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BIOL 1030 > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common features of animals?

A
  1. multicellular eukaryotes
  2. heterotrophs
  3. tissues
  4. no cell wall
  5. sexual reproduction (dominant diploid stage)
  6. development
  7. diversity
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2
Q

A zygote divides to form _______.

A

cleavage

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3
Q

a hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals

A

blastula

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4
Q

The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells

A

cleavage

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5
Q

an embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

A

gastrula

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6
Q

In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo unfolds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula

A

gastrulation

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7
Q

the endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal

A

archenteron

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8
Q

In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes

A

blastopore

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9
Q

the outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering, and in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye

A

ectoderm

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10
Q

the innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures

A

endoderm

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11
Q

A developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into either an adult or an adult-like stage that is not yet sexually mature

A

metamorphosis

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12
Q

Which group of protists is the phylogenetic sister to metazoa? Why?

A

choanoflagellates; both have collar cells, they have similar DNA sequences, and they have the same genes for signaling and adhesion proteins

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13
Q

type of symmetry where the organism can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any angle along a central axis; no front/back or left/right; ex. sea anemone

A

radial symmetry

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14
Q

type of symmetry where the organism’s body has right and left halves that are approximate mirror images of each other; dorsal/ventral, right/left, anterior/posterior, cephalization (central nervous system); ex. lobster

A

bilateral symmetry

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15
Q

What are advantages of bilateral symmetry that contribute to the bilaterians being the most successful animals on earth?

A
  • – move actively from place to place
  • – central nervous system enables them to coordinate complex movements involved in crawling, burrowing, flying, or swimming
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16
Q

How many embryonic cell layers does a diploblastic animal have? What are they?

A

2; ecto and endo

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17
Q

How many embryonic cell layers does a triploblastic animal have? What are they?

A

3; ecto, end, and meso

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18
Q

the middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures

A

mesoderm

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19
Q

What are 2 examples of a diploblastic animal?

A
  1. cnidarians

2. comb jellies

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20
Q

What are 3 examples of a triploblastic animal?

A
  1. flatworms
  2. arthropods
  3. vertebrates
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21
Q

animals with a true coelom (body cavity); e.g. earthworm

A

coelomates

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22
Q

animals with a coelom (body cavity) that is derived from the mesoderm and endoderm; e.g. roundworm

A

pseudocoelomates

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23
Q

animals that lack a coelom (body cavity); e.g. flatworm

A

acoelomates

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24
Q

Protostome or deuterostome?

  • –spiral, determinate cleavage
  • –coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm
  • –mouth forms first from blastopore
A

protostome

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25
Q

Protostome or deuterostome?

  • –radial, intermediate cleavage
  • –coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron
  • –mouth forms second from a secondary opening; anus formed first
A

deuterostome

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26
Q

What are the 5 points of agreement of animal phylogeny?

A
  1. All animals share a common ancestor.
  2. Sponges are basal animals.
  3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals (eumetazoans) with true tissues.
  4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria, and all are called bilaterians.
  5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade deuterostomia
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27
Q

a set of morphological and developmental traits of a functional living animal

A

body plan

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28
Q

a free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology, nutrition, and habitat

A

larva

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29
Q

an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body

A

cephalization

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30
Q

phylogenetic clade including all animals

A

metazoa

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31
Q

phylogentic clade including all animals with true tissues; excludes sponges

A

eumetazoa

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32
Q

clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers

A

bilateria

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33
Q

What are the stages of early embryonic development of animals in order?

A
  1. zygote
  2. cleavage
  3. blastula
  4. gastrulation
  5. gastrula
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34
Q

Basal Clade:

  1. asymmetrical body plan
  2. cellular level of organization
  3. sessile, marine
  4. suspension feeders and filter feeders
A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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35
Q

What are 2 examples of organisms in the phylum Porifera?

A
  1. boring sponge (bore holes in CaCO3 shells)

2. glass sponge (lace like skeleton - siliceous spicules)

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36
Q

tiny pores on the body surface of a sponge (porocyte)

A

ostia

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37
Q

a flagellated feeding cell found in sponges; also called a collar cell because it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum (function: feeding)

A

choanocyte

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38
Q

a large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment (function: water exit)

A

osculum

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39
Q

the central cavity of a sponge (function: water exit)

A

spongocoel

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40
Q

skeletal fibers in sponges made up of calcium carbonate or silica (function: structural support)

A

spicules

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41
Q

an amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals; secretes spicules and spongin in sponges

A

amoebocyte

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42
Q

a gelatinous region between two layers of cells of a sponge (function: gas exchange and water exit)

A

mesohyl

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43
Q

a protein that produces flexible fibers seen in some sponges

A

spongin

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44
Q

What are the two main forms of the cnidarian body plan?

