
50
insulin
enables glucose to enter the cells (except for brain cells)
51
glucagon
stimulates the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen to glucose to replenish low supplies in the blood
52
lateral hypothalamus
controls insulin secretion, alters taste responsiveness, and facilitates feeding in other ways
53
bulimia nervosa
Associated with decreased release of CCK, increased release of ghrelin
54
anorexia nervosa
Associated with a fear of becoming fat and not a disinterest in food. Unlikely associated with genetics
55
organizing effects
occur mostly at sensitive stages of development. | Determine whether the brain and body will develop male or female characteristics
56
activating effects
occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response.
57
Mullerian systems
precursors to female internal structures
58
Wolffian systems
precursors to male internal structures; seminal vesicles-stores semen and vas deferens- duct from testes to penis
59
testosterone
the most widely known androgen, encourages development of muscles around the penis, masculinization,, also increases sexual desire in women
60
What is the role of Dopamine in arousal and orgasm?
Male erection dependent on dopamine and testosterone. Both male and female orgasm dependent on dopamine.
61
How do hormones activate sex behavior?
Testosterone results in male sexual behavior | Estrogen followed by progesterone results in female sexual behavior
62
What hormones are responsible for the onset of puberty?
Onset occurs when the hypothalamus begins to release luteinizing hormone (LH) releasing hormone LH and FSH stimulate the release of gender-specific hormones from the gonads Sex Hormones stimulate growth and secondary sex characteristics
63
What genetic and neurochemical factors determine or influence sexual identity?
XY males with mutated SRY genes resulting in poorly developed genitals or resulting in combinations of testes and/or ovaries Fetal exposure to the wrong hormone or excess hormone Reduced exposure to testosterone due to low levels of hormone or mutation of receptors Exposure to toxic chemicals such as DDT
64
What are intersexes?
Testicular Feminization/Androgen Insensitivity-a genetically male fetus develops as female Hermaphrodites-genitals do not match the genetic sex pseudohermaphrodites/intersexes-sexual development is ambiguous
65
How intersexes come about?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Overdevelopment of adrenal gland Low production of cortisol causes high adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Results in high hormone secretion by adrenal glands including testosterone
66
What are the possible causes of sexual orientation?
Possibly a gene carried on the X chromosome Interstitial Nucleus (INAH-3)- connects to medial preoptic area and it is larger in men than women Suprachiasmatic Nucleus-unclear role anterior commissure-unclear role

Biological Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions