Test #3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the common features of animals?
A
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophs
- tissues
- no cell wall
- sexual reproduction (dominant diploid stage)
- development
- diversity
2
Q
A zygote divides to form _______.
A
cleavage
3
Q
a hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals
A
blastula
4
Q
The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells
A
cleavage
5
Q
an embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
A
gastrula
6
Q
In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo unfolds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula
A
gastrulation
7
Q
the endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal
A
archenteron
8
Q
In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes
A
blastopore
9
Q
the outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering, and in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye
A
ectoderm
10
Q
the innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures
A
endoderm
11
Q
A developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into either an adult or an adult-like stage that is not yet sexually mature
A
metamorphosis
12
Q
Which group of protists is the phylogenetic sister to metazoa? Why?
A
choanoflagellates; both have collar cells, they have similar DNA sequences, and they have the same genes for signaling and adhesion proteins
13
Q
type of symmetry where the organism can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any angle along a central axis; no front/back or left/right; ex. sea anemone
A
radial symmetry
14
Q
type of symmetry where the organism’s body has right and left halves that are approximate mirror images of each other; dorsal/ventral, right/left, anterior/posterior, cephalization (central nervous system); ex. lobster
A
bilateral symmetry
15
Q
What are advantages of bilateral symmetry that contribute to the bilaterians being the most successful animals on earth?
A
- – move actively from place to place
- – central nervous system enables them to coordinate complex movements involved in crawling, burrowing, flying, or swimming
16
Q
How many embryonic cell layers does a diploblastic animal have? What are they?
A
2; ecto and endo
17
Q
How many embryonic cell layers does a triploblastic animal have? What are they?
A
3; ecto, end, and meso
18
Q
the middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures
A
mesoderm
19
Q
What are 2 examples of a diploblastic animal?
A
- cnidarians
2. comb jellies
20
Q
What are 3 examples of a triploblastic animal?
A
- flatworms
- arthropods
- vertebrates
21
Q
animals with a true coelom (body cavity); e.g. earthworm
A
coelomates
22
Q
animals with a coelom (body cavity) that is derived from the mesoderm and endoderm; e.g. roundworm
A
pseudocoelomates
23
Q
animals that lack a coelom (body cavity); e.g. flatworm
A
acoelomates
24
Q
Protostome or deuterostome?
- –spiral, determinate cleavage
- –coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm
- –mouth forms first from blastopore
A
protostome
25
Protostome or deuterostome?
- --radial, intermediate cleavage
- --coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron
- --mouth forms second from a secondary opening; anus formed first
deuterostome
26
What are the 5 points of agreement of animal phylogeny?
1. All animals share a common ancestor.
2. Sponges are basal animals.
3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals (eumetazoans) with true tissues.
4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria, and all are called bilaterians.
5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade deuterostomia
27
a set of morphological and developmental traits of a functional living animal
body plan
28
a free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology, nutrition, and habitat
larva
29
an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body
cephalization
30
phylogenetic clade including all animals
metazoa
31
phylogentic clade including all animals with true tissues; excludes sponges
eumetazoa
32
clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers
bilateria
33
What are the stages of early embryonic development of animals in order?
1. zygote
2. cleavage
3. blastula
4. gastrulation
5. gastrula
34
Basal Clade:
1. asymmetrical body plan
2. cellular level of organization
3. sessile, marine
4. suspension feeders and filter feeders
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
35
What are 2 examples of organisms in the phylum Porifera?
1. boring sponge (bore holes in CaCO3 shells)
| 2. glass sponge (lace like skeleton - siliceous spicules)
36
tiny pores on the body surface of a sponge (porocyte)
ostia
37
a flagellated feeding cell found in sponges; also called a collar cell because it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum (function: feeding)
choanocyte
38
a large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment (function: water exit)
osculum
39
the central cavity of a sponge (function: water exit)
spongocoel
40
skeletal fibers in sponges made up of calcium carbonate or silica (function: structural support)
spicules
41
an amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals; secretes spicules and spongin in sponges
amoebocyte
42
a gelatinous region between two layers of cells of a sponge (function: gas exchange and water exit)
mesohyl
43
a protein that produces flexible fibers seen in some sponges
spongin
44
What are the two main forms of the cnidarian body plan?
