Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

A branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among various species based on similarities/differences in their characteristics

A

phylogenetic tree

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2
Q

What 3 things do we often use to construct a phylogenetic tree?

A
  1. morphological data
  2. biochemical data
  3. molecular data
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3
Q

each species in a phylogenetic tree

A

taxon

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4
Q

closest taxa (sharing recent common ancestor)

A

sister taxa

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5
Q

the point on a phylogenetic tree where lineages diverge

A

branch point

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6
Q

equally close taxa (unresolved pattern of divergence); more than 2 descendant groups branched at one point

A

polytomy

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7
Q

1st lineage (branch) in a phylogenetic tree (branch early in history)

A

basal taxon

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8
Q

the system of naming and classifying organisms

A

taxonomy

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9
Q

What is the hierarchal classification system of the living organisms?

A

binomial nomenclature

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10
Q

What are the two parts included in binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus species

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11
Q

What is the order of binomial nomenclature?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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12
Q

clade that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

A

monophyletic group

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13
Q

clade that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants

A

paraphyletic group

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14
Q

clade that consists of taxa with different ancestors

A

polyphyletic group

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15
Q

a species or group of species that is closely related to the species being studied

A

outgroup

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16
Q

various species being studied

A

ingroup

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17
Q

What are the 3 domains in the recent 3 domain 6 kingdom system?

A
  1. Domain Bacteria
  2. Domain Archaea
  3. Domain Eukarya
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18
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms in the recent 3 domain 6 kingdom system, and which domains do they belong to?

A
  1. Kingdom Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)
  2. Kingdom Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea)
  3. Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya)
  4. Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya)
  5. Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya)
  6. Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya)
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19
Q

Which domains do prokaryotes include?

A
  1. Domain Bacteria

2. Domain Archaea

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20
Q

What are the 3 typical shapes of prokaryotes?

A
  1. spherical
  2. rod
  3. spiral
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21
Q

What is the main difference between bacteria and archaea, in terms of their cellular structure?

A

Bacteria contains peptidoglycan, while archaea contains polysaccharides.

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22
Q

a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

A

peptidoglycan

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23
Q

result of gram stain test that results in a purple color, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer (easier to kill with antibiotics b/c no outer layer)

A

gram-positive

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24
Q

result of gram stain test that results in a red or pink color, indicating a thin peptidoglycan layer

A

gram-negative

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25
Q

What is the main method of reproduction for prokaryotes?

A

binary fission

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26
Q

inactive, dormant, tough, non-reproductive structures that consist of DNA and cytoplasma

A

endospores

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27
Q

What is the function of an endospore?

A

to slow metabolic rate

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28
Q

What are the 5 major groups of Kingdom Eubacteria?

A
  1. Proteobacteria
  2. Chlamydias
  3. Spirochetes
  4. Cyanobacteria
  5. Gram-positive bacteria
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29
Q

Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that is gram-negative and has lipopolysaccharides (has 5 subgroups)

A

proteobacteria

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30
Q

Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are endosymbionts and include the intracellular parasites of animals and are gram-negative

A

chlamydias

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31
Q

Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are helical heterotrophs, free-living or pathogenic parasites, and are hard to kill

A

spirochetes

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32
Q

Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are photoautotrophs, chloroplast endosymbiosis origin hypothesis (chlorophyll a), abundant in aquatic environments, heterocysts (Nitrogen fixation), stromatolites

A

cyanobacteria

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33
Q

Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are actinomycetes, contains mycoplasm, and includes bacillus anthracis

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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34
Q

soil-dwelling streptomyces that decompose soil

A

actinomycetes

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35
Q

the cause of anthrax

A

bacillus anthracis

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36
Q

the smallest known cells that lack cell walls (not typical, neither positive or negative bacteria)

A

mycoplasm

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37
Q

What are the 5 groups of proteobacteria?

A
  1. alpha proteobacteria
  2. beta proteobacteria
  3. gamma proteobacteria
  4. delta proteobacteria
  5. epsilon proteobacteria
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38
Q

group of proteobacteria:

  • – mitochondrial endosymbiosis origin hypothesis
  • – Rhizobium (nitrogen fixation)
A

alpha proteobacteria

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39
Q

group of proteobacteria:

  • – soil bacteria
  • – nitrosomonas (nitrogen cycle)
A

beta proteobacteria

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40
Q

group of proteobacteria:

  • – sufur bacteria
  • – photoautotrophs
  • – E. coli (intestine bacteria)
A

gamma proteobacteria

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41
Q

group of proteobacteria:

  • – myxobacteria (fruiting-body forms)
    • – myxospore (resistant to bad environment)
  • – sulfate/sulfur reducing bacteria
A

delta proteobacteria

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42
Q

group of proteobacteria

— most are pathogens

A

epsilon proteobacteria

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43
Q

calcareous mounds of prokaryotic algae and cyanobacteria (living fossils)

A

stromatolites

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44
Q

What are the 3 major biological and ecological roles of prokaryotes?

A
  1. chemical recycling (decomposers)
  2. ecological interactions (symbionts)
    — mutualism (+/+)
    — commensalism (+/0)
    — parasitism (pathogens cause disease) (+/-)
  3. autotrophs
    — hydrothermal vents (have chemoautotropic
    bacteria)
    — cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs)What
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45
Q

What are the 5 super groups of protists?

A
  1. Excavata
  2. Chromalveolata
  3. Rhizaria
  4. Archaeplastida
  5. Unikonta
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46
Q

What 3 phyla are under the group excavata?

A
  1. Diplomonads
  2. Parabasalids
  3. Euglenozoans
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47
Q

What 3 phyla are under the group Chromalveolata and the subgroup alveolates?

A
  1. Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)
  2. Apicomplexa (Apicomplexans)
  3. Ciliophora (Ciliates)
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48
Q

What 4 phyla are under the group Chromalveolata and the subgroup Stramenopiles?

A
  1. Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
  2. Chrysophyta (Golden Algae)
  3. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
  4. Oomycota (Oomycetes) (water molds)
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49
Q

What 3 phyla are under the group Rhizaria?

A
  1. Cercozoa (cercozoans)
  2. Foraminifera (forams)
  3. Radiolaria (radiolarians)
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50
Q

What 4 phyla are under the group Archaeplastida?

A
  1. Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
  2. Chlorophyta (Chlorophytes) (green algae)
  3. Charophyta (Charophytes) (green algae)
  4. Plantae (land plants)
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51
Q

What 4 phyla are under the group Unikonta and the subgroup Amoebozoans?

A
  1. Acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds)
  2. Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
  3. Gymnamoeba (free-living amoebas)
  4. Entamoeba (parasitic amoebas)
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52
Q

What 4 phyla are under the group Unikonta and the subgroup Opisthokonts?

A
  1. Nucleariids
  2. Fungi
  3. Choanoflagellates
  4. Animals
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53
Q

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

A

mixotrophs

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54
Q

supergroup of protist:

  • – synapomorphies
    • – feeding groove
    • – modified mitochondria
A

excavata

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55
Q

supergroup of protists:
— monophyletic
— endosymbiosis of red algae - secondary
endosymbiosis

A

Chromalveolata

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56
Q

supergroup of protists:

  • – monophyletic
  • – amoebas (pseudopodia)
  • – elaborate shell
A

Rhizaria

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57
Q

supergroup of protists:

  • – monophyletic
  • – chloroplasts with a double membrane
A

archaeplastida

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58
Q

2 groups of excavata:

  • – no plastids
  • – modified mitochondria (lack ETC)
  • – often parasitic
  • – anaerobic environment
A

diplomonads and parabasalids

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59
Q

subgroup of excavata:

  • – mitosomes (modified mitochondria)
  • – 2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella
  • – parasites
  • – Giardia intestinalis
A

diplomonads

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60
Q

subgroup of excavata:

  • – hydrogenosomes (reduced mitochondria)
  • – Trichomonas vaginalis
A

parabasalids

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61
Q

subgroup of excavata:

  • – usually 2 flagella
  • – crystalline rod in flagella
  • – disc-shaped mitochondrial cristae
A

euglenozoans

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62
Q

subgroup of euglenozoans:

  • – kinetoplast
  • – trypanosomes
A

kinetoplastids

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63
Q

organelle consisting of extracellular DNA

A

kinetoplast

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64
Q

parasites; sleeping sickness; tsetse fly

A

trypanosomes

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65
Q

subgroup of euglenozoans:
— flagella emerge from the pocket at one end,
eyespot
— mixotrophs
— paramylon
— nutrition (photosynthesis or phagocytosis)

A

euglenids

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66
Q

subgroup of chromalveolata:

— alveoli (small membrane-bound sacs)

A

alveolata (alveolates)

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67
Q

subgroup of alveolata:

  • – unicellular
  • – photosynthetic
  • – 2 flagella
  • – cell wall (cellulose)
  • – asexual reproduction
  • – red tide
  • – zooxanthellae
A

Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates)

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68
Q

symbionts of jellyfish, corals, and mollusks

  • – mutualistic relationship
  • – photosynthetic for coral
  • – coral bleaching
  • – no flagella needed
A

zooxanthellae

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69
Q
subgroup of alveolata:
--- unicellular
--- nonmotile
--- parasites of animals
--- apex (has dense organelles, penetrate host 
     cells)
--- plasmodium (malaria)
--- complex life cycle (2 hosts)
--- alternation of generations
A

apicomplexa

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70
Q

subgroup of alveolata:
— unicellular
— cilia (function- movement)
— oral groove
— vacuoles (function- store water/food)
— 2 types of nuclei (micronucleus, macronucleous)
— conjugation (sexual process, exchange haploid
micronuclei)
— paramecium

A

ciliophora (ciliates)

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71
Q

subgroup of chromalveolata:

— 2 flagella: one hairy, one smooth

A

stramenopila (stramenopiles)

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72
Q

asexual form in mosquitos

A

sporozoite

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73
Q

intermediate form in human liver

A

merozoite

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74
Q

sexual form in human blood and mosquitos

A

gametocyte

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75
Q

subgroup of stramenopila:

  • – unicellular
  • – cell wall (glassy, frustule, silica)
  • – chl a, c, carotenoid (no chl b)
  • – no flagella
  • – abundant phytoplankton
  • – mostly asexual
  • – diatomaceous sediments
A

bacillariophyta (diatoms)

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76
Q

the frustules of dead diatoms settle to the sea floor and accumulate there

A

diatomaceous sediments

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77
Q

subgroup of stramenopila:

  • – unicellular, colonial
  • – freshwater
  • – chl a, c, carotenoid, xanthophyll
  • – 2 flagella
A

chrysophyta (golden algae)

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78
Q

subgroup of stramenopila:

  • – multicellular, marine
  • – chl a, c, funcoxanthin
  • – kelp
  • – thallus (holdfast, stipe, blade, gas bladder)
  • – kelp forests (keystone species) (sea otters)
  • – alternation of generations
A

phaeophyta (brown algae)

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79
Q

alterations of multicellular haploid and diploid

A

alternation of generations

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80
Q

multicellular diploid organism that produces spores and is formed by meiosis

A

sporophyte

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81
Q

multicellular haploid organism that produces gametes by mitosis

A

gametophyte

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82
Q

subgroup of stramenopila:

  • – fungi-like
  • – have filaments (hyphae)
  • – cell wall (cellulose)
  • – decomposers or parasites
A

oomycota (oomycetes) (water molds)

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83
Q

subgroup of rhizaria:

  • – unicellular
  • – siliceous shells (tests)
  • – actinopods (needle-like pseudopodia)
A

radiolaria (radiolarians)

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84
Q

subgroup of rhizaria:

  • – unicellular
  • – marine habitat
  • – calcareous tests (calcium carbonate)
  • – pseudopod (netlike)
  • – calcareous sediment (limestone rocks)
  • – relationship with zooxanthellae
    • – symbiotic relationship
    • – materials exchange
A

foraminifera (forams)

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85
Q

subgroup of rhizaria:

  • – ameoboid or flagellated
  • – most heterotrophs
  • – Paulinella (autotroph)
  • – chromatophore (evolved from cyanobacteria)
A

cercozoa (cercozoans)

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86
Q

subgroup of archaeplastida:

  • – multicellular
  • – chl a, phycoerythrins or phycobilins
  • – live in deep water
  • – sexual reproduction with AG
  • – E.g. coralline algae
  • – human uses (phycocolloid)
  • – algar (gel)
  • – carrageenan (ice cream stabilizer)
A

rhodophyta (red algae)

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87
Q

subgroup of archaeplastida:

  • – most close to land plants
  • – chl a and b
  • – unicellular, multicellular
  • – asexual
    • – fragmentation
  • – sexual (AG)
    • – sporophyte
    • – gametophyte (dominant) (heteromorphic)
  • – E.g. volvox, ulva (sea lettuce) (isomorphic)
A

chlorophyta (green algae)

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88
Q

subgroup of unikonta:

  • – synapomorphies
    • – amoeba
    • – lobe-shaped pseudopodia
A

amoebazoa

89
Q

subgroup of amoebazoa:

  • – unicellular
  • – amorphous (no stable shape)
  • – pseudopodia
  • – asexual reproduction
  • – variable living environments
  • – predators (eat paramecium)
A

gymnamoeba (free-living amoebas)

90
Q

subgroup of amoebazoa:
— parasites of verts/inverts
— histolytica (amoebic dysentery)
(intestinal disease)

A

entamoeba (parasitic amoebas)

91
Q

subgroup of amoebazoa:
— bright colored (yellow/orange)
— plasmodium (weblike multinucleate mass,
feeding phase)

A

myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)

92
Q

subgroup of amoebazoa:

— multicellular “slug” when lack of food

A

acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds)

93
Q

subgroup of unikonta:

  • – choanoflagellates
    • – small size (10 um)
    • – single flagellum surrounded by microvilli)
    • – phylogenetically close to animals
A

opisthokonta (opisthokonts)

94
Q

modified mitochondria

A

mitosomes

95
Q

reduced mitochondria

A

hydrogenosomes

96
Q

starch related energy storage molecule

A

paramylon

97
Q

has dense organelles, penetrates host cells

A

apex (apical complex)

98
Q

needle-like pseudopodia

A

actinopods

99
Q

small membrane-bound sacs

A

alveoli

100
Q

What disease does the parasite Plasmodium cause?

A

malaria

101
Q

thallus breaks into pieces, each grows into a new alga (e.g. drift alga)

A

fragmentation

102
Q

What disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

A

amoebic dysentery (intestinal disease)

103
Q

Which group does the paramecium belong to (which phylum)?

A

Ciliophora (ciliate)

104
Q

a sexual process in which there is exchange of haploid micronuclei

A

conjugation

105
Q

gold/yellow pigment

A

xanthophyll

106
Q

brown/yellow pigment

A

funcoxanthin

107
Q

red pigment

A

phycoerythrins or phycobilins

108
Q

Is green algae monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

A

monophyletic

109
Q

Which group is commonly agreed to be close to the animal kingdom?

A

opisthokonta

110
Q

What are the ecological roles of protists?

A
  1. symbiotic parasites
  2. parasitic parasites
  3. photosynthetic protists
111
Q
  • – multicellular
  • – cell wall (cellulose)
  • – photosynthetic
  • – chloroplasts (chl a and b, carotenoids)
  • – Alternation of Generations
  • – dominant in nearly all terrestrial communities
  • – major producers
  • – two groups
    1. nonvascular
    2. vascular
A

general characteristics of plants

112
Q
  • – alternation of generations
  • – multicellular dependent embryos
    • – placental transfer cell
    • – embryophytes
  • – sporangia
    • – sporopollenin-covered spores
  • – multicellular gametangia
  • – apical meristem
A

derived traits of plants

113
Q

cluster of embryonic cells at the tip of shoots and roots

A

apical meristem

114
Q

What is the closest relative of the kingdom Plantae?

A

green algae (charophytes)

115
Q

What 7 features and data support the close relationship between the Kingdom Plantae and green algae (Charophytes)?

A
  1. chloroplasts (chl a and b)
  2. cellulose and starch
  3. cell plate
  4. molecular data (rRNA gene)
  5. proteins
  6. flagellated sperm
  7. phragmoplast
116
Q

What are the 5 adaptations for plants to be able to live on land?