A
  1. polyp

2. medusa

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45
Q

the sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan; benthic form, mouth and tentacles oriented upward; e.g. hydras and sea anemones

A

polyp

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46
Q

the free-floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan, e.g. jellyfish

A

medusa

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47
Q

a gelatinous tissue layer found in cnidarians that is sandwiched between the epidermis and gastrodermis

A

mesoglea

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48
Q

Why are cnidarians considered stinging-celled animals?

A

They have nematocysts which contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the body wall of the cnidarian’s prey.

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49
Q

the production and emission of light by a living organism

A

bioluminescence

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50
Q

What are the 4 major classes of cnidarians?

A
  1. Hydrozoa (hydroids)
  2. Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
  3. Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
  4. Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)
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51
Q

class of cnidaria that are mostly marine and colonial and have both polyp and medusa stages; e.g. Hydra, Portuguese man o war

A

Hydrozoa (hydroids)

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52
Q

class of cnidaria that are medusa dominant, very dangerous, and have a very large and complex medusa

A

scyphozoa (jellyfish)

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53
Q

class of cnidaria with a box-shaped medusa (medusa dominant) and are extremely venomous

A

Cubozoa (box jellyfish)

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54
Q

largest class of cnidaria that is polyp dominant and is known as the flower animal

A

Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals)

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55
Q

What is the fifth newly ranked class of cnidaria?

A

Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish) (has stauromedusa)

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56
Q

coral damage due to global warming

A

coral bleaching

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57
Q

What are two differences between cnidarians and ctenophores?

A
  1. Ctnetophores have 8 rows of ciliary comb plates for locomotion
  2. Ctnetophores have no tentacles.
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58
Q

Basal Clade:

  1. radial symmetry
  2. 8 rows of ciliary comb plates for movement
  3. mostly no tentacles
  4. most are bioluminescent
A

Ctnetophora

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59
Q

an individual organism that functions as both male and female

A

hermaphrodite

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60
Q

a specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged, explodes outward and functions in prey capture or defense

A

cnidocyte

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61
Q

In a cnidocyte of a cnidarian, a capsule-like organelle containing a coiled thread that when discharged can penetrate the body wall of the prey

A

nematocyst

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62
Q

What is the common name for Chaetognatha?

A

arrow worms

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63
Q

Clade related to Lophotrochozoa

  1. centimeter size range
  2. arrow shaped, transparent body with head and trunk
  3. eyes
  4. powerful jaws with teeth
  5. marine predator
A

Chaetognatha

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64
Q

What is the suggested sister clade of Chaetognatha?

A

Protostomia

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65
Q

ciliated feeding structures found in some groups of Lophotrochozoa

A

lophophore

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66
Q

larva with a ring of cilia found in some groups of Lophotrochozoa

A

trochophore

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67
Q

Which 3 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have lophophore?

A
  1. Ectoprocta
  2. Brachiopoda
  3. Phoronida
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68
Q

Which 2 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have trochophore?

A
  1. Mollusca

2. Annelida

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69
Q

List all 10 phylum names and common names in Lophotrochozoa.

A
  1. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  2. Rotifera (wheel animals)
  3. Ectoprocta (or bryozoa) (moss animals)
  4. Brachiopoda (lamp shell)
  5. Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
  6. Nemertea (ribbon worms)
  7. Annelida (segmented worms)
  8. Sipuncula (peanut worms)
  9. Echiura (spoon worms)
  10. Mollusca (mollusks)
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70
Q

Platyhelminthes are (coelomates/acoelomates/pseudocoelomates)

A

acoelomates

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71
Q

In the excretory system of Platyhelminthes, there are small tubules lined with ciliated _________.

A

flame cells

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72
Q

Platyhelminthes live in a mostly _________ habitat.

A

parasitic

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73
Q

What are the 3 classes of Platyhelminthes?

A
  1. Turbellaria
  2. Trematoda (flukes)
  3. Cestoda (tapeworms)
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74
Q

class of Platyhelminthes:

  • – use ciliated epithelial cells for movement
  • – have eyespots
  • – use pharynx for feeding
  • – marine or freshwater
  • – e.g. planarians
  • – free-living species
A

Turbellaria

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75
Q

class of Platyhelminthes:

  • – all parasitic
  • – resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
  • – cause blood flukes
A

Trematoda (flukes)

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76
Q

class of Platyhelminthes:

  • – all parasitic
  • – resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
  • – no mouth or digestive tract
  • – scolex (attachment with suckers and hooks)
A

Cestoda (tapeworms)

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77
Q

Phylum Rotifera are (coelomates/acoelomates/pseudocoelomates)?