1. polyp
| 2. medusa
45
the sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan; benthic form, mouth and tentacles oriented upward; e.g. hydras and sea anemones
polyp
46
the free-floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan, e.g. jellyfish
medusa
47
a gelatinous tissue layer found in cnidarians that is sandwiched between the epidermis and gastrodermis
mesoglea
48
Why are cnidarians considered stinging-celled animals?
They have nematocysts which contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the body wall of the cnidarian's prey.
49
the production and emission of light by a living organism
bioluminescence
50
What are the 4 major classes of cnidarians?
1. Hydrozoa (hydroids)
2. Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
3. Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
4. Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)
51
class of cnidaria that are mostly marine and colonial and have both polyp and medusa stages; e.g. Hydra, Portuguese man o war
Hydrozoa (hydroids)
52
class of cnidaria that are medusa dominant, very dangerous, and have a very large and complex medusa
scyphozoa (jellyfish)
53
class of cnidaria with a box-shaped medusa (medusa dominant) and are extremely venomous
Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
54
largest class of cnidaria that is polyp dominant and is known as the flower animal
Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals)
55
What is the fifth newly ranked class of cnidaria?
Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish) (has stauromedusa)
56
coral damage due to global warming
coral bleaching
57
What are two differences between cnidarians and ctenophores?
1. Ctnetophores have 8 rows of ciliary comb plates for locomotion
2. Ctnetophores have no tentacles.
58
Basal Clade:
1. radial symmetry
2. 8 rows of ciliary comb plates for movement
3. mostly no tentacles
4. most are bioluminescent
Ctnetophora
59
an individual organism that functions as both male and female
hermaphrodite
60
a specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged, explodes outward and functions in prey capture or defense
cnidocyte
61
In a cnidocyte of a cnidarian, a capsule-like organelle containing a coiled thread that when discharged can penetrate the body wall of the prey
nematocyst
62
What is the common name for Chaetognatha?
arrow worms
63
Clade related to Lophotrochozoa
1. centimeter size range
2. arrow shaped, transparent body with head and trunk
3. eyes
4. powerful jaws with teeth
5. marine predator
Chaetognatha
64
What is the suggested sister clade of Chaetognatha?
Protostomia
65
ciliated feeding structures found in some groups of Lophotrochozoa
lophophore
66
larva with a ring of cilia found in some groups of Lophotrochozoa
trochophore
67
Which 3 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have lophophore?
1. Ectoprocta
2. Brachiopoda
3. Phoronida
68
Which 2 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have trochophore?
1. Mollusca
| 2. Annelida
69
List all 10 phylum names and common names in Lophotrochozoa.
1. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2. Rotifera (wheel animals)
3. Ectoprocta (or bryozoa) (moss animals)
4. Brachiopoda (lamp shell)
5. Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
6. Nemertea (ribbon worms)
7. Annelida (segmented worms)
8. Sipuncula (peanut worms)
9. Echiura (spoon worms)
10. Mollusca (mollusks)
70
Platyhelminthes are (coelomates/acoelomates/pseudocoelomates)
acoelomates
71
In the excretory system of Platyhelminthes, there are small tubules lined with ciliated _________.
flame cells
72
Platyhelminthes live in a mostly _________ habitat.
parasitic
73
What are the 3 classes of Platyhelminthes?
1. Turbellaria
2. Trematoda (flukes)
3. Cestoda (tapeworms)
74
class of Platyhelminthes:
- -- use ciliated epithelial cells for movement
- -- have eyespots
- -- use pharynx for feeding
- -- marine or freshwater
- -- e.g. planarians
- -- free-living species
Turbellaria
75
class of Platyhelminthes:
- -- all parasitic
- -- resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
- -- cause blood flukes
Trematoda (flukes)
76
class of Platyhelminthes:
- -- all parasitic
- -- resistant to digestive enzymes and host immune response
- -- no mouth or digestive tract
- -- scolex (attachment with suckers and hooks)
Cestoda (tapeworms)
77
Phylum Rotifera are (coelomates/acoelomates/pseudocoelomates)?
pseudocoelomates
78
Phylum Rotifera has a ciliated ______ that collects food particles.
corona
79
organisms that use lophophore for feeding
lophophorate
80
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa
1. colonial
2. coelomate
3. mostly marine
4. hard exoskeleton (zoocium)
5. lophophore
ectoprocta (moss animals)
81
an individual of a colony (phylum ectoprocta)
zooid
82
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:
1. 2 shells with different sizes
2. resembles clam
3. lophophore
4. anchor to seafloor by stalk (pedicle)
5. marine, worldwide
brachiopoda (lamp shell)
83
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:
1. worm-like animals in tubes
2. lophophore
3. u-shaped gut
4. marine
phoronida (horseshoe worms)
84
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:
1. very long
2. complete digestive system
3. closed circulatory system
4. acoelomate
5. probiscus for feeding
nemertea (ribbon worms)
85
reversible and retractable ectodermal tube used to capture prey (for feeding); seen in Phylum nemertea
probiscus
86
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:
1. segmentation
2. coelomate
3. hydrostatic skeleton
4. complete digestive system
5. closed circulatory system
6. gas exchange through skin
7. metanephridia
8. trochophore larva
9. chatae (setae)
annelida (segmented worms)
87
when the body of an organism contains a series of similar segments, partitioned by septa
segmentation
88
What 2 things does the nervous system of annelids include?
1. compound eyes and brain
| 2. ventral nerve cord
89
part of an annelid's excretory system that consists of a tube with 2 openings
metanephridia
90
Explain the muscular system of an annelid.
outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer
91
bristles of chitin used for anchor and/or locomotion in annelids
chatae (setae)
92
What are the 3 classes of annelids and what are their common names?
1. Polychaeta (polychaetes)
2. Oligochaeta (earthworms)
3. Hirudinea (leeches)
93
Class of Phylum Annelida:
1. sessile/free-living
2. deposit or filter feeders
3. tentacles modified into filtering organs
4. parapodia for locomotion and gas exchange
5. pair of flattened extensions in each segment
a. fleshy
b. paddle-like flaps
c. chatae
6. mostly marine habitat
7. e.g. Siboglinidae (giant tube worm)
8. build tube of CaCO3, sand, or mucus (sessile)
Polychaeta (polychaetes)
94
Class of Phylum Annelida:
1. sparce chatae
2. lack parapodia
3. feed on detritus
4. no eyes
5. hermaphroditic
6. mostly terrestrial
Oligochaeta (earthworms)
95
Class of Phylum Annelida:
1. no parapodia
2. have sucker, feed on blood (hematophagy)
3. mostly freshwater
4. parasites, predators, and scavengers
Hirudinea (leeches)
96
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:
1. soft, unsegmented body
2. coelom
3. mostly live in shallow water
4. deposit feeders, retractable feeding organ
Sipuncula (peanut worms)
97
Phylum Sipuncula is a subgroup of Phylum _______.
Annelida
98
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:
1. have probiscus
2. unsegmented body
3. deposit feeders
4. feeding: use of large flattened spoon-like structure
5. marine habitat
Echiura (spoon worms)
99
Phylum Echiura is closely related to Phylum _______.
Annelida
100
Phylum of Lophotrochozoa:
1. large, diverse group
2. e.g. chitons, snails, clams, octopii, squid, etc.
3. most are marine
4. soft body + CaCO3 shell + mantle
5. radula (ribbon like feeding tissue with teeth)
6. 3 part body plan
7. complicated digestive plan with separate mouth and anus
8. efficient execratory system with nephridia (removes metabolic wastes)
9. most have open circulatory system
Mollusca (mollusks)
101
What are the three parts of the body plan of Phylum Mollusca and what are the functions of each?
