Test 2

Question 1

Rene Descartes’ basic method of verifying knowledge

Answer 1

1. He was aware of his existence
2. “I think therefore I am.” In effect, Descartes realized that he had to be there to think.
3. Descartes said there would be things that we know for certain. He said these would be clear and distinct
4. The question arises about how to connect the things of the mind with the things of the body or the material world. Descartes suggested the pineal gland.

Question 2

John Locke’s empirical test of knowledge

Answer 2

1. For us to know something it must pass the sensory test
2. Locke said if there is no empirical proof of innate ideas, then the brain must be a blank tablet or a tabula rasa.
3. As a deist, Locke proposes that God initially developed the processes of nature that we observe with our senses and set them into motion.

Question 3

Hume’s view of things we know with limited certainty

Answer 3

could not be absolutely certain of any kind of knowledge
Without any defense of actual cause and effect, there is no empirical proof of a Deistic God.
immediate sense experience as the only source of knowledge of the external world

Question 4

The base of Kant’s idea of certainty of knowledge and basic views on ethics

Answer 4

1. what we know for certain is in the internal functioning of the mind.
2. The two types of knowledge are a priori and a posteriori. For Kant, a priori means knowledge that comes prior to sense experience. A posteriori means knowledge that comes after sense experience.
3. All of us are equipped with the same interpreting mechanisms; thus, he refers to these factors as being transcendental or universal.
4. He says that reason is limited to analytic self-evident proofs and synthetic sensory-based statements, and a question about ethics or theology is neither analytic nor synthetic. Kant proposes that if one attempts to use reason to resolve these questions, the results are inconclusive.
5. God exists or not. Kant would say reasoning would not allow us to draw a conclusion

Question 5

Isaac Newton’s notions of the laws of nature

Answer 5

The first law is that of inertia.
The second law is that of acceleration.
The third law is that of action and reaction.

Question 6

Deism

Answer 6

believe in a God that was responsible for putting the world in motion.

Question 7

The writings of Voltaire

Answer 7

Francois Marie Arouet wrote Candide does not believe in an Utopia.

Question 8

Gibbons explanation of the Fall of Rome

Answer 8

Christianity

Question 9

Adam Smith’s economic views

Answer 9

free trade, the invisible economic hand

Question 10

William Harvey

Answer 10

explained the function of the human heart and lungs.

Question 11

Antoine Lavoisier

Answer 11

He hypothesized that combustion was a product of oxidation, and he developed experiments to prove his explanation.
Also, he labeled twenty-three basic substances, and he developed the law of conservation of mass.

Question 12

Edward Jenner

Answer 12

discovered a method of preventing small pox that would profoundly change the notion of public health.

Question 13

The biological discoveries of Georges Buffon

Answer 13

Natural History French, classified a given species.

Question 14

The legal ideas of Cesare Beccaria

Answer 14

On Crime and Punishments
it was only necessary for a potential criminal to know that he or she would be caught and held accountable.
he argued that it was “natural” to attempt to rehabilitate criminals.

Question 15

The revolution in North America and British Taxation Policies

Answer 15

stamp act

Question 16

Declaration of Independence

Answer 16

written by Thomas Jefferson

Question 17

The Treaty of Paris 1783

Answer 17

ended the American Revolution Franklin and Adams were the diplomats

Question 18

The first and second estates in France prior to the revolution

Answer 18

first estate clergy higher up,

second estate nobles and lesser clergy

Question 19

third estate

Answer 19

commoner middle class and peasants of france

Question 20

Financial Problems of the government of Louis XVI

Answer 20

was started by By Louis XIV 1 and 2 estates were exempt from taxes and the American Revolution through the crown into dept

Question 21

The National Assembly

Answer 21

rallied by Louis XVI 300 in the first estate 300 in the second estate and 600 in the third estate their were grievances

Question 22

The declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 22

carefully delineated the natural rights of individuals.

Question 23

Popular Uprising

Answer 23

The new assembly raised the hopes of common people and inspired them to state their grievances. They expressed these concerns in popular uprisings.The poor in Paris were marching in the streets. They could not find work and the price of bread and other commodities had gone up in an egregious manner.

Question 24

Jean Jacques Rousseau and the general will

Answer 24

His idea of a general will would be where there is no formal authority in a sovereign leader or voting as in a majority based democracy.

Question 25

The National Convention/Jacobins and Girondins

Answer 25

The purpose of the National Convention was to develop a new constitution that would eliminate the monarchy as a political force. Prior to creating a constitution, they did declare themselves a Republic, and the monarchy was removed from any kind of political power. The groups who vied for dominance of this new government were the Jacobins and the Girondins.

Question 26

Declaration of Pilnitz 1791

Answer 26

In August of 1791, fear of revolution spread to the absolutist leaders Leopold II, of the Holy Roman Empire, and Frederick William II, King of Prussia. They agreed to a joint resolution known as the Declaration of Pillnitz (August of 1791). The declaration said if other European monarchs and the British agreed to intervene, then the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia would lead an invasion of France

Question 27

Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory

Answer 27

A new French calendar period from late July to the middle of August was designated as a special revolutionary time frame known as Thermidor; therefore, when the Jacobins were overthrown, historians refer to this event as “the thermidorian reaction.”

Question 28

Interpretations of the origins of the French Revolution

Answer 28

The french revolution was part of a bigger revolution

Question 29

Napoleon’s Coup D’etat

Answer 29

On November 18, 1799, Napoleon and his troops overthrew the new government. In a non-violent coup d’état, Napoleon became the “First Consul” of France.

Question 30

Economic Reforms under Napoleon

Answer 30

Initially, he would set up a uniform legal code, make peace with the Pope and return economic prosperity to France. In general, these measures made the people feel a sense of regularity and hope in their daily lives. This feeling of security, social order and prosperity would finally break down because of Napoleon’s military defeats.

Question 31

The concordat of 1801

Answer 31

Napoleon recognized the popularity of the Church and he wanted its support, but he did not want to lose control over its local actions. To that end, he established the Concordat of 1801 with Rome. Pope Pius VII agreed to its tenants. This document integrated the religious authority of the Church with that of the state.

Question 32

Napoleonic Code

Answer 32

Initially, he would set up a uniform legal code, make peace with the Pope and return economic prosperity to France. In general, these measures made the people feel a sense of regularity and hope in their daily lives. This feeling of security, social order and prosperity would finally break down because of Napoleon’s military defeats.

Question 33

Educational Reforms

Answer 33

With the advent of the revolution, education was to be extended to common people.

Question 34

The plebiscite and the establishment of Napoleon as Emperor

Answer 34

The plebiscite is a device utilized by dictatorial leaders to give the appearance of public backing. Napoleon called for a nationwide vote on his constitution.

Question 35

Napoleon’s Continental System

Answer 35

After, his overthrow of the Directory, he would continue his successes as First Consul and then as emperor.
He hoped to remove the British as a military force on the continent by severing it from its European markets.

Question 36

Russian Campaign and Napoleon’s defeat

Answer 36

Russian cold and napoleon’s debacle

Question 37

Congress of Vienna

Answer 37

the great nations of Europe met in Vienna to develop a post war settlement. At the conference, the most powerful nations were Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria.

Question 38

The Quadruple Alliance

Answer 38

In addition, the restored monarchy in France would have the military backing of the allied powers that defeated Napoleon. Later in 1815, a Quadruple Alliance would be formed to check any possible revolutions in Europe. Further, the convention would operate from the principle of balance of power among the victorious nations.