A

pseudocoelomates

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78
Q

Phylum Rotifera has a ciliated ______ that collects food particles.

A

corona

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79
Q

organisms that use lophophore for feeding

A

lophophorate

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80
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa

  1. colonial
  2. coelomate
  3. mostly marine
  4. hard exoskeleton (zoocium)
  5. lophophore
A

ectoprocta (moss animals)

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81
Q

an individual of a colony (phylum ectoprocta)

A

zooid

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82
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:

  1. 2 shells with different sizes
  2. resembles clam
  3. lophophore
  4. anchor to seafloor by stalk (pedicle)
  5. marine, worldwide
A

brachiopoda (lamp shell)

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83
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:

  1. worm-like animals in tubes
  2. lophophore
  3. u-shaped gut
  4. marine
A

phoronida (horseshoe worms)

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84
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:

  1. very long
  2. complete digestive system
  3. closed circulatory system
  4. acoelomate
  5. probiscus for feeding
A

nemertea (ribbon worms)

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85
Q

reversible and retractable ectodermal tube used to capture prey (for feeding); seen in Phylum nemertea

A

probiscus

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86
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:

  1. segmentation
  2. coelomate
  3. hydrostatic skeleton
  4. complete digestive system
  5. closed circulatory system
  6. gas exchange through skin
  7. metanephridia
  8. trochophore larva
  9. chatae (setae)
A

annelida (segmented worms)

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87
Q

when the body of an organism contains a series of similar segments, partitioned by septa

A

segmentation

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88
Q

What 2 things does the nervous system of annelids include?

A
  1. compound eyes and brain

2. ventral nerve cord

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89
Q

part of an annelid’s excretory system that consists of a tube with 2 openings

A

metanephridia

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90
Q

Explain the muscular system of an annelid.

A

outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer

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91
Q

bristles of chitin used for anchor and/or locomotion in annelids

A

chatae (setae)

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92
Q

What are the 3 classes of annelids and what are their common names?

A
  1. Polychaeta (polychaetes)
  2. Oligochaeta (earthworms)
  3. Hirudinea (leeches)
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93
Q

Class of Phylum Annelida:

  1. sessile/free-living
  2. deposit or filter feeders
  3. tentacles modified into filtering organs
  4. parapodia for locomotion and gas exchange
  5. pair of flattened extensions in each segment
    a. fleshy
    b. paddle-like flaps
    c. chatae
  6. mostly marine habitat
  7. e.g. Siboglinidae (giant tube worm)
  8. build tube of CaCO3, sand, or mucus (sessile)
A

Polychaeta (polychaetes)

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94
Q

Class of Phylum Annelida:

  1. sparce chatae
  2. lack parapodia
  3. feed on detritus
  4. no eyes
  5. hermaphroditic
  6. mostly terrestrial
A

Oligochaeta (earthworms)

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95
Q

Class of Phylum Annelida:

  1. no parapodia
  2. have sucker, feed on blood (hematophagy)
  3. mostly freshwater
  4. parasites, predators, and scavengers
A

Hirudinea (leeches)

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96
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:

  1. soft, unsegmented body
  2. coelom
  3. mostly live in shallow water
  4. deposit feeders, retractable feeding organ
A

Sipuncula (peanut worms)

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97
Q

Phylum Sipuncula is a subgroup of Phylum _______.

A

Annelida

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98
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:

  1. have probiscus
  2. unsegmented body
  3. deposit feeders
  4. feeding: use of large flattened spoon-like structure
  5. marine habitat
A

Echiura (spoon worms)

99
Q

Phylum Echiura is closely related to Phylum _______.

A

Annelida

100
Q

Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:

  1. large, diverse group
  2. e.g. chitons, snails, clams, octopii, squid, etc.
  3. most are marine
  4. soft body + CaCO3 shell + mantle
  5. radula (ribbon like feeding tissue with teeth)
  6. 3 part body plan
  7. complicated digestive plan with separate mouth and anus
  8. efficient execratory system with nephridia (removes metabolic wastes)
  9. most have open circulatory system
A

Mollusca (mollusks)

101
Q

What are the three parts of the body plan of Phylum Mollusca and what are the functions of each?