1. muscular foot - locomotion, predation, and attachment
2. visceral mass - contains most internal organs
3. mantle - thin layer of tissue that can secrete the shell which serves for protection; mantle cavity encloses gills
102
What are the 2 parts of the reproductive system and explain them briefly?
1. trochophore - ciliated free-swimming larva
| 2. veliger - second stage
103
Which group of mollusks doesn't have radula?
Class Bivalvia
104
What are the 4 classes of Phylum Mollusca and what are their common names?
1. Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
2. Polyplacophora (chitons)
3. Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)
4. Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus)
105
Class of Phylum Mollusca:
1. torsion (twisted gut)
2. spiral shell or no shell
3. most marine
4. mobile herbivores and preditors
5. e.g. nudibranch (naked) (sea slug)
gastropodia (snails and slugs)
106
Class of Phylum Mollusca:
1. segmented shell, 8 shell plates
2. flat shape, reduced head
3. large, flat foot
4. no torsion
polyplacophora (chitons)
107
Class of Phylum Mollusca:
1. body is enclosed in valves
2. lack radula
3. clams have siphons for feeding
4. most have strong muscular foot
5. most marine, filter feeders
bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)
108
Class of Phylum Mollusca:
1. head-footed
2. 0-1 shell, internal or external
3. highly derived nervous system
4. closed circulatory system
5. modified foot (typically 8 arms) with suckers
6. all marine
7. smart, fast-moving predators (jet propulsion by siphons)
Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus)
109
Explain the shells of the following organisms:
1. octopus
2. squid and cuttlefish
3. nautilus
1. no shell
2. internal reduced shell
3. external chambered cell
110
twisted gut
torsion
111
Which class of mollusks has torsion?
gastropodia
112
Which class of mollusks is considered to be the most ancient?
polyplacophora (chitons)
113
What are 3 differences between octopi and squids?
1. head shape
2. living style
3. presence of shell
114
Why is a nautilus considered a living fossil?
There has been no change from the past.
115
Which organism of Class Cephalopoda under Phylum Mollusca has a gas chamber and 90 arms?
nautilus
116
Which 7 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have coelom?
1. Ectoprocta
2. Brachiopoda
3. Phoronida
4. Annelida
5. Sipuncula
6. Echiura
7. Mollusca
117
Which 2 phyla of Lophotrochozoa have acoelom?
1. Platyhelminthes
| 2. Nemertea
118
Which phylum of Lophotrochozoa has pseudocoelom?
Rotifera
119
a free-living flatworm found in ponds and streams
planarian
120
a form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
parthenogenesis
121
a straplike scraping organ used by many mollusks during feeding
radula
122
What are the 3 phyla of Scalidophora?
1. Priapulida
2. Loricifera
3. Kinorhyncha
123
What are the 3 superclades of Ecdysozoa?
1. Scalidophora
2. Nematoida
3. Panarthropoda
124
Scalidophora are (coelomates/acoelomates/pseudocoelomates)?
pseudocoelomates
125
Scalidophora are a basal group of _________.
Ecdysozoa
126
What are the 2 phyla of Nemotoida and their common names?
1. Nemotoda (round worms)
| 2. Nematomopha (horsehair worms)
127
Phylum of Nemotoida:
1. flexible, thick cuticle
2. hydrostatic skeleton
3. lack circulatory system
4. longitudinal muscles (one layer)
5. mostly parasitic, tiny
6. aquatic or terrestrial
7. pharynx feeding structure
8. exactly 959 cells (function: metabolism)
9. model organism for developmental biology
10. e.g. C. elegans
nemotoda (round worms)
128
Phylum Nematomopha lives in a _______ environment.
parasitic
129
Superclade of Ecdysozoa:
1. segmented legs
2. claws
3. coelom
4. hemoceol
5. hemolymph
panarthropoda
130
What are the 3 phyla of Panarthropoda?
