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BIOL 1030 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

This plan has 2 openings, one for food to enter the body (mouth) (digestive tract), and one for wastes to leave the body (anus)(coelom)

A

tube-within-a-tube

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2
Q

three germ layers in a very early embryo

A

triploblasty

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3
Q

Which 3 germ layers does triploblasty refer to?

A
  1. endoderm (innermost layer, develops into many internal organs)
  2. mesoderm (middle layer, forms muscles, connective tissue, etc.)
  3. ectoderm (outside layer, forms nervous systems, epidermis, etc.)
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4
Q

What are the 4 levels of hierarchal organization in an animal body plan? Briefly describe each.

A
  1. cell (basic unit, hundreds of types)
  2. tissue
  3. organ (structural and functional unit made of more than one tissue type; e.g. heart)
  4. organ system ( group of organs functioning together to perform a major body activity; e.g. circulatory system)
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5
Q

What are the 4 typical types of tissues in an animal body plan?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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6
Q

tissue derived from all 3 germ layers; tightly joined, thin, regeneration, polarized; functions to cover and protect body surfaces, barrier agains pathogens and water loss, active interfaces for material exchanges; form glands

A

epithelial tissue

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7
Q

tissue derived from mesoderm; scattered cells, loosely packed matrix

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

tissue derived from mesoderm; functions as movement motor

A

muscle tissue

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9
Q

tissue derived from ectoderm; highly specialized with little cell division in adults; functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of electrical signals

A

nervous tissue

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10
Q

List the 3 cell shapes of epithelial tissue.

A
  1. sqamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
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11
Q

What are the 6 major types of connective tissue?

A
  1. loose connective tissue
  2. cartilage
  3. fibrous connective tissue
  4. adipose tissue
  5. blood
  6. bone
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12
Q

type of connective tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

A

loose connective tissue

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13
Q

type of connective tissue that is a strong and flexible supportive material

A

cartilage

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14
Q

type of connective tissue that is dense, with collagenous fibers (includes tendons and ligaments)

A

fibrous connective tissue

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15
Q

type of connective tissue that stores fat for insulation and fuel

A

adipose tissue

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16
Q

liquid connective tissus that includes plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

A

blood

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17
Q

mineralized connective tissue that forms the skeleton

A

bone

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. smooth muscle
  3. cardiac muscle
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19
Q

muscle tissue:

  1. attached to bones by tendons
  2. for voluntary movements
  3. multinucleate cells - muscle fibers
  4. sarcomere
A

skeletal muscle

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20
Q

muscle tissue:

  1. lack striations
  2. single nucleus
  3. found in many blood vessel walls, wall of guts, arteries, etc.
  4. involuntary body activities
A

smooth muscle

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21
Q

muscle tissue:

  1. striated
  2. single nucleus
  3. intercalated disk - interconnection between cells
  4. forms the contractile wall of the heart
A

cardiac muscle

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22
Q

part of the neuron that has a nucleus and serves as the control center of the neuron

A

cell body

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23
Q

part of the neuron that has branched extensions, receives signals and transmits them to the cell body

A

dendrite

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24
Q

part of the neuron that is a single extension of the cytoplasm and transmits the signal away

A

axon

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25
Q

this cavity includes the heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity

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26
Q

this cavity is located inside the peritoneal cavity and includes the stomach, intestines, liver, etc.

A

abdominal cavity

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27
Q

a sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

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28
Q

epithelial cells that have an irregular, flattened shape with tapered edges

A

squamous epithelium

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29
Q

epithelial cells that are about the same height, width, and depth

A

cuboidal epithelium

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30
Q

epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide

A

columnar epithelium

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31
Q

a type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers (matrix proteins)

A

fibroblast

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32
Q

a phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell; engulfs foreign particles

A

macrophage

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33
Q

attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

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34
Q

connects bones at joints

A

ligament

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35
Q

the liquid matrix of blood in which the blood cells are suspended

A

blood plasma

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36
Q

red blood cell; contains hemoglobin which transports oxygen

A

erythrocyte

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37
Q

white blood cell; functions in fighting infections

A

leukocyte

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38
Q

a pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a specialized bone marrow cell; important in blood clotting

A

platelet

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39
Q

an arrangement of contractile units long the skeletal muscle fibers, striped appearance

A

sarcomere

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40
Q

a specialized junction between cardiac muscle cells that provides direct electrical coupling between the cells (interconnection between cells)

A

intercalated disk

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41
Q

a nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane (transmits nerve impulses)

A

neuron

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42
Q

wrapped around the axon of a neuron; an insulating coat of cell membranes from Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes; interrupted by nodes of Ranvier, where action potentials are generated

A

myelin sheath

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43
Q

cells of the nervous system that support, regulate, and augment the functions of neurons (help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons)

A

glia (glial cells)

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44
Q

What are 3 types of digestion?