A
  1. muscular foot - locomotion, predation, and attachment
  2. visceral mass - contains most internal organs
  3. mantle - thin layer of tissue that can secrete the shell which serves for protection; mantle cavity encloses gills
102
Q

What are the 2 parts of the reproductive system and explain them briefly?

A
  1. trochophore - ciliated free-swimming larva

2. veliger - second stage

103
Q

Which group of mollusks doesn’t have radula?

A

Class Bivalvia

104
Q

What are the 4 classes of Phylum Mollusca and what are their common names?

A
  1. Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
  2. Polyplacophora (chitons)
  3. Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)
  4. Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus)
105
Q

Class of Phylum Mollusca:

  1. torsion (twisted gut)
  2. spiral shell or no shell
  3. most marine
  4. mobile herbivores and preditors
  5. e.g. nudibranch (naked) (sea slug)
A

gastropodia (snails and slugs)

106
Q

Class of Phylum Mollusca:

  1. segmented shell, 8 shell plates
  2. flat shape, reduced head
  3. large, flat foot
  4. no torsion
A

polyplacophora (chitons)

107
Q

Class of Phylum Mollusca:

  1. body is enclosed in valves
  2. lack radula
  3. clams have siphons for feeding
  4. most have strong muscular foot
  5. most marine, filter feeders
A

bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)

108
Q

Class of Phylum Mollusca:

  1. head-footed
  2. 0-1 shell, internal or external
  3. highly derived nervous system
  4. closed circulatory system
  5. modified foot (typically 8 arms) with suckers
  6. all marine
  7. smart, fast-moving predators (jet propulsion by siphons)
A

Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus)

109
Q

Explain the shells of the following organisms:

  1. octopus
  2. squid and cuttlefish
  3. nautilus
A
  1. no shell
  2. internal reduced shell
  3. external chambered cell
110
Q

twisted gut

A

torsion

111
Q

Which class of mollusks has torsion?

A

gastropodia

112
Q

Which class of mollusks is considered to be the most ancient?

A

polyplacophora (chitons)

113
Q

What are 3 differences between octopi and squids?

A
  1. head shape
  2. living style
  3. presence of shell
114
Q

Why is a nautilus considered a living fossil?

A

There has been no change from the past.

115
Q

Which organism of Class Cephalopoda under Phylum Mollusca has a gas chamber and 90 arms?

A

nautilus

116
Q

Which 7 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have coelom?

A
  1. Ectoprocta
  2. Brachiopoda
  3. Phoronida
  4. Annelida
  5. Sipuncula
  6. Echiura
  7. Mollusca
117
Q

Which 2 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have acoelom?

A
  1. Platyhelminthes

2. Nemertea

118
Q

Which phylum of Lophotrochozoa has pseudocoelom?

A

Rotifera

119
Q

a free-living flatworm found in ponds and streams

A

planarian

120
Q

a form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

A

parthenogenesis

121
Q

a straplike scraping organ used by many mollusks during feeding

A

radula

122
Q

What are the 3 phyla of Scalidophora?

A
  1. Priapulida
  2. Loricifera
  3. Kinorhyncha
123
Q

What are the 3 superclades of Ecdysozoa?

A
  1. Scalidophora
  2. Nematoida
  3. Panarthropoda
124
Q

Scalidophora are (coelomates/acoelomates/pseudocoelomates)?

A

pseudocoelomates

125
Q

Scalidophora are a basal group of _________.

A

Ecdysozoa

126
Q

What are the 2 phyla of Nemotoida and their common names?

A
  1. Nemotoda (round worms)

2. Nematomopha (horsehair worms)

127
Q

Phylum of Nemotoida:

  1. flexible, thick cuticle
  2. hydrostatic skeleton
  3. lack circulatory system
  4. longitudinal muscles (one layer)
  5. mostly parasitic, tiny
  6. aquatic or terrestrial
  7. pharynx feeding structure
  8. exactly 959 cells (function: metabolism)
  9. model organism for developmental biology
  10. e.g. C. elegans
A

nemotoda (round worms)

128
Q

Phylum Nematomopha lives in a _______ environment.

A

parasitic

129
Q

Superclade of Ecdysozoa:

  1. segmented legs
  2. claws
  3. coelom
  4. hemoceol
  5. hemolymph
A

panarthropoda

130
Q

What are the 3 phyla of Panarthropoda?