1. Onychophora (velvet worms)
2. Tardigrada (water bears)
3. Arthropoda (arthropods)
131
Phylum of Panarthropoda
1. segmented body
2. hollow legs
3. thin, chitinous cuticle
4. humid forests in southern hemisphere
Onychophora (velvet worms)
132
Phylum of Panarthropoda:
1. microscopic size
2. segmented with 4 pairs of legs
3. feet have 4-8 claws each
4. hemocoel
5. feed by stylet on plant, algae, and small invertebrates
6. wide distribution - hardy animals
Tardigrada (water bears)
133
Phylum of Panarthropoda:
1. jointed appendages (specialized function)
2. exoskeleton of chitin
3. ecdysis
4. segmented body with cephalothorax and abdomen
5. open circulatory system
arthropoda (arthropods)
134
Explain the nervous system of Phylum Arthropoda.
compound eyes with hundreds of ommatidia, two chains of ganglia fused to form brain, ventral ganglia control most functions
135
Explain the open circulatory system of Phylum Arthropoda.
Hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs.
136
Name the 4 subphyla of Anthropoda and give examples of each.
1. Chelicerata (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, spiders)
2. Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes)
3. Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles)
4. Hexapoda (insects and relatives)
137
claw-like feeding appendages (1st pair) seen in Chelicerata
chelicerae
138
List the 3 classes of Subphylum Chelicerata and give examples of each.
1. Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
2. Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
3. Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
139
Class of Subphylum Chelicerata:
1. Living fossils
2. Carapace cover the body
3. Telson (long tail spine)
4. Book gills
Merostomata
140
Class of subphylum Chelicerata:
1. cephalothorax (fused head and thorax)
2. chelicerae (fang with poison gland)
3. book lungs
4. some produce silk
5. carnivorous
arachnida
141
Class of subphylum Chelicerata:
1. common in cold water, polar sea
2. small body with long legs
3. proboscis: feeding
Pycnogonida
142
Subphylum of Phylum Arthropoda:
1. terrestrial
2. mandibles (jaw like)
myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes)
143
Class of subphylum Myriapoda:
1. small head with multi segmented round trunk
2. large number of legs, 2 pairs per trunk segment
3. herbivores
diplopoda (millipedes)
144
Class of subphylum Myriapoda:
1. conspicuous head with clear antennae pair
2. less number of legs, 1 pair per trunk segment
3. carnivores
chilopoda (centipedes)
145
Subphylum of Phylum Arthropoda:
1. highly modified appendages - biramous mandibulates
2. most marine
3. nauplius - larva form
Crustacea (shrimps, lobsters, crabs, isopods, barnacles)
146
Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:
1. 2 body parts: cephalothorax and abdomen
2. 5 pairs of walking legs
3. benthic, highly mobile
4. e.g. shrimps, crabs, lobsters
decapods
147
Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:
1. tiny (1-2mm long)
2. cephalothorax + abdomen + 5 pairs of legs + long antennae (for swimming - movement)
3. most abundant zooplankton
4. major prey for fish
5. e.g. plankton?
copepods
148
Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:
1. sessile with cement house and shell
2. appendages are feathery - cirripeds for feeding
3. filter feeders
4. commensalism with whale
5. e.g. barnacles
cirripedes
149
Subgroup of subphylum Crustacea:
1. most are small
2. 7 pairs of legs
3. flattened body plan
4. some are parasitic
5. e.g. pill bug, sow bug, gribble
isopods
150
Subphylum of Phylum Arthropoda:
1. uniramous mandibulates
2. tracheal respiratory system
3. Malpighian tubules - excretion
Hexapoda (insects and relatives)
151
Class of Suphylum Hexapoda:
1. body plan: head, thorax, abdomen
2. 3 pairs of legs on thorax only
3. 1 pair of antennae
4. specialized mouthparts
5. wings: 0-2 pairs, many have rounded halterers
6. sensory hairs: cover body, responsive to mechanical stimulation
Insecta
152
Explain the parts of the life cycle of Class Insecta.