A
  1. none (parasites)
  2. intracellular (no digestive cavity)
  3. extracellular (have true digestive cavity)
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45
Q

What are the 4 types of extracellular digestion?

A
  1. incomplete digestive system
  2. complete digestive system
  3. mechanical digestion
  4. chemical digestion
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46
Q

type of extracellular digestion:

  1. one opening
  2. not specialized gastrovascular cavity
  3. e.g. jellyfish, flatworms
A

incomplete digestive system

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47
Q

type of extracellular digestion:

  1. two openings
  2. specialized digestive tract
  3. e.g. earthworms, mollusks, vertebrates
A

complete digestive system

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48
Q

type of extracellular digestion:

1. break down large food parts into small pieces by grinding mechanisms

A

mechanical digestion

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49
Q

type of extracellular digestion:

1. break down large food molecules into small pieces by chemical reactions (hydrolysis)

A

chemical digestion

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50
Q

an animal that regularly eats animals as well as plants or algae

A

omnivore

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51
Q

How does swallowing keep food out of the respiratory tract?

A

the epiglottis blocks entry to the trachea, and the bolus is guided by the larynx

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52
Q

In the _______, food is moistened and lubricated with saliva (enzyme ________ to digest carbs and sugars). The _______ helps with swallowing. The ________ conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by ________ which is controlled by a sphincter.

A 
mouth
amylase
pharynx
esophagus
peristalsis
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53
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the stomach and what are their functions?

A
  1. mucous cells (secrete mucous)
  2. chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)
  3. parietal cells (secrete HCl)
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54
Q

a ring-like band of muscle fibers that controls the size of an opening in the body, such as the passage between the esophagus and the stomach

A

sphincter

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55
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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56
Q

the first section of the small intestine, where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder as well as from gland cells of the intestinal wall; absorbs fats; pH 6-6.5

A

duodenum

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57
Q

a large intestinal organ that performs diverse functions’ such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose level, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood

A

liver

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58
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine and what are the functions of each part?

A
  1. cecum (fermentation chamber or storage; vestigial appendix)
  2. colon (re-absorb water; ascending, transverse, and descending parts)
  3. rectum (stores feces until eliminated; terminal)
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59
Q

What are 3 evolutionary adaptations of animals that helps them digest different food sources?

A
  1. teeth
  2. stomach and intestinal adaptations
  3. mutualistic adaptations
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60
Q

a complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus

A

alimentary canal

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61
Q

a gland associated with the oral cavity that secretes substances that lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion

A

salivary gland

62
Q

a gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues; the exocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood

A

pancreas

63
Q

an area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross

A

pharynx

64
Q

a mixture of substances that is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; enables formation of fat droplets in water as an aid in the digestion and absorption of fats

A

bile

65
Q

an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins

A

pepsin

66
Q

the inactive form of pepsin secreted by chief cells located in the gastric pits of the stomach

A

pepsinogen

67
Q

a finger-like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine

A

villus (plural villi)

68
Q

one of many fine, finger-like projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area

A

microvillus (microvilli)

69
Q

an animal, such as a cow or sheep, with multiple stomach compartments specialized for an herbivorous diet

A

ruminant

70
Q

an animal that mainly eats plants or algae

A

herbivore

71
Q

an animal that mainly eats other animals

A

carnivore

72
Q

What are the 3 main differences between open and closed circulatory systems?

A 
Open:
1. blood = interstitial fluid (hemolymph)
2. less efficient
3. no blood vessels
Closed:
1. blood does not equal interstitial fluid
2. more efficient
3. blood vessels
73
Q

How do hearts vary in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals?

A 
amphibians:
2 atrium
1 ventricle
3 chambers
reptiles:
2 atrium
1 ventricle
3 chambers
mammals:
2 atrium
2 ventricles
4 chambers
74
Q

What are the 3 cellular elements of blood plasma?