A
  1. Onychophora (velvet worms)
  2. Tardigrada (water bears)
  3. Arthropoda (arthropods)
131
Q

Phylum of Panarthropoda

  1. segmented body
  2. hollow legs
  3. thin, chitinous cuticle
  4. humid forests in southern hemisphere
A

Onychophora (velvet worms)

132
Q

Phylum of Panarthropoda:

  1. microscopic size
  2. segmented with 4 pairs of legs
  3. feet have 4-8 claws each
  4. hemocoel
  5. feed by stylet on plant, algae, and small invertebrates
  6. wide distribution - hardy animals
A

Tardigrada (water bears)

133
Q

Phylum of Panarthropoda:

  1. jointed appendages (specialized function)
  2. exoskeleton of chitin
  3. ecdysis
  4. segmented body with cephalothorax and abdomen
  5. open circulatory system
A

arthropoda (arthropods)

134
Q

Explain the nervous system of Phylum Arthropoda.

A

compound eyes with hundreds of ommatidia, two chains of ganglia fused to form brain, ventral ganglia control most functions

135
Q

Explain the open circulatory system of Phylum Arthropoda.

A

Hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs.

136
Q

Name the 4 subphyla of Anthropoda and give examples of each.

A
  1. Chelicerata (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, spiders)
  2. Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes)
  3. Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles)
  4. Hexapoda (insects and relatives)
137
Q

claw-like feeding appendages (1st pair) seen in Chelicerata

A

chelicerae

138
Q

List the 3 classes of Subphylum Chelicerata and give examples of each.

A
  1. Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
  2. Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
  3. Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
139
Q

Class of Subphylum Chelicerata:

  1. Living fossils
  2. Carapace cover the body
  3. Telson (long tail spine)
  4. Book gills
A

Merostomata

140
Q

Class of subphylum Chelicerata:

  1. cephalothorax (fused head and thorax)
  2. chelicerae (fang with poison gland)
  3. book lungs
  4. some produce silk
  5. carnivorous
A

arachnida

141
Q

Class of subphylum Chelicerata:

  1. common in cold water, polar sea
  2. small body with long legs
  3. proboscis: feeding
A

Pycnogonida

142
Q

Subphylum of Phylum Arthropoda:

  1. terrestrial
  2. mandibles (jaw like)
A

myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes)

143
Q

Class of subphylum Myriapoda:

  1. small head with multi segmented round trunk
  2. large number of legs, 2 pairs per trunk segment
  3. herbivores
A

diplopoda (millipedes)

144
Q

Class of subphylum Myriapoda:

  1. conspicuous head with clear antennae pair
  2. less number of legs, 1 pair per trunk segment
  3. carnivores
A

chilopoda (centipedes)

145
Q

Subphylum of Phylum Arthropoda:

  1. highly modified appendages - biramous mandibulates
  2. most marine
  3. nauplius - larva form
A

Crustacea (shrimps, lobsters, crabs, isopods, barnacles)

146
Q

Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:

  1. 2 body parts: cephalothorax and abdomen
  2. 5 pairs of walking legs
  3. benthic, highly mobile
  4. e.g. shrimps, crabs, lobsters
A

decapods

147
Q

Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:

  1. tiny (1-2mm long)
  2. cephalothorax + abdomen + 5 pairs of legs + long antennae (for swimming - movement)
  3. most abundant zooplankton
  4. major prey for fish
  5. e.g. plankton?
A

copepods

148
Q

Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:

  1. sessile with cement house and shell
  2. appendages are feathery - cirripeds for feeding
  3. filter feeders
  4. commensalism with whale
  5. e.g. barnacles
A

cirripedes

149
Q

Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:

  1. most are small
  2. 7 pairs of legs
  3. flattened body plan
  4. some are parasitic
  5. e.g. pill bug, sow bug, gribble
A

isopods

150
Q

Subphylum of Phylum Arthropoda:

  1. uniramous mandibulates
  2. tracheal respiratory system
  3. Malpighian tubules - excretion
A

Hexapoda (insects and relatives)

151
Q

Class of Suphylum Hexapoda:

  1. body plan: head, thorax, abdomen
  2. 3 pairs of legs on thorax only
  3. 1 pair of antennae
  4. specialized mouthparts
  5. wings: 0-2 pairs, many have rounded halterers
  6. sensory hairs: cover body, responsive to mechanical stimulation
A

Insecta

152
Q

Explain the parts of the life cycle of Class Insecta.

A
  1. instars - stages before molting
  2. molting (ecdysis) - controlled by ecdysone
  3. metamorphosis - form changes, controlled by juvenile hormone
    a. incomplete (3 stages)
    b. complete (4 stages)
153
Q

What are the 3 stages of incomplete metamorphosis and what are some examples?