1. instars - stages before molting
2. molting (ecdysis) - controlled by ecdysone
3. metamorphosis - form changes, controlled by juvenile hormone
a. incomplete (3 stages)
b. complete (4 stages)
153
What are the 3 stages of incomplete metamorphosis and what are some examples?
1. egg
2. nymph
3. adult
EXAMPLE: grasshoppers and dragonflies
154
What are the 4 stages of complete metamorphosis? What types of insects do this? Give some examples.
1. egg
2. larva
3. pupa
4. adult
FEEDERS AND BREEDERS
MOST INSECTS
155
small knobbed structures modified from the hindwings in some two-winged insects. They are flapped rapidly and function as gyroscopes, informing the insect about rotation of the body during flight.
halterers
156
another word for molting
ecdysis
157
controls ecdysis
ecdysone
158
In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues
hemolymph
159
fused head and thorax
cephalothorax
160
a type of multifaceted eye in insects and crustaceans consisting of up to several thousand light-detecting, focusing ommatidia
compound eye
161
In insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells
tracheal system
162
long tail spine seen in horseshoe crabs
telson
163
an organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber
book lung
164
One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans
mandible
165
a unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph and functions in osmoregulation
malpighian tubule
166
subphylum Tilobitomorpha; extinct group found in fossil records
Trilobites
167
What are the differences between protostomia and deuterostomia with regards to these 3 things?
1. mouth
2. cleavage
3. coelom
1. P: blastopore becomes mouth (mouth first)
D: blastopore develops into anus (anus first)
2. P: spiral cleavage
D: radial cleavage
3. P: formed by separation within mesoderm
D: formed by envagination of primitive gut
168
What are the 5 classes under Phylum Echinodermata and what are some examples of each?
1. Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
2. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
3. Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
4. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
5. Crinoidea (sea lilies)
169
Phylum of Deuterostomia:
1. spiny skin (calcareous spines, plates)
2. benthic, slow-moving
3. 5 part radial symmetry
4. larva
5. water vascular system
6. endoskeleton
Echinodermata
170
a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet, function in locomotion and feeding (seen in Phylum Echinodermata)
water vascular system
171
What are the 5 parts of the water vascular system and what are their functions?
1. madreporite - filters water
2. stone canal - connects madreporite to ring canal
3. ring canal -
4. radial canals -
5. ampulla - stretches to hold water then pushes water to tube feet
6. tube feet - locomotion and feeding
172
Class of Phylum Echinodermata:
1. multiple arms radiating from a central disk
2. tube feet with suckers
3. predators of sessile invertebrates
4. arm regeneration
5. sometimes:
a. disk-shaped body ringed with spines
b. deep sea habitat
Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
173
Class of Phylum Echinodermata:
1. 5 long snake-like arms (some have bioluminescence)
2. tube feet lack suckers
3. benthic
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
174
Class of Phylum Echinodermata:
1. no arms
2. fused endoskeleton - round test
3. movable spines and tube feet
4. vegetarians - feed on seaweed
5. benthic
Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
175
Class of Phylum Echinodermata:
1. round, elongated body
2. reduced endoskeleton
3. no spines
4. 5 rows of tube feet (reduced)
5. modified tube feet around mouth - tentacles
6. internal madreporite
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
176
Class of Phylum Echinodermata:
1. attached to the substrate by a stalk
2. long branching arms with tiny tube feet
3. suspension feeders
Crinoidea (sea lilies)
177
Phylum Hemichordata is a sister phylum to _______.
echinodermata
178
What is the common name of Phylum Hemichordata?
acorn worms
179
What are the 3 body parts of Hemichordata?
1. proboscis
2. collar
3. trunk
180
What are the 2 similarities of hemichordates and chordates?
1. dorsal, hollow nerve chord
| 2. gill slits (e.g. fish, human embryo)
181
What are the 2 similarities of hemichordates and echinoderms?
1. no notochord
| 2. ciliated larvae
182
asymmetrical sieve-like opening in the water vascular system that functions to filter water and serves as a water entrance point
madreporite
183
bulb-like structure in the water vascular system that is connected to the tube feet and stretches to hold water and then pushes the water to the tube feet
ampulla
184
numerous extensions of the water vascular system that function in locomotion and feeding
tube feet
185
Common derived features of which phylum of vertebrates?