A
  1. erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  2. leukocytes (white blood cells)
  3. platelets
75
Q

cellular element of blood plasma:

  1. most numerous
  2. have hemoglobin to carry oxygen
  3. lack nuclei and mitochondria
  4. live for 120 days
  5. formed in bone marrow
A

erythrocytes

76
Q

cellular element of blood plasma:

  1. 1% of blood cells
  2. larger, nucleated
  3. no hemoglobin
  4. 5 types (monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
  5. function: immunity
A

leukocytes

77
Q

cellular element of blood plasma:

  1. cell fragments
  2. function: blood clotting (enzymatic cascade)
A

platelets

78
Q

pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel

A

blood pressure

79
Q

outfoldings of epithelial tissues with capillaries; countercurrent flow of blood to water; only in aquatic animals

A

gills

80
Q

ventilates lungs by positive pressure breathing; alveoli sac - gas exchange; much of exchange is through skin

A

amphibian lungs

81
Q

8-9 air sacs + lung
air: one way flow (two cycle pump)
more efficient than human
cross-current flow

A

bird lungs

82
Q

ventilate lungs by negative pressure breathing; by rib muscles and diaphragm contractions; inhalation (contract external rib intercostals and diaphragm); exhalation (relax muscle, chest cavity back into place)

A

mammal lungs

83
Q

air flows at a 90 degree angle in relation to blood flow

A

cross-current flow

84
Q

two fluids flowing in opposite directions

A

countercurrent flow

85
Q

In insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells

A

tracheal system

86
Q

a breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs

A

positive pressure breathing

87
Q

a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs

A

negative pressure breathing

88
Q

Which 2 brain structures control breathing and how?

A
  1. medulla oblongata (regulates the rate and depth of breathing)
  2. pons (regulate the tempo)
89
Q

What are the roles of hemoglobin and hemocyanin?

A

to transport oxygen

90
Q

What are the 3 differences between hemocyanin and hemoglobin?

A 
Hemocyanin:
1. in mollusks, arthropods, etc.
2. free in hemolymph, not in cells
3. bind with copper
Hemoglobin:
1. all vertebrates, many invertebrates
2. in erythrocytes
3. bind with 4 irons
91
Q

CO2 is transported by _______ and ________ of red blood cells. Loading occurs in the _____. Unloading occurs in the ________.

A

hemoglobin
cytoplasm
tissues
lungs

92
Q

prevent backflow of blood

A

valves

93
Q

a chamber of the vertebrate heart that receives blood from the veins and transfers blood to a ventricle

A

atrium

94
Q

a heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart

A

ventricle

95
Q

cluster of cardiac cells; pacemaker; starts impulse at atria; send impulse to AV node

A

SA node (sinoatrial node)

96
Q

sends impulse to the apex of the heart

A

AV node (atrioventricular node)

97
Q

contract both left and right ventricles almost simultaneously

A

Purdkinje fibers

98
Q

pass blood from arteries, across tissues, to veins

A

capillaries

99
Q

the simple squamous layer of cells lining the lumen of blood vessels

A

endothelium

100
Q

the contraction or pumping phase of the cardiac cycle

A

systole

101
Q

the relaxation or filling phase of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole

102
Q

a type of white blood cell that mediates immune responses (includes B cells and T cells)

A

lymphocyte

103
Q

the most abundant type of white blood cell; phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days

A

neutrophil

104
Q

multi-functional serine protease that is involved in a number of activitives within the body

A

thrombin

105
Q

dissolved CO2 lowers pH, decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2

A

bohr shift

106
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. smooth
  2. skeletal
  3. cardiac
107
Q

Type of muscle:

  1. mainly in digestive tract
  2. long, spindle-shaped, mononuclear cells
  3. slow, spontaneous contractions initiated by muscles
  4. not striated
A

smooth muscle

108
Q

Type of muscle:

  1. found only in the heart
  2. striated
  3. generate action potential
  4. connected by intercalated disks - gap junctions
A

cardiac

109
Q

Type of muscle:

  1. long, multinucleate muscle fibers
  2. for rapid contraction
  3. controlled by nerve tissue
  4. myofibrils arranged longitudinally (actin/myosin)
A

skeletal

110
Q

the regular arrangement of myofilaments creates a pattern of light and dark bands (darker A band with lighter I band)

A

striated muscle

111
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletons?