A
  1. cell wall
  2. sporopollenin
  3. waxy cuticle
  4. mycorrhizae
  5. vascular tissue
117
Q

cellulose plant fiber

A

cell wall

118
Q

protects spores

A

sporopollenin

119
Q

covering of the epidermis of a plant

A

waxy cuticle

120
Q

mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots

A

mycorrhizae

121
Q

water transport and support

A

vascular tissue

122
Q

organs where sporophytes produce spores

A

sporangia

123
Q

organs where gametophytes produce gametes

A

gametangia

124
Q

life cycles alternate between 2 generations, haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte

A

alternation of generations

125
Q

Which 3 phyla are classified under bryophytes (non-vascular plants)?

A
  1. Hepatophyta (liverworts)
  2. Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
  3. Bryophyta (mosses)
126
Q
  • – no vascular tissue
  • – gametophyte dominant over sporophytes
  • – no true leaves, stems, or roots (rhizoids)
  • – small, moist places
A

general characteristics of bryophytes

127
Q

subgroup of bryophytes:

  • – gametophytes (larger, long-lived)
  • – thalloid (flattened shaped gametophytes)
  • – rhizoids (one-celled)
  • – reproduction
    • – sexual (AG)
    • – asexual (gemmae)
A

hepatophyta (liverworts)

128
Q

subgroup of bryophytes:

  • – sporophyte (long)
  • – thalloid gametophytes
  • – single chloroplast
A

anthocerophyta (hornworts)

129
Q

flattened shaped gametophytes

A

thalloid

130
Q
subgroup of bryophytes:
--- gametophytes (leaves - spirally arranged, thin)
--- sporophytes (elongated)
     --- seta (stalk)
     --- capsule (sporangium)
     --- peristome (tooth-like capsule mouth) 
          (responds to moisture)
--- rhizoids (filaments of cells)
A

bryophyta (mosses)

131
Q
  • – common in moist conditions
  • – help retain nitrogen in soil
  • – some survive in extreme environments
  • – sphagnum
  • – peatland
    • – fuel source
    • – archaeological site
A

ecological importance of mosses (bryophyta)

132
Q

peat mosses

A

sphagnum

133
Q

What are the differences between xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem contains dead cells (tracheids), while phloem contains living cells. Xylem contains lignin (thick walls stiffened), while phloem does not. Xylem only transports water and minerals upward, while phloem transports food in all directions.

134
Q
  • – vascular tissue
    • – xylem
    • – phloem
  • – sporophytes > gametophytes
  • – true leaves, stems, and roots
    • – microphylls vs. megaphylls
  • – sporophylls
  • – seeds (highly resistant)
    • – seedless
    • – seed-forming
A

general characteristics of vascular plants

135
Q

have needle-like leaves

A

microphylls

136
Q

have branching leaves

A

megaphylls

137
Q

bears sporangia (highly specialized) (brown dots on back of leaf)

A

sporophylls

138
Q

subgroup of vascular plants:

  • – small, resemble mosses
  • – microphylls
  • – homosporous and heterosporous
  • – e.g. quillworts, club mosses, spike mosses
A

lycophyta (club mosses)

139
Q

type of pterophyta:

  • – megaphylls (fronds)
  • – homosporous
  • – sori
  • – rhizome
A

ferns (pterophyta)

140
Q

clusters of sporangia on sporophylls

A

sori

141
Q

horizontal stems (cannot absorb)

A

rhizome

142
Q

type of pterophyta:

  • – lack leaves and true roots
  • – rhizomes
  • – homosporous
A

whisk ferns (psilophyta)

143
Q

type of pterophyta:

  • – bushy leaves
  • – homosporous
  • – rhizomes
  • – strobili
A

horsetails (sphenophyta or arthophyta)

144
Q

What are the 4 groups under vascular plants?

A
  1. lycophyta (club mosses)
  2. pterophyta (ferns)
  3. psilophyta (whisk ferns)
  4. sphenophyta/arthrophyta (horsetails)
145
Q

gametangia containing the egg

A

archegonia

146
Q

gametangia containing the sperm

A

antheridia

147
Q

What are tracheids?