1. notochord (longitudinal, flexible rod)
2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord (brain/spinal cord)
3. pharyngeal gill slits (openings in the throat region)
4. post-anal tail (skeletal and muscular, propelling force in water)
chordata
186
List the 3 subphyla names of Chordata and their common names (if applicable).
1. Cephalochordata (lancelets)
2. Urochordata (tunicates)
3. Craniata
187
Which 2 subphyla of Chordata are non vertebrate chordates?
1. Cephalochordata (lancelets)
| 2. Urochordata (tunicates)
188
Which subphyla of Chordata is a real vertebrate?
Craniata
189
Subphylum of Chordata:
1. blade-like shape
2. all 4 common features of chordates in adult stage
3. segmental muscles - myomeres
4. marine suspension feeders
Cephalochordata (lancelets)
190
Subphylum of Chordata:
1. tadpole-like larvae
a. resembles chordates
b. all 4 common features of chordates present
2. adult
a. tunic (made up of cellulose)
b. pharyngeal gill slits
c. siphons
d. no brain
e. marine filter feeders
Urochordata (tunicates)
191
Subphylum of Chordata (Common Derived Features):
1. head: brain and skull (cranium)
2. vertebral column: bone, replaces notochords
3. neural crest: stem cells give rise to various structures
4. highly developed internal organs
a. heart: more than 2 chambers
b. unique kidney
c. endocrine glands
d. endoskeleton: cartilage or bone
craniata
192
What are the 3 groups of Subphylum Craniata and their common names?
1. Agnatha (jawless fishes)
2. Chondrichthytes (cartilaginous fishes)
3. Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
193
What are the two subclasses of Agnatha and their common names?
1. Myxini (hagfishes)
| 2. Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)
194
Subclass of Agnatha:
1. cartilaginous skull
2. no vertebral column, no jaw
3. produce slime by slime glands
4. eel-shaped
5. lack osmotic system
6. no vertebral column
Myxini (hagfishes)
195
Subclass of Agnatha:
1. also known as Petromyzontida
2. have vertebral column - oldest vertebrate lineage
3. oral disk with teeth
4. internal osmotic pressure
5. parasitic
cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)
196
What is the phylogenetic position of Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi?
basal group
197
Group under Craniata:
1. cartilage skeleton
2. movable jaws, paired fins
3. ventral mouth w/ well-developed teeth
4. e.g. sharks, ratfish, skates, rays
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
198
Shark:
1. Body
2. Mouth
3. Swim bladder present?
4. teeth
5. reproduction
1. streamlined
2. ventral
3. no
4. replaceable
5. internal fertilization
199
What are the 3 developmental methods of internal fertilization and give an example of each?
1. Oviparity (horn shark, cat shark)
2. Viviparity (whale shark)
3. Ovoviviparity (blue shark)
200
For each of the three developmental methods of internal fertilization, tell the following things:
1. Where to lay eggs?
2. Where to develop embryo?
3. Where to get nutrients for embryo development?
```
Oviparity
1. outside mother's body
2. outside mother's body
3. egg yolk
Viviparity
1. in mother's uterus
2. in mother's uterus
3. egg yolk
Oviviviparity
1. in mother's uterus
2. in mother's uterus
3. mother's body
```
201
Group of Subphylum Craniata:
1. bony skeleton
2. ctenoid scale
3. operculum
4. swim bladder
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
202
What are 2 subgroups of Osteichthyes and their common names?
1. Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
| 2. Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)
203
Most bony fishes are in the group _______.
Neopterygii
204
What are the 2 groups of Actinopterygii?
