Final

Question 1

Three components of emotion

Answer 1

cognitions, feelings, actions

Question 2

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 2

frightening situation —> action —> emotional feeling.

Question 3

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 3

the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal; we must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion.

Question 4

What brain structures are implicated in emotional response?

Answer 4

The limbic system, the amygdala, and much of the cerebral cortex. The insula is associated with disgust.

Question 5

Amygdala

Answer 5

one of the main areas for regulating anxiety.

Question 6

General adaptation

Answer 6

alarm: initial stage, increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
resistance: sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol to enable the body to be alert, fight infections, and heal wounds.
exhaustion: tired, inactive, and vulnerable; the nervous and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their responses.

Question 7

leukocytes

Answer 7

most important elements of the immune system, also known as white blood cells, include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.

Question 8

T cells

Answer 8

mature in the thymus, some attack intruders directly (without secreting antibodies) and others help T cells or B cells multiply.

Question 9

killer cells

Answer 9

attack tumor cells and cells that are infected with viruses

Question 10

cytokines

Answer 10

combat infections and also communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviors; trigger hypothalamus to produce fever, sleepiness, lack of energy, appetite, and sex drive.

Question 11

engram

Answer 11

the physical representation of what has been learned

Question 12

equipotentiality (Lashley)

Answer 12

all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors like learning

Question 13

mass action (Lashley)

Answer 13

the cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better

Question 14

short term memory

Answer 14

events that have just occurred

Question 15

long term memory

Answer 15

events from previous times

Question 16

retrograde amnesia

Answer 16

loss of memory for events that occurred before the brain damage

Question 17

anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

Question 18

implicit memory

Answer 18

the influence of previous experience on behavior, even if one does not realize that one is using memory

Question 19

explicit memory

Answer 19

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

Question 20

declarative memory

Answer 20

the ability to state a memory in words

Question 21

procedural memory

Answer 21

the development of motor skills

Question 22

semantic memory

Answer 22

factual information

Question 23

episodic memory

Answer 23

memories of single personal events

Question 24

working memory

Answer 24

the way we store information while we are working with it

Question 25

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 25

brain damage caused by long-term thiamine deficiency (both retrograde and anterograde amnesia)

Question 26

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 26

severe memory loss associated with aging

Question 27

Habituation

Answer 27

if you persistently touch the aplysia’s gills, it will stop withdrawing Dependent on change in the synapse between the sensory and motor neuron

Question 28

sensitization

Answer 28

an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of previous exposure to more intense stimuli

Question 29

Hebbian synapse

Answer 29

A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Question 30

long term potentiation

Answer 30

a burst of stimulation results in more responsive synapses for long periods of time

Question 31

specificity of long term potentiation

Answer 31

if some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active and others have not, only the active ones become strengthened

Question 32

cooperativity

Answer 32

nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than repeated stimulation by just one axon

Question 33

associativity

Answer 33

pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to the weak input

Question 34

severing the corpus callosum

Answer 34

Sometimes done to treat severe epilepsy | Behavior is abnormal only when sensory stimuli are limited to one side of the body

Question 35

Right hemisphere specialization

Answer 35

``` Emotional content of speech Recognizes emotions in others Expresses fear and anger Spatial Relationships Music perception ```

Question 36

Left hemisphere specialization

Answer 36

Speech Happiness Detail-oriented

Question 37

Williams syndrome

Answer 37

affected people speak grammatically and fluently, poor at tasks related to numbers, visuospatial skills (copying a drawing), and spatial perception (finding their way home), caused by the deletion of several genes from chromosome 7. It indicates that language is not simply a byproduct of overall intelligence

Question 38

Broca's aphasia

Answer 38

Difficulty speaking and writing Prepositions, conjunction and other grammatical connectives are especially difficult Failure to understand speech when its meaning is dependent on connectives, sentence structure, or word order

Question 39

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 39

Trouble understanding speech and recalling names of objects

Question 40

dyslexia

Answer 40

specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas. More common in boys.

Question 41

Dysphonic dyslexia

Answer 41

have trouble sounding out words. | Attempt to remember them as a whole.

Question 42

Dyseidetic dyslexia

Answer 42

fail to recognize a word as a whole. | Read slowly and have particular trouble with irregularly spelled words.

Question 43

severe dyseidetic dyslexia

Answer 43

``` restricted vision only seeing one letter a time short eye movements very slow reading difficulty with long words ```

Question 44

How are music and language similar?

Answer 44

``` Use the similar brain areas Time between syllables and between beats Regularity of rhythm patterns The placement of stressed syllables and notes Duration of vowels and notes ```

Question 45

major depression

Answer 45

long-term sadness and helplessness

Question 46

bipolar disorder

Answer 46

alternate between mania and depression

Question 47

SAD (seasonal affective disorder)

Answer 47

depression that regularly recurs in a particular season

Question 48

schizophrenia

Answer 48

Deteriorating ability to function | Accompanied by delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, movement disorder and inappropriate emotional expression

Question 49

positive symptoms

Answer 49

behavior that are present that should be absent | Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders

Question 50

negative symptoms

Answer 50

behavior that is absent that should be present | Weak social interactions, emotional expression, speech, and working memory

Question 51

What are the prominent theories as to the cause of schizophrenia?

Answer 51

Either genes or difficulties early in life impair brain development Excess dopamine activity causes behavioral changes Deficient glutamate activity