A
  1. egg
  2. nymph
  3. adult
    EXAMPLE: grasshoppers and dragonflies
154
Q

What are the 4 stages of complete metamorphosis? What types of insects do this? Give some examples.

A
  1. egg
  2. larva
  3. pupa
  4. adult
    FEEDERS AND BREEDERS
    MOST INSECTS
155
Q

small knobbed structures modified from the hindwings in some two-winged insects. They are flapped rapidly and function as gyroscopes, informing the insect about rotation of the body during flight.

A

halterers

156
Q

another word for molting

A

ecdysis

157
Q

controls ecdysis

A

ecdysone

158
Q

In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues

A

hemolymph

159
Q

fused head and thorax

A

cephalothorax

160
Q

a type of multifaceted eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia

A

compound eye

161
Q

In insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells

A

tracheal system

162
Q

long tail spine seen in horseshoe crabs

A

telson

163
Q

an organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber

A

book lung

164
Q

One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans

A

mandible

165
Q

a unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph and functions in osmoregulation

A

malpighian tubule

166
Q

subphylum Tilobitomorpha; extinct group found in fossil records

A

Trilobites

167
Q

What are the differences between protostomia and deuterostomia with regards to these 3 things?

  1. mouth
  2. cleavage
  3. coelom
A
  1. P: blastopore becomes mouth (mouth first)
    D: blastopore develops into anus (anus first)
  2. P: spiral cleavage
    D: radial cleavage
  3. P: formed by separation within mesoderm
    D: formed by envagination of primitive gut
168
Q

What are the 5 classes under Phylum Echinodermata and what are some examples of each?

A
  1. Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
  2. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
  3. Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
  4. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
  5. Crinoidea (sea lilies)
169
Q

Phylum of Deuterostomia:

  1. spiny skin (calcareous spines, plates)
  2. benthic, slow-moving
  3. 5 part radial symmetry
  4. larva
  5. water vascular system
  6. endoskeleton
A

Echinodermata

170
Q

a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet, function in locomotion and feeding (seen in Phylum Echinodermata)

A

water vascular system

171
Q

What are the 5 parts of the water vascular system and what are their functions?

A
  1. madreporite - filters water
  2. stone canal - connects madreporite to ring canal
  3. ring canal -
  4. radial canals -
  5. ampulla - stretches to hold water then pushes water to tube feet
  6. tube feet - locomotion and feeding
172
Q

Class of Phylum Echinodermata:

  1. multiple arms radiating from a central disk
  2. tube feet with suckers
  3. predators of sessile invertebrates
  4. arm regeneration
  5. sometimes:
    a. disk-shaped body ringed with spines
    b. deep sea habitat
A

Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)

173
Q

Class of Phylum Echinodermata:

  1. 5 long snake-like arms (some have bioluminescence)
  2. tube feet lack suckers
  3. benthic
A

Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

174
Q

Class of Phylum Echinodermata:

  1. no arms
  2. fused endoskeleton - round test
  3. movable spines and tube feet
  4. vegetarians - feed on seaweed
  5. benthic
A

Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)

175
Q

Class of Phylum Echinodermata:

  1. round, elongated body
  2. reduced endoskeleton
  3. no spines
  4. 5 rows of tube feet (reduced)
  5. modified tube feet around mouth - tentacles
  6. internal madreporite
A

Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

176
Q

Class of Phylum Echinodermata:

  1. attached to the substrate by a stalk
  2. long branching arms with tiny tube feet
  3. suspension feeders
A

Crinoidea (sea lilies)

177
Q

Phylum Hemichordata is a sister phylum to _______.

A

echinodermata

178
Q

What is the common name of Phylum Hemichordata?

A

acorn worms

179
Q

What are the 3 body parts of Hemichordata?

A
  1. proboscis
  2. collar
  3. trunk
180
Q

What are the 2 similarities of hemichordates and chordates?

A
  1. dorsal, hollow nerve chord

2. gill slits (e.g. fish, human embryo)

181
Q

What are the 2 similarities of hemichordates and echinoderms?

A
  1. no notochord

2. ciliated larvae

182
Q

asymmetrical sieve-like opening in the water vascular system that functions to filter water and serves as a water entrance point

A

madreporite

183
Q

bulb-like structure in the water vascular system that is connected to the tube feet and stretches to hold water and then pushes the water to the tube feet

A

ampulla

184
Q

numerous extensions of the water vascular system that function in locomotion and feeding

A

tube feet

185
Q

Common derived features of which phylum of vertebrates?