1. Chondrostei (marine sturgeons)
| 2. Neopterygii
205
Explain the differences between cartilaginous and bony fishes with regard to these things:
1. operculum
2. mouth
3. caudal fin
4. scale
5. skeleton
6. swim bladder
1. only B
2. C - ventral B - terminal
3. only C
4. C - placoid B - cycloid
5. C - cartilage B - bones
6. only B
206
The fusion of eggs and sperm within the female reproductive tract. The sperm are typically deposited in or near the tract.
internal fertilization
207
a leathery covering over shark eggs that serves as a means of protection
mermaid's purse
208
What are 2 examples of sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)?
1. coelacanths (freshwater)
| 2. lungfishes (saltwater)
209
What 5 adaptations are important for tetrapods to be successful living on land?
1. 4 limbs
2. a neck
3. fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
4. no gills
5. ears
210
Class of Tetrapods:
1. moist skin (respiration)
2. aquatic larva + terrestrial adult
3. metamorphosis
amphibians
211
List the 3 orders of amphibians and give examples of each.
1. Urodela (salamanders)
2. Anura (frogs and toads)
3. Apoda (caecilians)
212
an animal whose embryo develops in an amnion and chorion and has an allantois; includes reptiles, birds, and mammals
amniotes
213
What are 4 adaptations of amniotes allowing them to be completely adapted to life on land?
1. amniotic egg (egg in shell to resist water loss)
2. dry skin
3. thick scales
4. use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
214
reptile:
1. boxlike shell fused to vertebrate, clavicles, and ribs
2. anapsids (no opening near temples on skull)
turtles
215
reptile:
1. legless lepidosaurs
2. diapsids (two temporal openings on each side)
3. carnivorous, some venomous
snakes
216
reptile:
| 1. archosaur
alligators and crocodiles
217
reptile:
1. thecodonts (teeth set in bony socket)
2. diverse shapes and sizes
3. theropods - which birds are descended
dinosaurs
218
Class of amniotes:
1. archosaurs
2. highly modified for flight
a. wings with keratin feathers
b. flight skeleton - hollow bones, fused backbone
c. lack urinary bladder
d. endothermic
aves (birds)
219
Dinosaurs are in which class?
reptiles
220
Which animal is considered as the origin which birds are descended?
Archaeopteryx
221
```
Class of Tetrapods:
1. mammary glands (produce milk)
2. hair
3. endothermic (high metabolic rate)
4. larger brain
5. differentiated teeth
6 placenta
```
mammals
222
What is the function of the placenta in mammals?
connects developing fetus to uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake
223
What are the 3 groups of mammals and give examples of each?
1. Monotremes (platypus, echidnas)
2. Marsupials (oppossum, kangaroos, koalas)
3. Eutherians (humans)
224
Group of mammals:
1. lay eggs
2. duck bill
3. semiaquatic (lay eggs in water)
4. flat broad tail
monotremes
225
Group of mammals:
1. give birth to young
2. nursing in pouch (holds embryo)
marsupials
226
Group of mammals:
1. more complex placenta
2. most give birth to well-developed young
3. very diverse group: 94% of mammal species
eutherians
227
Which class of amniotes is ectothermic?
reptiles
228
Which classes of amniotes are endothermic?
mammals and birds
229
longitudinal, flexible rod that develops into a vertebral column
notochord
230
openings in the throat region
pharyngeal gill slits
231
segmented muscles in lancelets (cephalochordata)
myomeres
232
a hard skeleton buried within the soft tissue of an animal
endoskeleton
233
In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water
swim bladder
234
In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills
operculum
235
all jawed vertebrates
Gnathosomes
236
a vertebrate clade whose members have limbs with digits; includes mammals, amphibians, birds, and reptiles
tetrapod
237
member of the clade of tetrapods, named for key derived character, amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including fluid-filled amnion that protects embryo; includes mammals, birds, reptiles
amniote
238
egg in shell to keep from drying (resists water loss)
amniotic egg
239
no opening near temples on skull
anapsid
240
2 temporal openings on each side
diapsid
241
member of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores
theropod
242
member of reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, birds
archosaur
243
structure in pregnant uterus for nourishing viviparous fetus with mother's blood supply; formed from uterine lining and embryonic membranes
placenta
244
nursing in a pouch
marsupium
