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Biological Psychology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Three components of emotion

A

cognitions, feelings, actions

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2
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

frightening situation —> action —> emotional feeling.

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3
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal; we must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion.

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4
Q

What brain structures are implicated in emotional response?

A

The limbic system, the amygdala, and much of the cerebral cortex. The insula is associated with disgust.

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5
Q

Amygdala

A

one of the main areas for regulating anxiety.

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6
Q

General adaptation

A

alarm: initial stage, increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
resistance: sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol to enable the body to be alert, fight infections, and heal wounds.
exhaustion: tired, inactive, and vulnerable; the nervous and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their responses.

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7
Q

leukocytes

A

most important elements of the immune system, also known as white blood cells, include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.

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8
Q

T cells

A

mature in the thymus, some attack intruders directly (without secreting antibodies) and others help T cells or B cells multiply.

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9
Q

killer cells

A

attack tumor cells and cells that are infected with viruses

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10
Q

cytokines

A

combat infections and also communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviors; trigger hypothalamus to produce fever, sleepiness, lack of energy, appetite, and sex drive.

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11
Q

engram

A

the physical representation of what has been learned

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12
Q

equipotentiality (Lashley)

A

all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors like learning

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13
Q

mass action (Lashley)

A

the cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better

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14
Q

short term memory

A

events that have just occurred

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15
Q

long term memory

A

events from previous times

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16
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events that occurred before the brain damage

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17
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

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18
Q

implicit memory

A

the influence of previous experience on behavior, even if one does not realize that one is using memory

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19
Q

explicit memory

A

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

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20
Q

declarative memory

A

the ability to state a memory in words

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21
Q

procedural memory

A

the development of motor skills

22
Q

semantic memory

A

factual information

23
Q

episodic memory

A

memories of single personal events

24
Q

working memory

A

the way we store information while we are working with it

25
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

brain damage caused by long-term thiamine deficiency (both retrograde and anterograde amnesia)

26
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

severe memory loss associated with aging

27
Q

Habituation

A

if you persistently touch the aplysia’s gills, it will stop withdrawing
Dependent on change in the synapse between the sensory and motor neuron

28
Q

sensitization

A

an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of previous exposure to more intense stimuli

29
Q

Hebbian synapse

A

A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

30
Q

long term potentiation

A

a burst of stimulation results in more responsive synapses for long periods of time

31
Q

specificity of long term potentiation

A

if some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active and others have not, only the active ones become strengthened

32
Q

cooperativity

A

nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than repeated stimulation by just one axon

33
Q

associativity

A

pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to the weak input

34
Q

severing the corpus callosum

A

Sometimes done to treat severe epilepsy

Behavior is abnormal only when sensory stimuli are limited to one side of the body

35
Q

Right hemisphere specialization

A 
Emotional content of speech
Recognizes emotions in others
Expresses fear and anger
Spatial Relationships
Music perception
36
Q

Left hemisphere specialization

A

Speech
Happiness
Detail-oriented

37
Q

Williams syndrome

A

affected people speak grammatically and fluently, poor at tasks related to numbers, visuospatial skills (copying a drawing), and spatial perception (finding their way home), caused by the deletion of several genes from chromosome 7. It indicates that language is not simply a byproduct of overall intelligence

38
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Difficulty speaking and writing
Prepositions, conjunction and other grammatical connectives are especially difficult
Failure to understand speech when its meaning is dependent on connectives, sentence structure, or word order

39
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Trouble understanding speech and recalling names of objects

40
Q

dyslexia

A

specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas.
More common in boys.

41
Q

Dysphonic dyslexia

A

have trouble sounding out words.

Attempt to remember them as a whole.

42
Q

Dyseidetic dyslexia

A

fail to recognize a word as a whole.

Read slowly and have particular trouble with irregularly spelled words.

43
Q

severe dyseidetic dyslexia

A 
restricted vision
only seeing one letter a time
short eye movements
very slow reading
difficulty with long words
44
Q

How are music and language similar?

A 
Use the similar brain areas
Time between syllables and between beats
Regularity of rhythm patterns
The placement of stressed syllables and notes
Duration of vowels and notes
45
Q

major depression

A

long-term sadness and helplessness

46
Q

bipolar disorder

A

alternate between mania and depression

47
Q

SAD (seasonal affective disorder)

A

depression that regularly recurs in a particular season

48
Q

schizophrenia

A

Deteriorating ability to function

Accompanied by delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, movement disorder and inappropriate emotional expression

49
Q

positive symptoms

A

behavior that are present that should be absent

Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders

50
Q

negative symptoms

A

behavior that is absent that should be present

Weak social interactions, emotional expression, speech, and working memory

51
Q

What are the prominent theories as to the cause of schizophrenia?

A

Either genes or difficulties early in life impair brain development
Excess dopamine activity causes behavioral changes
Deficient glutamate activity

Biological Psychology (7 decks)

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