Test #1 Flashcards
A branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among various species based on similarities/differences in their characteristics
phylogenetic tree
What 3 things do we often use to construct a phylogenetic tree?
- morphological data
- biochemical data
- molecular data
each species in a phylogenetic tree
taxon
closest taxa (sharing recent common ancestor)
sister taxa
the point on a phylogenetic tree where lineages diverge
branch point
equally close taxa (unresolved pattern of divergence); more than 2 descendant groups branched at one point
polytomy
1st lineage (branch) in a phylogenetic tree (branch early in history)
basal taxon
the system of naming and classifying organisms
taxonomy
What is the hierarchal classification system of the living organisms?
binomial nomenclature
What are the two parts included in binomial nomenclature?
Genus species
What is the order of binomial nomenclature?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
clade that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
monophyletic group
clade that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
paraphyletic group
clade that consists of taxa with different ancestors
polyphyletic group
a species or group of species that is closely related to the species being studied
outgroup
various species being studied
ingroup
What are the 3 domains in the recent 3 domain 6 kingdom system?
- Domain Bacteria
- Domain Archaea
- Domain Eukarya
What are the 6 kingdoms in the recent 3 domain 6 kingdom system, and which domains do they belong to?
- Kingdom Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)
- Kingdom Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea)
- Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya)
- Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya)
- Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya)
- Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya)
Which domains do prokaryotes include?
- Domain Bacteria
2. Domain Archaea
What are the 3 typical shapes of prokaryotes?
- spherical
- rod
- spiral
What is the main difference between bacteria and archaea, in terms of their cellular structure?
Bacteria contains peptidoglycan, while archaea contains polysaccharides.
a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides
peptidoglycan
result of gram stain test that results in a purple color, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer (easier to kill with antibiotics b/c no outer layer)
gram-positive
result of gram stain test that results in a red or pink color, indicating a thin peptidoglycan layer
gram-negative
What is the main method of reproduction for prokaryotes?
binary fission
inactive, dormant, tough, non-reproductive structures that consist of DNA and cytoplasma
endospores
What is the function of an endospore?
to slow metabolic rate
What are the 5 major groups of Kingdom Eubacteria?
- Proteobacteria
- Chlamydias
- Spirochetes
- Cyanobacteria
- Gram-positive bacteria
Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that is gram-negative and has lipopolysaccharides (has 5 subgroups)
proteobacteria
Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are endosymbionts and include the intracellular parasites of animals and are gram-negative
chlamydias
Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are helical heterotrophs, free-living or pathogenic parasites, and are hard to kill
spirochetes
Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are photoautotrophs, chloroplast endosymbiosis origin hypothesis (chlorophyll a), abundant in aquatic environments, heterocysts (Nitrogen fixation), stromatolites
cyanobacteria
Group of Kingdom Eubacteria that are actinomycetes, contains mycoplasm, and includes bacillus anthracis
Gram-positive bacteria
soil-dwelling streptomyces that decompose soil
actinomycetes
the cause of anthrax
bacillus anthracis
the smallest known cells that lack cell walls (not typical, neither positive or negative bacteria)
mycoplasm
What are the 5 groups of proteobacteria?
- alpha proteobacteria
- beta proteobacteria
- gamma proteobacteria
- delta proteobacteria
- epsilon proteobacteria
group of proteobacteria:
- – mitochondrial endosymbiosis origin hypothesis
- – Rhizobium (nitrogen fixation)
alpha proteobacteria
group of proteobacteria:
- – soil bacteria
- – nitrosomonas (nitrogen cycle)
beta proteobacteria
group of proteobacteria:
- – sufur bacteria
- – photoautotrophs
- – E. coli (intestine bacteria)
gamma proteobacteria
group of proteobacteria:
- – myxobacteria (fruiting-body forms)
- – myxospore (resistant to bad environment)
- – sulfate/sulfur reducing bacteria
delta proteobacteria
group of proteobacteria
— most are pathogens
epsilon proteobacteria
calcareous mounds of prokaryotic algae and cyanobacteria (living fossils)
stromatolites
What are the 3 major biological and ecological roles of prokaryotes?
- chemical recycling (decomposers)
- ecological interactions (symbionts)
— mutualism (+/+)
— commensalism (+/0)
— parasitism (pathogens cause disease) (+/-) - autotrophs
— hydrothermal vents (have chemoautotropic
bacteria)
— cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs)What
What are the 5 super groups of protists?
- Excavata
- Chromalveolata
- Rhizaria
- Archaeplastida
- Unikonta
What 3 phyla are under the group excavata?
- Diplomonads
- Parabasalids
- Euglenozoans
What 3 phyla are under the group Chromalveolata and the subgroup alveolates?
- Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)
- Apicomplexa (Apicomplexans)
- Ciliophora (Ciliates)
What 4 phyla are under the group Chromalveolata and the subgroup Stramenopiles?
- Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
- Chrysophyta (Golden Algae)
- Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
- Oomycota (Oomycetes) (water molds)
What 3 phyla are under the group Rhizaria?
- Cercozoa (cercozoans)
- Foraminifera (forams)
- Radiolaria (radiolarians)
What 4 phyla are under the group Archaeplastida?
- Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
- Chlorophyta (Chlorophytes) (green algae)
- Charophyta (Charophytes) (green algae)
- Plantae (land plants)
What 4 phyla are under the group Unikonta and the subgroup Amoebozoans?
- Acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds)
- Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
- Gymnamoeba (free-living amoebas)
- Entamoeba (parasitic amoebas)
What 4 phyla are under the group Unikonta and the subgroup Opisthokonts?
- Nucleariids
- Fungi
- Choanoflagellates
- Animals
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
mixotrophs
supergroup of protist:
- – synapomorphies
- – feeding groove
- – modified mitochondria
excavata
supergroup of protists:
— monophyletic
— endosymbiosis of red algae - secondary
endosymbiosis
Chromalveolata
supergroup of protists:
- – monophyletic
- – amoebas (pseudopodia)
- – elaborate shell
Rhizaria
supergroup of protists:
- – monophyletic
- – chloroplasts with a double membrane
archaeplastida
2 groups of excavata:
- – no plastids
- – modified mitochondria (lack ETC)
- – often parasitic
- – anaerobic environment
diplomonads and parabasalids
subgroup of excavata:
- – mitosomes (modified mitochondria)
- – 2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella
- – parasites
- – Giardia intestinalis
diplomonads
subgroup of excavata:
- – hydrogenosomes (reduced mitochondria)
- – Trichomonas vaginalis
parabasalids
subgroup of excavata:
- – usually 2 flagella
- – crystalline rod in flagella
- – disc-shaped mitochondrial cristae
euglenozoans
subgroup of euglenozoans:
- – kinetoplast
- – trypanosomes
kinetoplastids
organelle consisting of extracellular DNA
kinetoplast
parasites; sleeping sickness; tsetse fly
trypanosomes
subgroup of euglenozoans:
— flagella emerge from the pocket at one end,
eyespot
— mixotrophs
— paramylon
— nutrition (photosynthesis or phagocytosis)
euglenids
subgroup of chromalveolata:
— alveoli (small membrane-bound sacs)
alveolata (alveolates)
subgroup of alveolata:
- – unicellular
- – photosynthetic
- – 2 flagella
- – cell wall (cellulose)
- – asexual reproduction
- – red tide
- – zooxanthellae
Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates)
symbionts of jellyfish, corals, and mollusks
- – mutualistic relationship
- – photosynthetic for coral
- – coral bleaching
- – no flagella needed
zooxanthellae
subgroup of alveolata: --- unicellular --- nonmotile --- parasites of animals --- apex (has dense organelles, penetrate host cells) --- plasmodium (malaria) --- complex life cycle (2 hosts) --- alternation of generations
apicomplexa
subgroup of alveolata:
— unicellular
— cilia (function- movement)
— oral groove
— vacuoles (function- store water/food)
— 2 types of nuclei (micronucleus, macronucleous)
— conjugation (sexual process, exchange haploid
micronuclei)
— paramecium
ciliophora (ciliates)
subgroup of chromalveolata:
— 2 flagella: one hairy, one smooth
stramenopila (stramenopiles)
asexual form in mosquitos
sporozoite
intermediate form in human liver
merozoite
sexual form in human blood and mosquitos
gametocyte
subgroup of stramenopila:
- – unicellular
- – cell wall (glassy, frustule, silica)
- – chl a, c, carotenoid (no chl b)
- – no flagella
- – abundant phytoplankton
- – mostly asexual
- – diatomaceous sediments
bacillariophyta (diatoms)
the frustules of dead diatoms settle to the sea floor and accumulate there
diatomaceous sediments
subgroup of stramenopila:
- – unicellular, colonial
- – freshwater
- – chl a, c, carotenoid, xanthophyll
- – 2 flagella
chrysophyta (golden algae)
subgroup of stramenopila:
- – multicellular, marine
- – chl a, c, funcoxanthin
- – kelp
- – thallus (holdfast, stipe, blade, gas bladder)
- – kelp forests (keystone species) (sea otters)
- – alternation of generations
phaeophyta (brown algae)
alterations of multicellular haploid and diploid
alternation of generations
multicellular diploid organism that produces spores and is formed by meiosis
sporophyte
multicellular haploid organism that produces gametes by mitosis
gametophyte
subgroup of stramenopila:
- – fungi-like
- – have filaments (hyphae)
- – cell wall (cellulose)
- – decomposers or parasites
oomycota (oomycetes) (water molds)
subgroup of rhizaria:
- – unicellular
- – siliceous shells (tests)
- – actinopods (needle-like pseudopodia)
radiolaria (radiolarians)
subgroup of rhizaria:
- – unicellular
- – marine habitat
- – calcareous tests (calcium carbonate)
- – pseudopod (netlike)
- – calcareous sediment (limestone rocks)
- – relationship with zooxanthellae
- – symbiotic relationship
- – materials exchange
foraminifera (forams)
subgroup of rhizaria:
- – ameoboid or flagellated
- – most heterotrophs
- – Paulinella (autotroph)
- – chromatophore (evolved from cyanobacteria)
cercozoa (cercozoans)
subgroup of archaeplastida:
- – multicellular
- – chl a, phycoerythrins or phycobilins
- – live in deep water
- – sexual reproduction with AG
- – E.g. coralline algae
- – human uses (phycocolloid)
- – algar (gel)
- – carrageenan (ice cream stabilizer)
rhodophyta (red algae)
subgroup of archaeplastida:
- – most close to land plants
- – chl a and b
- – unicellular, multicellular
- – asexual
- – fragmentation
- – sexual (AG)
- – sporophyte
- – gametophyte (dominant) (heteromorphic)
- – E.g. volvox, ulva (sea lettuce) (isomorphic)
chlorophyta (green algae)