A

dead cells

148
Q

— seeds
— embryo
— food supply (female gametophyte tissue -
haploid)
— seed coat (integument)
— reduced gametophytes
— heterospory
— megaspore
— microspore
— ovules
— megasporangium
— megaspore
— integuments
— pollen
— microspores
— pollen grains
— pollen wall: sporopollenin/male
gametophyte: two sperm cells
— pollination
— monophyletic

A

common features of seed plants

149
Q

fertilized egg (developed from megaspore)

A

embryo

150
Q

makes megagametophyte, which makes archegonia with eggs

A

megaspore

151
Q

makes microgametophyte, which makes antheridia, producing sperm

A

microspore

152
Q

Which 4 phyla are under gymnosperms?

A
  1. Cycadophyta (cycads)
  2. Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)
  3. Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
  4. Coniferophyta (conifers)
153
Q

subgroup of gymnosperms:

  • – monophyletic
  • – slow-growing
  • – tall
  • – large cones and palm-like leaves
  • – unusual, large sperm
  • – dioecious
A

Cycadophyta (cycads)

154
Q

subgroup of gymnosperms:

  • – single living species
  • – dioecious
  • – cultivation in china and japan
  • – no significant natural distribution
  • – deciduous
  • – resistant to insects, disease, air pollution
  • – female forms seed
A

Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)

155
Q

What is the single living species in the phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)?

A

Ginkgo bilboa

156
Q

subgroup of gymnosperms:

  • – Gnetum (tropics)
  • – Welwitschia (Desserts - dry)
  • – Ephedra (arid, worldwide)
  • – molecular data (pulls 3 together)
A

Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)

157
Q
subgroup of gymnosperms:
--- monophyletic
--- largest gymnosperm group
--- worldwide, but common in cold/dry areas
--- evergreen
--- adaptations
     --- microphyll (vascular) (needle-like leaves)
     --- thick cuticle
--- importance
     --- conifer forest (monicerous)
--- sequoia (redwood)
     --- Sequoiadendron gigantea (world's tallest 
          tree)
--- bristlecone pine
     --- Methuselah - pinus longaeva (world's oldest
          tree
A

Coniferophyta (conifers)

158
Q

What adaptations do fruits develop to enhance seed dispersal?

A

barbs, seeds with berries, ect.

159
Q

What are the key features of the angiosperm life cycle?

A

most are cross-pollination; double fertilization

160
Q

occurs when the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into each ovule
— one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote
— the other fertilizes the central cell, forming the
endosperm, for food supply

A

double fertilization

161
Q

What are the 3 basal groups included with angiosperms?

A
  1. magnoliids
  2. monocots
  3. eudicots
162
Q

group of angiosperm:

  • – Amborella trichopoda
    • – lacks vessels
  • – Water Lily (lotus)
  • – Star Anise (fruit)
A

basal

163
Q

basal group of angiosperm:
— trimerous flowers
— branching-veined leaves
— e.g. magnolia, laurel, cinnamon, avocado
— economic uses (food, drugs, timber, ornamental
trees)

A

magnoliids

164
Q

basal group of angiosperm:

  • – embryos: one cotyledon
  • – leaves: parallel veins
  • – stem: scattered vascular tissue
  • – root: no main root
  • – pollen: one pore
  • – flower: in multiples of 3
  • – herbs
    • – e.g. grasses, lillies, orchids, onions
A

monocots

165
Q

basal group of angiosperm:

  • – embryos: 2 cotyledons
  • – leaves: netlike
  • – stem: ring-shaped vascular tissues
  • – root: taproot
  • – pollen: 3 pores
  • – flower: in multiples of 4 or 5
  • – woods
    • – e.g. all other plants
A

eudicots

166
Q

Name the part of the flower:

  1. enclose the flower
  2. brightly colored, attract pollinators
  3. produce pollen (male)
  4. produce ovules (female)
A
  1. sepals
  2. petals
  3. stamens
  4. carpels
167
Q

What is the function of the outgroup?

A

An out group is selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study group members are to each other

168
Q

How are outgroups selected?