  1. notochord (longitudinal, flexible rod)
  2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord (brain/spinal cord)
  3. pharyngeal gill slits (openings in the throat region)
  4. post-anal tail (skeletal and muscular, propelling force in water)
A

chordata

186
Q

List the 3 subphyla names of Chordata and their common names (if applicable).

A
  1. Cephalochordata (lancelets)
  2. Urochordata (tunicates)
  3. Craniata
187
Q

Which 2 subphyla of Chordata are non vertebrate chordates?

A
  1. Cephalochordata (lancelets)

2. Urochordata (tunicates)

188
Q

Which subphyla of Chordata is a real vertebrate?

A

Craniata

189
Q

Subphylum of Chordata:

  1. blade-like shape
  2. all 4 common features of chordates in adult stage
  3. segmental muscles - myomeres
  4. marine suspension feeders
A

Cephalochordata (lancelets)

190
Q

Subphylum of Chordata:

  1. tadpole-like larvae
    a. resembles chordates
    b. all 4 common features of chordates present
  2. adult
    a. tunic (made up of cellulose)
    b. pharyngeal gill slits
    c. siphons
    d. no brain
    e. marine filter feeders
A

Urochordata (tunicates)

191
Q

Subphylum of Chordata (Common Derived Features):

  1. head: brain and skull (cranium)
  2. vertebral column: bone, replaces notochords
  3. neural crest: stem cells give rise to various structures
  4. highly developed internal organs
    a. heart: more than 2 chambers
    b. unique kidney
    c. endocrine glands
    d. endoskeleton: cartilage or bone
A

craniata

192
Q

What are the 3 groups of Subphylum Craniata and their common names?

A
  1. Agnatha (jawless fishes)
  2. Chondrichthytes (cartilaginous fishes)
  3. Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
193
Q

What are the two subclasses of Agnatha and their common names?

A
  1. Myxini (hagfishes)

2. Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)

194
Q

Subclass of Agnatha:

  1. cartilaginous skull
  2. no vertebral column, no jaw
  3. produce slime by slime glands
  4. eel-shaped
  5. lack osmotic system
  6. no vertebral column
A

Myxini (hagfishes)

195
Q

Subclass of Agnatha:

  1. also known as Petromyzontida
  2. have vertebral column - oldest vertebrate lineage
  3. oral disk with teeth
  4. internal osmotic pressure
  5. parasitic
A

cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)

196
Q

What is the phylogenetic position of Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi?

A

basal group

197
Q

Group under Craniata:

  1. cartilage skeleton
  2. movable jaws, paired fins
  3. ventral mouth w/ well-developed teeth
  4. e.g. sharks, ratfish, skates, rays
A

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

198
Q

Shark:

  1. Body
  2. Mouth
  3. Swim bladder present?
  4. teeth
  5. reproduction
A
  1. streamlined
  2. ventral
  3. no
  4. replaceable
  5. internal fertilization
199
Q

What are the 3 developmental methods of internal fertilization and give an example of each?

A
  1. Oviparity (horn shark, cat shark)
  2. Viviparity (whale shark)
  3. Ovoviviparity (blue shark)
200
Q

For each of the three developmental methods of internal fertilization, tell the following things:

  1. Where to lay eggs?
  2. Where to develop embryo?
  3. Where to get nutrients for embryo development?
A 
Oviparity
1. outside mother's body
2. outside mother's body
3. egg yolk
Viviparity
1. in mother's uterus
2. in mother's uterus
3. egg yolk
Oviviviparity
1. in mother's uterus
2. in mother's uterus
3. mother's body
201
Q

Group of Subphylum Craniata:

  1. bony skeleton
  2. ctenoid scale
  3. operculum
  4. swim bladder
A

Osteichthyes (bony fish)

202
Q

What are 2 subgroups of Osteichthyes and their common names?

A
  1. Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

2. Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

203
Q

Most bony fishes are in the group _______.

A

Neopterygii

204
Q

What are the 2 groups of Actinopterygii?

A
  1. Chondrostei (marine sturgeons)

2. Neopterygii

205
Q

Explain the differences between cartilaginous and bony fishes with regard to these things:

  1. operculum
  2. mouth
  3. caudal fin
  4. scale
  5. skeleton
  6. swim bladder
A
  1. only B
  2. C - ventral B - terminal
  3. only C
  4. C - placoid B - cycloid
  5. C - cartilage B - bones
  6. only B
206
Q

The fusion of eggs and sperm within the female reproductive tract. The sperm are typically deposited in or near the tract.

