Test 3 Flashcards
James Watt
In 1769 the Scotsman developed a new type of steam engine that could run large machinery.
The 19th century middle class entrepreneurs and owners
In the middle and later periods of the nineteenth century, major conflicts would emerge between the owners of companies and the workers. During the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, these class issues would be resolved in a variety of ways.
Henry Bessemer and William Kelly
developed a steel making process
The economy ideas of Thomas Malthus
- population would increase and people would starve.
- he believed the poor had large families by choice, keeping them in poverty. Making them responsible for their own poverty and no longer a social burden.
Jeremy Bentham’s principle of utilitarianism.
“the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.”
The ideas of John Stuart Mill
each individual should have the liberty to determine his or her views on any subject.
Some were of a higher quality.
The basic ideas of Karl Marx
Wrote the communist Manifesto,
- notion of deterministic inevitability. predictable patterns.
- before the final communal state, there would be a series of struggles over material goods.
- In dialectical materialism, the struggle is over which class is in charge of how material goods are produced.
- The worker was considered to be like an implement or tool to be used without regard or concern; thus, he or she was like and object to be exploited.
- The only real value in the production of goods and services is the work or labor that it took to make the item or provide the service.
- the reality of industrial capitalism was that owners and managers simply took or stole their profits from workers.
- The next stage of the struggle over the means of production would occur when the proletariat would rise and overthrow the middle class owners and managers.
- socialist dictatorship would come into being.
- In the final stage of communism, everyone would live in communes.
- Marx borrowed from Rousseau the notion of the general will. Rousseau stated that in a Paleolithic setting, individuals in a communal tribe owned no private property, and they would decide matters through an informal consensus.
Hegel’s Interpretation of human history.
The notion means there is no proof of the existence of basic matter. One never observes matter unless it has a form or a shape.
Hegel believes that we can know that objects exist externally from us, and they are interconnected with us at the same time. All things are collections of the ideas, and they have their own unique shape. Also, all things are joined together. Objects exist as individual units, but are linked to us in nature. Because, all things are interconnected, the term absolute is connected to Hegel’s idealism.
Believed that the universe is an interconnected organism.
Basic reality is seen when we observe the way in which all things in the universe change or evolve together. In effect, reality is in the process of change. Hegel proposes that there is a pattern or an order to that process. Things unfold in a progressive manner.
Things evolve through conflict. He said there is a creative force of negation that drives the process of advancement.
Believed in three elements of changed called thesis, antithesis and synthesis.
Believed in a higher being that was involved in change.
Charles Darwin fundamental notions of evolution
believed that a given species was different and yet shared same characteristics.
natural selection
adaptation and survival
Humans as part of the evolutionary process in “The Descent of man”
Soren Kierkegaard’s existentialist ideas
ones essence is found after participating in events
in effect experience precedes essence, The second core notion is free will and human choice
The basic ideas of Freidrich Nietzsche
Survival of the fit, claimed that only a few humans possess the ability to express a vital non-rational life force
slave morality most individuals were dominated by others.
Master morality individuals in this category were driven by what he referred to as the Dionysian spirit. They were in touch with the power to create and to construct value systems for themselves.
Will to power the aristocrats or those of master morality have the will to accept real freedom and grasp power for themselves.
transvaluation of values Nietzsche’s superior men would cast off existing value system
Revolutions and uprisings in Europe in 1848
Several significant uprising, the major impulse was to have some kind of republican government. The drive to establish representative bodies based on elected officials was still an aspiration and a standard that liberals would demand.
1840’s their were crop failures high unemployment rate most importantly France
The British Reform movement, People’s Charter and New Legislation
Not many could vote, the beginning the first Reform Act 1832, 2 important changes first many old seats went to towns with adequate populations, giving the middle class more representation, and gave middle class meant he right to vote with a hefty property qualification prerequisite. The Reform Bill of 1832 inspired others to press for adequate participation in government with six demands. (universal man suffrage, secret ballot, abolition of property qualifications, salaries for parliament members, annual election for the House of Commons)
Nationalism as a phenomenon in Europe
Nationalism in Europe had been building and came to fruition in the ninth and twentieth century
We shall define nationalism as a sentiment rooted in broad historical, geographical, linguistic, or cultural circumstances. It is characterized by a consciousness of belonging, in a group, to a tradition derived from those circumstances, witch differs from the traditions of other groups. Nation building is the political implementations of nationalism, the translation of sentiment into power.
Nationalism, German Unification and the Franco-Prussian War
In 1870 Napolian III pulled his troops out of Italy to fight against Prussia. At this time, the Pope had no protection for Rome. Without French forces to defend Rome, the Italians captured the city. In a short period, the new national government of Italy agreed to make Rome its capital.
In regards to motivation, the Italians were prompted by nationalist fervor. this intense feeling was associated with ancient Rome and its power. A unified Italy could have some of the respect afforded to their ancient forbearers. Also, they saw other advantages of being unified. Together, they could compete with other nations of Europe in an economic sense, and they would be strong enough to resist invasions from Austria and France.
Machiavellian leader of Otto von Bismark combined the qualities of a lion and a fox. He set in motion a series of step s to create a unified Germany.