A

A suitable out group can be determined based on evidence from morphology, paleontology, embryonic development, and gene sequences

169
Q

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

A

shared ancestral character

170
Q

an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade

A

shared derived character

171
Q

a staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls; may be used to help determine medical response to an infection

A

gram stain

172
Q

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast

A

plasmid

173
Q

an organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that few other species can survive there

A

extremophiles

174
Q

an organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea

A

halophile

175
Q

an organism that thrives in hot environments (often 60-80 degrees celcius or hotter)

A

thermophile

176
Q

an organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy

A

methangen

177
Q

an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide

A

photoautotroph

178
Q

an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

A

heterotroph

179
Q

an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms; uses energy from sun or oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones

A

autotroph

180
Q

located inside each flagella in euglenozoans

A

crystalline rod

181
Q

causes malaria, lives mainly inside cells (hidden from host’s immune system), continually changes surface proteins

A

plasmodium

182
Q

siliceous shells

A

tests

183
Q

multinucleate filaments found in oomcyetes (water molds)

A

hyphae

184
Q

site of photosynthesis in Paulinella (cercozoan); surrounded by a membrane with peptidoglycan layer; derived from cyanobacteria

A

chromatophore

185
Q

an algal body that is plantlike; lacks true stems, roots, and leaves

A

thallus

186
Q

anchors alga

A

holdfast

187
Q

supports blades

A

stipe

188
Q

leaflike; provide most of alga’s photosynthetic surface

A

blades

189
Q

gas-filled, bubble-shaped floats that help keep the blades up near the surface of the water

A

gas-bladder

190
Q

means of food and movement for amoebas; extensions that may bulge from almost anywhere on the surface

A

pseudopodia

191
Q

weblike multinucleate mass in feeding phase of myxomycota

A

plasmodium

192
Q

finger-like projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area

A

microvilli

193
Q

episodes of explosive population growth, or blooms, in dinoflagellates

A

red tide

194
Q

What causes the red tide?

A

The blooms make coastal waters appear brownish red or pink because of the presence of caratenoids, the most common pigment in dinoflagellate plastids

195
Q

responsible for green pigment in green algae

A

chlorophyll b

196
Q

present in all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (pigment)

A

chlorophyll a

197
Q

pigment present in chromista and dinoflagellates

A

chlorophyll c

198
Q

a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis

A

spore

199
Q

a haploid reproductive cell, such as the egg or sperm

A

gamete

200
Q

alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number

A

isomorphic

201
Q

referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology

A

heteromorphic

202
Q

Paulinella conducts photosynthesis in a unique structure called a chromatophore. Chromatophores are surrounded by a membrane with a peptidoglycan layer suggesting that they are derived from a bacteria. DNA evidence indicates that chromatophores are derived from a different cyanobacterium than that from which other plastids are derived

A

endosymbiosis hypothesis

203
Q

a process in which a unicellular organism (the host) engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell

A

endosymbiosis

204
Q

a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell

A

secondary endosymbiosis

205
Q

Why can red algae live in deeper water, compared to brown or green algae?

A

Their accessory pigments, including phycoerythrin, allow them to absorb blue and green light, which penetrate relatively far into the water

206
Q

long, tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses)

A

rhizoid

207
Q

fuel source, archaeological site

A

peatland

208
Q

stiffens thick walls of xylem

A

lignin

209
Q

megaphylls

A

fronds

210
Q

referring to plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte

A

homosporous

211
Q

two kinds of spores, microspores (develop into male gametophytes) and megaspores (develop into female gametophytes)

A

heterosporous

212
Q

cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants

A

strobilus

213
Q

What are the evolutionary advantages of seeds vs. spores?

A

long life, seed coat

214
Q

edible part of fruit

A

pericarp

215
Q

layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed

A

integument

216
Q

in seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall

A

pollen grain

217
Q

a plant that nourishes itself but browns on the surface of another plant for support, usually on the branches or trunks of trees

A

epiphyte

218
Q

nutrient-rich tissue formed by union of sperm with 2 polar nuclei during double fertilization and provides nourishment to developing embryo

A

endosperm

219
Q

a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo; some species have one, some have 2

A

cotyledon