A
  1. hydrostatic (lack hard parts)
  2. exoskeleton (external hard parts)
  3. endoskeletons (internal hard parts)
112
Q

Type of skeleton:

  1. soft-bodied invertebrates
  2. body fluids create pressure
A

hydrostatic skeleton

113
Q

Type of skeleton:

  1. arthropods have jointed cuticle, made of chitin
  2. others are found in mollusks
A

exoskeleton

114
Q

Type of skeleton:

  1. hard internal skeleton
  2. covered by soft tissues
  3. mainly in vertebrates and echinoderms
A

endoskeleton

115
Q

an electrical signal that propagates (travels) along the membrane of a neuron or other excitable cell as a nongraded (all-or-none) depolarization

A

action potential

116
Q

a specialized junction between cardiac muscle cells that provides direct electrical coupling between the cells

A

intercalated disk

117
Q

a longitudinal bundle in a muscle cell (fiber) that contains thin filaments of actin and regulatory proteins and thick filaments of myosin

A

myofibril

118
Q

a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells

A

actin

119
Q

a type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction

A

myosin

120
Q

the regulatory protein that blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin molecules

A

tropomyosin

121
Q

the regulatory proteins that control the position of tropomyosin on the thin filament

A

troponin complex

122
Q

the fundamental repeating unit of striated muscle, delimited by the Z lines

A

sarcomere

123
Q

cells in cartilage that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate, which give cartilage its strong yet flexible support material

A

chondrocyte

124
Q

repeating unit that makes up the microscopic structure of hard mammalian bone

A

osteon

125
Q

What does a digestive system do?

A

processes food

126
Q

What has gone wrong in the swallowing process when someone is choking?

A

swallowing reflex failure

127
Q

Give an example of a sphincter.

A

esophageal sphincter

128
Q

parts of the small intestine that function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water

A

jéjunum and ileum

129
Q

Give the mutualistic adaptation of each animal:

  1. Horse
  2. Koala
  3. Rabbit
  4. Cow
A
  1. enlarged cecum to host mutualistic microorganisms
  2. enlarged cecum for mutualistic bacteria to ferment eucalyptus leaves
  3. coprophagy (feed on feces to pass food through alimentary canal twice)
  4. 4 chamber stomach
130
Q

What compounds in your food can generally be used for energy storage?

A

fats, proteins, carbohydrates

131
Q

irritation of the esophagus caused by acid reflux, a back flow of chyme from the stomach into the lower end of the esophagus

A

heartburn

132
Q

pancreatic enzymes secreted into the duodenum in inactive forms

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

133
Q

first chamber of a ruminant stomach (food enters here first)

A

rumen

134
Q

third chamber of ruminant stomach (reswallowed cud goes here where water is removed)

A

omasum

135
Q

fourth and final chamber of ruminant stomach (food enters here last for digestion by enzymes)

A

abomasum

136
Q

Why would an animal need a circulatory system?

A

links exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body

137
Q

What are the 2 main differences between arteries and veins?

A 
ARTERIES:
1. thick walls (elastic recoil)
2. blood flow to body
VEINS:
1. thin walls
2. blood flow to heart
138
Q

Explain the process of taking someone’s blood pressure.

A

sphygmomanometer (inflatable cuff)

  1. cuff inflates = closed artery = cuff pressure > artery pressure
  2. cuff deflates = cuff pressure < artery pressure
  3. continued deflation = diastolic pressure
139
Q

Explain the mammalian air pathway.

A

Pharynx —> Larynx —> Trachea —-> Bronchi —> Branchioles —> Alveoli

140
Q

conveys blood to arteries leading throughout the body

A

aorta

141
Q

large vein that drains blood from trunk and hind limbs

A

inferior vena cava

142
Q

large vein that channels blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs

A

superior vena cava

143
Q

return O2 rich blood from lungs to left atrium of heart

A

pulmonary veins

144
Q

pump blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

145
Q

one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs

A

bronchus (plural bronchi)

146
Q

a fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to the aveoli

A

bronchiole

147
Q

What are skeletons used for?

A

converting muscle contraction to movement

148
Q

Why would an animal need a respiratory system?

A

To convert oxygen in the air into a usable form in the blood stream

149
Q

basophil

A

type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is characterized histologically by its ability to be stained by basic dyes and functionally by its role in mediating hypersensitivity reactions of the immune system

150
Q

eosinophil

A

type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is characterized histologically by its ability to be stained by acidic dyes (e.g., eosin) and functionally by its role in mediating certain types of allergic reactions

151
Q

What do you need other than energy storage from your food?

A

vitamins and minerals (calcium, magnesium, fluoride, vitamin D)

BIOL 1030 (4 decks)

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