Test 2

Question 1

phrenology

Answer 1

a process of relating skull anatomy to behavior. Skull shape has little relationship to brain anatomy. Today, researchers examine detailed brain anatomy.

Question 2

relationship between intelligence and brain size and structure

Answer 2

Research has limited validity. Moderate correlation between IQ and brain size.

Question 3

hindbrain

Answer 3

the posterior part of the brain; medulla, pons, cerebellum
brainstem- medulla and pons
medulla- above spinal cord; enlarged potion of spinal cord into the skull
cranial nerves- control sensations from the head (breathing, sneezing, etc.)
pons- anterior and ventral to medulla, contains nuclei for cranial nerves

Question 4

midbrain

Answer 4

middle of the brain; dwarfed and surrounded by the forebrain
tectum- roof of the midbrain
superior and inferior colliculus- swellings on each side of the tectum
tegmentum- under the tectum, the intermediate level of the midbrain substantia nigra- dopamine containing pathway

Question 5

forebrain

Answer 5

two cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon- thalamus and hypothalamus (hormones)
basal ganglia- caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 6

Bell-Magendie Law

Answer 6

the concept that the entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information

Question 7

proliferation

Answer 7

production of new cells

Question 8

differentiation

Answer 8

forming axons and dendrites

Question 9

migration

Answer 9

neurons move to their final destination

Question 10

neurotrophins

Answer 10

early in development cause cells to survive and grow,increase the branching of incoming axons, decrease pain and increase regrowth of damaged axons

Question 11

apoptosis

Answer 11

a programmed mechanism of cell death

Question 12

necrosis

Answer 12

cell death caused by injury or a toxic substance

Question 13

Describe the experiments of Weiss and Sperry. What do they demonstrate?

Answer 13

Weiss grafted a salamander leg and said that nerves connect to muscles at random. Sperry disproved this with the rotated eye of a newt. Axons returned to exactly the correct muscle. This demonstrates the specificity of muscles.

Question 14

What factors promote and retard brain development?

Answer 14

Promote brain development- experience, adaptation, musical training, reading, etc.
Retard brain development- cocaine, alcohol, nicotine exposure

Question 15

What are the causes of injury to the brain?

Answer 15

closed head injury- sharp blow to the head

stroke- interruption of of normal blood flow

Question 16

Ischemia

Answer 16

blood clot or other obstruction in an artery

Question 17

hemorrhage

Answer 17

ruptured artery

Question 18

Learned adjustments in behavior

Answer 18

making better of unimpaired abilities

Question 19

diachisis

Answer 19

decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged

Question 20

regrowth of axons

Answer 20

only peripheral axons for short distances; axons regrow better in the young.

Question 21

Lesion techniques

Answer 21

purposely damaging parts of the brain

Question 22

Ablation techniques

Answer 22

removal of specific parts of the brain

Question 23

Gene-knockout approach

Answer 23

use of biochemicals to inactivate parts of the brain by causing gene mutations critical to development or functioning

Question 24

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 24

application of intense magnetic fiels to temporarily inactivate neurons

Question 25

Reception, transduction

Answer 25

Receptors for vision are sensitive to light.

Receptors “transduce” (convert) energy into electrochemical patterns

Question 26

Law of specific nerve energies

Answer 26

states that activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same type of information to the brain

Question 27

Trichromatic theory

Answer 27

color perception occurs through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones.

Question 28

opponent-process theory

Answer 28

suggests that we perceive color in terms of paired opposites; green-yellow, yellow-blue, black-white

Question 29

retinex theory

Answer 29

suggests the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area

Question 30

receptive field

Answer 30

part of the visual field that either excites or inhibits a cell in the visual system of the brain.

Question 31

primary visual cortex (area V1)

Answer 31

receives information from the lateral geniculate nucleus and is the area responsible for the first stage of visual processing

Question 32

secondary visual cortex (area V2)

Answer 32

receives information from area V1, processes information further, and sends it to other areas

Question 33

Parvocellular neurons

Answer 33

mostly located in or near the fovea, have smaller cell bodies and small receptive fields, are highly sensitive to detect color and visual detail. (pathway for shape)

Question 34

Magnocellular neurons

Answer 34

distributed evenly throughout the retina. (pathway for movement), have larger cell bodies and visual fields, are highly sensitive to large overall pattern and moving stimuli.

Question 35

Koniocellular neurons

Answer 35

have small cell bodies, are found throughout the retina

Question 36

Damage to the MT and MST

Answer 36

motion blindness- inability to determine the direction, speed and whether objects are moving

Question 37

Damage to V1

Answer 37

no conscious vision, no visual imagery, no visual images in dreams
blindsight- ability to respond to visual stimuli that they report not seeing.

Question 38

What areas are responsible for facial recognition? Why does it appear that the brain is specially wired to recognize faces?

Answer 38

Parts of the occipital cortex, the anterior temporal cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex.
Connections to and from the fusiform gyrus help us to recognize faces.

Question 39

Frequency theory

Answer 39

the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency

Question 40

Volley principle

Answer 40

the auditory nerve as a whole can have volleys of impulses up to about 5,000 per second, even though no individual axon can approach that frequency by itself

Question 41

Place theory

Answer 41

the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present

Question 42

nerve deafness

Answer 42

damage to the cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve, usually treated with hearing aids, caused by genetics, disease, ototoxic drugs, etc.

Question 43

conductive deafness

Answer 43

bones of the middle ear fail, caused by tumors, infections, disease, corrected by surgery or hearing aids.