A

internal fertilization

207
Q

a leathery covering over shark eggs that serves as a means of protection

A

mermaid’s purse

208
Q

What are 2 examples of sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)?

A
  1. coelacanths (freshwater)

2. lungfishes (saltwater)

209
Q

What 5 adaptations are important for tetrapods to be successful living on land?

A
  1. 4 limbs
  2. a neck
  3. fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
  4. no gills
  5. ears
210
Q

Class of Tetrapods:

  1. moist skin (respiration)
  2. aquatic larva + terrestrial adult
  3. metamorphosis
A

amphibians

211
Q

List the 3 orders of amphibians and give examples of each.

A
  1. Urodela (salamanders)
  2. Anura (frogs and toads)
  3. Apoda (caecilians)
212
Q

an animal whose embryo develops in an amnion and chorion and has an allantois; includes reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

amniotes

213
Q

What are 4 adaptations of amniotes allowing them to be completely adapted to life on land?

A
  1. amniotic egg (egg in shell to resist water loss)
  2. dry skin
  3. thick scales
  4. use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
214
Q

reptile:

  1. boxlike shell fused to vertebrate, clavicles, and ribs
  2. anapsids (no opening near temples on skull)
A

turtles

215
Q

reptile:

  1. legless lepidosaurs
  2. diapsids (two temporal openings on each side)
  3. carnivorous, some venomous
A

snakes

216
Q

reptile:

1. archosaur

A

alligators and crocodiles

217
Q

reptile:

  1. thecodonts (teeth set in bony socket)
  2. diverse shapes and sizes
  3. theropods - which birds are descended
A

dinosaurs

218
Q

Class of amniotes:

  1. archosaurs
  2. highly modified for flight
    a. wings with keratin feathers
    b. flight skeleton - hollow bones, fused backbone
    c. lack urinary bladder
    d. endothermic
A

aves (birds)

219
Q

Dinosaurs are in which class?

A

reptiles

220
Q

Which animal is considered as the origin which birds are descended?

A

Archaeopteryx

221
Q 
Class of Tetrapods:
1. mammary glands (produce milk)
2. hair
3. endothermic (high metabolic rate)
4. larger brain
5. differentiated teeth
6 placenta
A

mammals

222
Q

What is the function of the placenta in mammals?

A

connects developing fetus to uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake

223
Q

What are the 3 groups of mammals and give examples of each?

A
  1. Monotremes (platypus, echidnas)
  2. Marsupials (oppossum, kangaroos, koalas)
  3. Eutherians (humans)
224
Q

Group of mammals:

  1. lay eggs
  2. duck bill
  3. semiaquatic (lay eggs in water)
  4. flat broad tail
A

monotremes

225
Q

Group of mammals:

  1. give birth to young
  2. nursing in pouch (holds embryo)
A

marsupials

226
Q

Group of mammals:

  1. more complex placenta
  2. most give birth to well-developed young
  3. very diverse group: 94% of mammal species
A

eutherians

227
Q

Which class of amniotes is ectothermic?

A

reptiles

228
Q

Which classes of amniotes are endothermic?

A

mammals and birds

229
Q

longitudinal, flexible rod that develops into a vertebral column

A

notochord

230
Q

openings in the throat region

A

pharyngeal gill slits

231
Q

segmented muscles in lancelets (cephalochordata)

A

myomeres

232
Q

a hard skeleton buried within the soft tissue of an animal

A

endoskeleton

233
Q

In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water

A

swim bladder

234
Q

In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills

A

operculum

235
Q

all jawed vertebrates

A

Gnathosomes

236
Q

a vertebrate clade whose members have limbs with digits; includes mammals, amphibians, birds, and reptiles

A

tetrapod

237
Q

member of the clade of tetrapods, named for key derived character, amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including fluid-filled amnion that protects embryo; includes mammals, birds, reptiles

A

amniote

238
Q

egg in shell to keep from drying (resists water loss)

A

amniotic egg

239
Q

no opening near temples on skull

A

anapsid

240
Q

2 temporal openings on each side

A

diapsid

241
Q

member of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores

A

theropod

242
Q

member of reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, birds

A

archosaur

243
Q

structure in pregnant uterus for nourishing viviparous fetus with mother’s blood supply; formed from uterine lining and embryonic membranes

A

placenta

244
Q

nursing in a pouch

A

marsupium

BIOL 1030 (4 decks)

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